Professional Documents
Culture Documents
2016,28(1):84-94
DOI: 10.1016/S1001-6058(16)60610-8
Introduction
The phenomenon of Newtonian flow and heat
transfer in a cylinder on physically reasonable assumptions has been analyzed by a number of authors[1]
and the references therein. It is now generally known
in industrial applications that the non-Newtonian fluids, particularly the fluid of third-grade, are more suitable than Newtonian fluids. Some of the applications in
processing industries include food processing, polymer processing and petrochemical applications. For
problems involving heat transfer processes in fluids of
third-grade, a complete thermodynamics analysis of
the constitutive function has been performed (see related work by some authors[2,3] etc.). In this specialthe
case of third grade fluids, the governing equations reduces to that which one would get for an appropriate
generalized Newtonian fluid.
0F
85
viscous fluid with or without flow are: A new numerical method was employed to calculate criticality and
transition (disappearance of criticality) for a range of
Biot number for Arrhenius and Bimolecular temperature dependence in the cases of infinite slab, infinite
cylinder and sphere in the absence of flow, see
Boddington et al.[7]. Also, Zaturska[8] considered plane
Couette flow, Poiseuille pipe flow, axial and rotating
flows between concentric circular cylinders using
power series and assuming the Frank-Kamenetskii exponential approximation to the Arrhenius term. Furthermore, Shonhiwa and Zaturska[9] adopted the shooting method and solved numerically for the disappearance of criticality, for the reactive viscous flows studied in Ref.[8]. Quite recently, Britz et al.[10] provided
numerical solutions to the equation for thermal expansion of a reacting gas, exploring both steady state and
time-marching solutions for the infinite slab, cylinder
and sphere. It is worthy of attention that the critical
conditions of the form described above are significant
in providing safety criteria both for storage and for
handling.
A number of studies in the literature do not explain the effects of variable viscosity, heat transfer and
generation of reaction heat inside the pipe on the nonNewtonian fluid. In fact, very little work has been reported, which deals with flow of a reacting non-linear
fluid. Bridges and Rajagopal[11], by direct integration,
investigated the pulsatile pipe flow of a chemicallyreacting fluid whose viscosity depends on the concentration of a species (constituent) that is governed by a
convective-reaction diffusion and the velocity gradient.
Approximate solutions are constructed for the problem with heat source term, using regular perturbation
techniques together with a special type of HermitePade approximants, while important properties of the
velocity and temperature fields including thermal criticality conditions are discussed in Makinde[12] for isothermal wall. Other numerical studies involving the
competing effects of conduction, dissipation, heat generation and radiation for the flow of non-linear fluids
are contained in Massoudi and Phuoc[13] and the references contained therein. Ajadi[14] studied the criticality of a one-step exothermic, reactive third-grade liquid
flowing steadily through a cylindrical pipe with isothermal wall for a variable spatial dependent viscosity
via homotopy analysis method and variational technique on the momentum and energy equations, respectively. Recently, Chinyoka and Makinde[15] derived the
coupled nonlinear equations in cylindrical coordinates
governing pressure-driven unsteady flow of a reactive
fluid of viscosity with an exponentially decreasing
function of temperature, and solved numerically,
using semi-implicit finite difference schemes, under
axisymmetric conditions. Also, Chinyoka and
Makinde[16] solved numerically, using an unconditionally stable and convergent semi-implicit finite diffe-
1. Governing equations
Consider the fully developed laminar motion through a circular Poiseuille device. We employ cylindrical coordinates (r , , z ) , with the z - axis coinci-
86
dv
= divT + b
dt
(1)
(2)
dt
(3)
where is the density, b is the body force consisting of negligible electrical field and gravity, denotes the specific internal energy, q is the heat flux vector, r1 is the radiant energy assumed to be negligible,
Q is the heat of reaction, C0 is the initial concentra-
tion of the reactant species, k0 is the reaction rate expression that is a function of temperature, L is the
velocity gradient, d / dt denotes the material time differentiation, t is the time, T is the Cauchy stress
tensor and v is the velocity vector. It can be seen that
the heat of reaction appears as a source term in the
energy equation.
