H4 Pipe Friction Group

POLITEKNIK UNGKU OMAR
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

EXPERIMENT H4 : Pipe Friction
OBJECTIVE : To calculate a pipe friction coefficient ()
DAY:
DATE:
LAB. TIME: START:

COMPLETE:
SECTION:
GROUP NO.:
GROUP MEMBERS PRESENT:

NAME
REG. NO.:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
GUIDING LECTURERS:
1
Item
1
2
3
4
5
6
2
3
4
7
Laboratory Grading - Cognitive skills (CLO1)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Collection of experimental data (C1)

Computation of collected data (C2)
Tabulation of computed data (C1)
Presentation of tabulated / computed data (C3)
Analysis of computation and data presentation (C4)
Response to questions (C4)
Conclusion and derivation from experiment (C6)
Mark
5
10
10
10
10
10
10
Grade
/5
/ 10
Err:504 / 10
/ 10
/ 10
/ 10
/ 10
Err:504 / 65
HYDRAULIC LABORATORY
Grading: Collection of experimental data (C1)

EXPERIMENT H4 : Fluid Flow in Pipe System
OBJECTIVE : To calculate a head loss due to sudden enlargement, sudden contraction, pipe friction, elbow and pipe in parall
A) EXPERIMENTAL DATA GATHERING
1. General Readings:
Pre Test Piezometer Reading
h1 =
mm
h2 =
mm
d1 =
mm
d2 =
mm
Dynamic Viscosity of fluid,
Ns/m2
2. Experimental Data
Piezometer Reading
(mm)
Time (s)
Water Volume
Test
(liter)
Run 1
Run 2
h1
h2
Velocity,
v
(m/s)
Head loss,
hf
(m)
1
2
3
4
5
3. Standardization of Experimental Data
Test
Volume , V
(m3)
Average time,
t
(s)
Flow,
Q
(m3/s)
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
h1 marked reading =
4. Calculation and tabulation (LOSS OF HEAD DUE TO SUDDEN EXPANSION FROM PVC 20 X 1.5 TO PVC
(a)
(b)
MeasurementVolume measured
Time observed
No
(liters)
(s)
5. Sample of calculations (wherever required)
(a)/(b)
Q
(liters/s)
(m3/s)
v1=Q/A1
v2=Q/A2
(m/s)
(m/s)
n, elbow and pipe in parallel or series
d reading =
PVC 20 X 1.5 TO PVC 32 X 1.8 PIPES)

(e)
(f)
(e) - (f)
equation 4
h1
h2
h1 - h2
hl = (v1-v2)2/2g
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
(m)
(m)

h1 =
947
mm
h2 =
910
mm
d1 =
mm
d2 =
mm
Dynamic Viscosity of fluid,
Ns/m2
Piezometer Reading
(m)
Time (s)
Water Volume
Test
(liter)
Run 1
Run 2
h1
h2
113.95
114.06
0.935
0.885
45.49
45.63
0.835
0.825
23.71
23.49
0.825
0.855
15.42
15.72
0.855
0.845
13.39
13.31
0.84
0.89
Velocity,
v
(m/s)
Head loss,
hf
(m)
Test
Volume , V
(m3)
Average time, t
(s)
Flow,
Q
(m3/s)
0.005
1140005
4.385946E-009
0.05
0.005
45056
0.000000111
0.01
0.005
23.6
0.0002118644
-0.03
0.005
15.57
0.0003211304
0.01
0.005
13.35
0.0003745318
-0.05
h1 marked reading =
4. Calculation and tabulation (LOSS OF HEAD DUE TO SUDDEN CONTRACTION FROM PVC 32 X 1.8 TO P
(a)
Measurement Volume measured
No
(liters)
(b)
(a)/(b)
Time observed
(s)
(liters/s)
(m3/s)
v1=Q/A1
v2=Q/A2
(m/s)
(m/s)
on, elbow and pipe in parallel or series
m
m
h1 marked reading =
ROM PVC 32 X 1.8 TO PVC 20 X 1.5 PIPES)

(e)
(f)
(e) - (f)
equation 4
v2=Q/A2
h1
h2
h1 - h2
hl = (A2/A1-1)v22/2g
(m/s)
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
(m)
(m)
EXPERIMENT H4 :
OBJECTIVE :

Fluid Flow in Pipe System
To calculate a head loss due to sudden enlargement, sudden contraction, pipe friction, elbow and pipe in pa

h1 =
940
mm
0.94
h2 =
890
mm
0.89
0.017
Test pipe internal material :
0.8
Test pipe expected value :
Test pipe internal diameter, d :

