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Uses of Networks
Computer network can be used for various purposes. The main
uses of computer network are;
Communication Media
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token, and then it can transmit data. When the node has sent its
message, it releases the token back to the network. Since only
one token is circulating around the network, only one device is
able to access the network at a time. Thus no collision occurs. The
main disadvantage of this scheme of data exchange is that, it has
very slow data transfer rate.
Describe the "ARCnet" protocol used in LAN.
ARCnet stands for Attached Resource Computer network. It uses
either twisted pair wire or coaxial cable, and the star topology with
hub attached to the network.
The original ARCnet protocol was very slow, but it became
popular because it was inexpensive, reliable, and easy to set up
and to expand. Today, transmission rate
of fast ARCnet is improved which is about 100 M bits per second.
Similarly, ARCnet also includes the capability to use optic fiber
cable.
Describe the Wide Area Network (WAN). Wide Area Network
(WAN)
A Wide Area Network is a network system that covers a large (or
wide) ' geographical area such as different cities of country or
different countries of the world. In WAN, usually the personal
computers as remote terminals are connected to the larger
computer such as mainframe or mainframe, to send and receive
data. Since the larger computers are designed to be accessed by
terminals, so PC can communicate with larger computers only if
the PC follows to be a terminal. This is made possible by using a
software on the PCs, known as terminal emulation software, which
makes capable of a PC to perform a function as terminal to
communicate with larger computer. The larger computer then
considers the PC or workstation as just another input/output
device or terminal.
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S.No
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Data transmission
speed is very high
Its installation and
configuration cost is
less than WAN
.
What are the network standards? Also describe their types.
Network Standards
The standards are the precise documents containing technical and
physical specifications about the network being designed.
Normally those standards are taken into consideration and are
worldwide acceptable.
By following the network standards, the networks can be reliable
and efficient. Normally, two types of standards are followed. These
are:
De Facto Standard
De facto means "by tradition" or "by facts". These standards were
developed without any formal plan and came to existence
because of historical developments. These standards are most
commonly used by the organizations worldwide.
De Jure Standard
De Jure means "according to law or regulation". These standards
have been properly approved by the networks governing body.
Few of these governing bodies are:
*
American National Standard Institute (ANSI)
*
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
*
The International Standard Organization (ISO)
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*& The International Telecommunications UnionTelecommunication Standards Sector (ITU-T, formally CCITT)
* The Electronic Industries Association (EIA)
* Telcordia
Describe the network models.
The most popular network models are described below.
Client/Server Network
In client/server network (or arrangement), the clients are all
computers or nodes on the network and server is a central
computer that controls the network. In addition to control the
network, the server also provides a centralized storage area for
programs and data. It has hard disks that hold the shared data file
or database. Under the client/server arrangement, processing is
usually done by the server, and only the results are sent to the
clients or nodes. Sometimes, the server and the client share
processing.
The client/server network has the following advantage.
* It reduces the volume of data traffic on the network.
* It allows faster response at each node.
* It allows using less expensive computers as clients because
most of the work is done by server.
Peer-to-Peer Network
In peer-to-peer arrangement, all nodes (or computers) on the
network have equal status. No one has control over others. Each
computer stores files on its own storage devices and has its own
peripheral devices. The users can share each other's data and
devices (or resources) as and when needed. The main
disadvantage of peer-to-per network is that it becomes slow under
heavy use.
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Hybrid Network
The hybrid network has combined features of both client/server
and peer-to-peer networks (or arrangements). It has a server and
the users can share the data 'and software. Similarly, each node
can store its own files, programs, and has its own peripheral
devices. The users can also share each other's data and devices.
These are the main advantage of hybrid arrangement.
What is meant by network topologies? Also write names of
different LAN topologies.
Network Topologies
In networking, the term topology is the way of connecting nodes
(or devices.) on a network. In other words, a topology represents
the shape of network. Network topology can be divided into the
following basic types.
(a) Bus topology
(b) Star topology
(c) Ring topology
(d) Tree topology
(e) Mesh topology
\ Two or more of the above mentioned basic types of topologies
may be
combined together to form more complex shape of networks.
Describe in detail the "Bus" topology. Bus Topology
In bus network, all nodes (or devices) are connected to a common
communication medium or central single cable. This single cable
is called bus. The devices or nodes are attached with the central
cable (or bus) through interface connector. The central cable is the
backbone cable, which functions as shared communication
medium. In bus network, when a computer or node sends a
message to another computer, it also attaches the- address of the
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Data Communication
What is data communication? Define the basic
components of communication network.
Data Communication
*
Communication means the exchange of information or messages.
When we talk with" each other, we are exchanging information.
For corhSliunication of information or messages, we use
telephones, computers, and wireless devices that are linked in a
network. Data communication is the exchange of data between
two devices via transmission media such as a wire cable. In other
words, we can say that transfer of information or data from one
location to another is called Data
communication.
Generally, the term data communication can be defined as the
movement of
encoded information by means of electrical transmission systems
from one computer or device to another through communication
channels such as cable, wireless media etc.
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Frequency:
The number of times a wave repeats during a specific time of
interval is called frequency.
Amplitude:
The height of a wave with a given period of time is called
amplitude.
Digital Signals
The digital signals are on-off electrical pulses in discontinuous or
discrete form. Most of the computers are digital and data is
represented inside these computers in the form of binary numbers
(or in the form of discrete set of values). It means that computers
accept and process data in the form of digital signals.
Describe different types of data.
Types of Data
There are different types of data representation in data
communication. These are text, numbers, images, audio, and
video.
(i)
Numeric
Numeric data consists of digits from 0 to 9, +(positive) or (negative) signs and a decimal points .It can be of integer type or
real type data Integer data: It consists of positive or
negative whole values including 0.
For example,
420, 302, + 62, -26 etc.
Real data:
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differentiate
between
base
Bandwidth
Each type of communication media or channel has different
transmission speed. The data transmission rate over
communication channel is measured in bandwidth. The bandwidth
will be higher if more signals are transmitted over the
communication channel. Actually, the bandwidth measures the
amount of information that can be transmitted through the media
with a given period of time. For analog signals bandwidth is
represented in Hertz and for digital signals, it is represented in bit
per second (bps).
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Baseboard
Base band is a communication technique in which digital signals
are directly transmitted over transmission line without changing
into analog signals (i.e. without using modulation technique). In
this communication technique, there is no need to use any
complex modem. The digital signals are commonly called base
band signals. The token ring and Ethernet use base band signals
(or digital signals).
Broadband
Broadband is another communication technique in which large
amount of data such as voice and video, is transmitted over long
distances simultaneously by modulating each signal onto a
different frequency. In "broadband transmission, FDM (Frequency
Division Multiplexing) technique is used, in which multiple signals
(or several streams of data) can be transmitted simultaneously.
Broadband is the bandwidth used for direct communication
between very high-speed computer such as mainframe computer.
This bandwidth includes microwaves, satellites, fiber optics media
etc.
What is communication media or channel? Communication
Media
A path through which data is communicated from one place to
another is r ferred to as communication media or channel. The
twisted pair wire, coaxial cable, fi;>er optic cable, microwave,
satellite etc. are examples of communication channels.
The communication media is divided into two types,
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(i) Guided Media
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External Modem
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