For the heat flux vector we adopt the classical
Fouriers law of heat conduction, so that
q = K T
(4)
= 0 exp[b(T T0 )]
v
RT
and
d
rr
= T L div q + r1 + QC0 k0
(5)
(6)
3 (trace A12 ) A1
(7)
0 , 1 0 , 2 0 , 3 0 , 1 + 2 24 3
(8)
The kinematic tensors A1 and A2 are given by
the relations
A1 = ( v ) + ( v )T , A2 =
d
A1 + A1 ( v ) + ( v )T A1
dt
(9)
87
For the problem under consideration, we seek velocity and temperature fields of the form:
v = (0, 0, w(r )) , T = T (r )
(10)
r
(2
+
)
1
2
=
r dr
dr r
(11)
p
=0
(12)
dw
dT
(0) =
(0) = 0 ,
dr
dr
3
1 d
dw 1 d
dw p
r
+
2r 3
=
r dr
dr r dr
dr z
(13)
dw
dw
+ 2 3
+
+
dr
dr
m
kT
E
QC0 A0
exp
RT
v
=0
(14)
where Q is the heat of reaction, C0 is the initial concentration of the reactant species, p / r and p / z
are the emerging pressure gradients in the radial and
axial directions, respectively. In studying the fluid dynamics, the coupled Eqs.(5), (13), (14) are to be integrated for a given value of p / z . After this crucial
step, the velocity field is determined and reintroduced
into Eq.(11) to obtain p / r . Once these pressure
gradients have been computed, the actual pressure
gradient can be obtained after simple algebra from
Eqs.(11) and (13). In this paper, as similar arguments
support (see e.g., Refs.[4] and [6]), only the simplest
model flow problem containing the ingredients necessary to understand the phenomena is presented.
dw
dT
(0) =
(0) = 0
dr
dr
(15)
The problem is simplified by writing the equations in the non-dimensional form. We define the following non-dimensional quantities,
r=
4 w2
RT
r
w
, w=
, = 0, = 0 0 ,
E
R
w0
kT0
(T T0 ) E
w2
, = 3 02 , = b b T0 , =
,
2
RT0
0 r0
0
E
QEA0 R 2 C0 k mT0m 2
R2 dp
exp
, c =
m m
v h RK
0 w0 dz
RT0
where w0 is a reference velocity. Here r is the dimensionless perpendicular distance from the pipe axis,
w is the dimensionless velocity, is the viscous
heating parameter, is the Frank-Kamenetskii parameter, is the dimensionless temperature excess,
is the activation energy, C is the pressure gradient
parameter and is the non-Newtonian material parameter of the fluid. Although the material constant 3
and hence may also depend on temperature, they
are taken as constants for simplicity in this study.
In terms of the above non-dimensional variables
and parameters, Eqs.(13)-(15) take the form
d dw dw
d2 w
+r 2 +
+
dr dr r dr
dr
2
dw dw
r dr dr
+ 3r
d2 w
=C
dr 2
(16)
2
2
d 2 1 d
dw
dw
+
+
dr
dr +
dr 2 r dr
=0
1 +
(1 + )m exp
w(1) = (1) = 0 ,
dw
d
(0) =
(0) = 0
dr
dr
(17)
(18)
where
( ) = exp( )
(19)
88
Table 1 Values wmax and max are compared with Massoudi and Christe[4]
C = 1
=1
Ref.[10]
Present paper
Ref.[10]
Present paper
max
wmax
max
wmax
max
wmax
max
wmax
0.014
0.230
0.014480
0.229908
0.016
0.253
0.015811
0.252650
0.054
0.404
0.051084
0.404170
0.012
0.192
0.012149
0.192455
0.102
0.541
0.010245
0.541341
10
0.011
0.011
0.010810
0.171515
0.165
0.656
0.164897
0.641341
15
0.010
0.010
0.009989
0.158764
max
max
(1)
wmax
max
0.259444
0.300548
0.423854
0.605501
0.260955
0.315951
0.423854
0.625501
0.262736
0.334126
0.423854
0.648764
0.263757
0.344562
0.423854
0.661954
0.229908
0.014480
0.423854
0.055783
0.244339
0.157655
0.423854
0.330809
0.263757
0.344562
0.423854
0.661954
0.292398
0.613435
0.423854
1.094035
0.263242
0.339595
0.423854
0.654706
0.1
0.263498
0.342060
0.423854
0.658309
0.2
0.263757
0.344562
0.423854
0.661955
0.3
0.264020
0.347100
0.423854
0.665640
2.0
1.0
0
0.2
0.5
0
0.5
0.5
1.0
0.2
1.5
0.5
1.0
1 dw d 2 w
1 d d 2
= 2 , lim r 0
=
r dr dr 2
r dr dr
(20)
2
d2 w
d dw
dw d w
+ 2 2 + 6
=C
2
dr dr
dr dr
dr
(21)
89
d 2
+
dr 2
2
2
dw
dw
+
dr
dr +
1
+
(1 + )m exp
=0
(22)
m = 0.5
Fig.3 Temperature profile for various non-Newtonian parameter ( ) when when C = 1 , = 10 , = = 0.1 and
= m = 0.5
90
Table 3 Values of cr for different values of and are compared with results obtained by Makinde[12] when = ,
= 0 , C = 1
Ref.[12]
Ours
cr ( = 0)
Ref.[12]
Ours
cr ( = 0.1)
Difference
Difference
1.945436
1.946194
7.58104
2.206838
2.207681
8.43104
0.1
1.946071
1.946778
7.07104
2.207476
2.208268
7.92104
0.2
1.946755
1.947322
5.67104
2.208161
2.208812
6.51104
0.3
1.947482
1.947828
3.46104
2.208889
2.209319
4.29104
Model 2
Model 3
C=m=0
C = 2 and m = 0
C = 0 and m = 0.5
Ref.[7]
Ours
Ref.[9]
Ours
Ref.[7]
Ours
tr
0.242107
0.242109
0.24211
0.24211
0.331561
0.331566
tr
3.009122
3.007690
3.00630
3.00888
2.699915
2.699664
max tr
5.943354
5.936756
5.94325
5.93236
6.259328
6.247736
tr max tr
1.439000
1.437000
1.43900
1.43600
2.075000
2.072000
91
Since the effects of , and on the distribution of dimensionless velocity and energy have been
discussed in Makinde[12], in our present work, we will
only investigate the effect of and m on the flow
equations. To perform this, we keep = 5 , = 1 ,
C = 2 and = 0.1 . Figures 8, 9 show the effect of
variable viscosity parameter and reaction order on the
dimensionless velocity and temperature profiles obtained using the standard Maple routine.
when C =
Furthermore, computation through employed numerical code has been carried out for various non-dimensional values of non-Newtonian parameter ( ) ,
92
whereas when increases, there are tremendous increases in the values of wmax , max and absolute values of the temperature gradient. The latter happens
generally in heating systems. When the studies with
heat flow problem in absence of activation energy parameter, = 0 , are compared, one finds that the heat
flow is slightly stronger in the present case.
The influence of non-Newtonian parameter ( )
on the flow distribution is displayed in Figs.2, 3. It is
evident from Figs.2, 3 that the fluid velocity and temperature generally decrease due to increase in . Invariably the solution for the Newtonian case ( = 0)
corresponds to the upper solution. Also, the effect of
Frank-Kamenetskii parameter ( ) , due to the generalized Arrhenius kinetics on the fluid velocity and temperature, is displayed in Figs.4, 5. It is shown that
fluid velocity and temperature increase due to increase
in . The effect of is more pronounced for the
temperature field than the velocity distribution, as expected on physical grounds. It is worth noting that
non-Newtonian parameter ( ) has opposed behaviour,
as compared to the Frank-Kamenetskii parameter.
Figure 8 reveals that cr decreases, while max cr
slightly increases with increasing viscosity parameter
. The cr and max cr tend to decrease rapidly with
at the same pothe increment of the reaction order
sition, as shown in Fig.9.
In Fig.10 (or Fig.11), we have plotted tr (or tr )
profiles, showing the effects of non-Newtonian parameter , viscous heating and the viscosity parameter (in the case of Arrhenius reaction model
when the pressure is kept constant) on the flow setup.
In the former, it can be seen that tr decreases when
the viscous heating parameter (or viscosity parameter ) increases, but increases with increase in the
non-Newtonian parameter . Similar behavior was
observed for tr in the latter. It is evident that for
4. Analysis of results
Table 2 shows the influences of m , and
on the velocity and temperature at the axis of the cylinder, as well as velocity and temperature gradients at
the wall. We observed that as each of the triplet increases, the velocity gradient remains constant. It can
be seen that when m and increase there is no significant incremental change in the values of wmax and
max absolute values of the temperature gradient,
93
Constant viscosity
tr
tr
max tr
tr
tr
max tr
2.0
0.13046
3.81075
6.20568
0.13047
3.80686
6.19972
0.24186
3.00232
5.94960
0.24190
2.99934
5.94172
0.5
0.33110
2.69276
6.27576
0.33117
2.69119
6.25736
tr
tr
max tr
0.33161
2.69276
6.30728
0.25
0.33149
2.69221
6.28369
0.50
0.33141
2.69188
6.27266
1.00
0.33131
2.69150
6.26256
2.50
0.33117
2.69119
6.25736
94