Test pipe length, L :
Test
1
Run 1
h1 marked reading =
Piezometer Reading
(mm)
Time (s)
Water Volume
(liter)
Run 2
h1
h2
Flow,
Q
(m3/s)
Velocity,
v
(m/s)
Head loss,
hf
(m)
Test
Volume , V
(m3)
Average time,
t
(s)
1
2
3
4
5
4. Calculation and tabulation (LOSS OF HEAD DUE TO FRICTION IN PVC 20 X 1.5 PIPE)
Pipe length
Pipe inside
diameter
Area
m2
(a)
(b)
Measurement Volume measured

Time observed
No
(liters)
(s)
(a)/(b)
equation 5
Re
Type of Flow
Re = vD/
h2
(liters/s)
(m3/s)
(m/s)
(m)
62.47
0.08
0.00008
0.352
5295.575221
367
38.38
0.1303
0.00013
0.573
8620.353982
366
25.53
0.1958
0.0002
0.881
13253.9823
366
17.62
0.2838
0.00028
1.233
18549.55752
365
14.31
0.3494
0.00035
1.542
23198.23009
365
12.69
0.394
0.00039
1.718
25846.0177
360
10.56
0.4735
0.00047
2.07
31141.59292
360
/5
/ 10
w and pipe in parallel or series
94
89
m
PVC
0.0933597
mm
Blasius
(c)
(d)
(e)
equation 1
=0.356/Re0.25
h1
h2
h1-h2
hf = Lv2/2gD
(m)
(m)
(m)
(mm)
0.0417322416
377
367
0.01
0.012
0.0369461103
386
366
0.02
0.029
0.0331790083
406
366
0.04
0.062
0.0305046895
445
365
0.08
0.111
0.0288460456
485
365
0.12
0.165
0.0280770573
520
360
0.16
0.199
0.0267987657
590
360
0.23
0.275

/5
/ 10
h1 =
mm
h2 =
mm
Water Volume
Test
(liter)
Piezometer Reading
(mm)
Time (s)
Run 1
Run 2
h1
h2
Velocity,
v
(m/s)
Head loss,
hf
(m)
1
2
3
4
5
Test
Volume , V
(m3)
Average time,
t
(s)
Flow,
Q
(m3/s)
1
2
3
4
5
a) S.I. Conversion
h1 marked reading =
mm

/5
/ 10
h1 =
920
mm
0.92
h2 =
870
mm
0.87
m
m
Test pipe internal material :

Test pipe expected value :
Test pipe internal diameter, d :

Test pipe length, L :
0.017
0.8
PVC
0.406638749
1
2
3
4
5
Piezometer Reading
(m)
Time (s)
Water Volume
Test
(liter)
5
5
5
5
5
Run 1
Run 2
h1
h2
100.21
21.27
11.2
10.12
9.73
100.46
21.17
11.08
10.12
9.78
0.897
0.835
0.92
0.875
1
0.85
0.805
0.875
0.898
0.908
Velocity,
v
(m/s)
2.20E-01
1.04E+00
1.98E+00
2.18E+00
2.26E+00
Head loss,
hf
(m)
0.047
0.03
0.045
-0.023
0.092
Test
Volume , V
(m3)
1
2
3
4
5
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
Average time,
t
(s)
100.335
21.22
11.14
10.12
9.755
Flow,
Q
(m3/s)
4.98E-05
2.36E-04
4.49E-04
4.94E-04
5.13E-04

a) S.I. Conversion
h1
=
=
897mm/1000
0.897m
h2
=
=
850mm/1000
0.85mm
h1 marked reading =
b) Volumetric computation
c) Time computation
d) Flow computation
e) Velocity Computation
mm
Grading: Analysis of computation and data presentation (C4)

Response to questions (C4)
EXPERIMENTFluid Flow in Pipe System
/ 10
/ 10
OBJECTIV
To calculate a head loss due to sudden enlargement, sudden contraction, pipe friction, elbow and pipe in parallel or
D) DATA EVALUATION
1. Additional or Final Computation
2. Experimental Findings and Verifications of Objectives
3. Response to the Experimental Findings
4. Concluding the Experiment.
5. References.
1.
2.
3.
n parallel or series
ii) State the limitations in use of Darcy - Weisbach equation.

ii) State the factors affecting the value of the pipe friction coefficient .
ii) How friction factor value, , varies with the different diameter of pipes?
ii) How does the flow rate in a pipe affected by the pipe friction?
DISCUSSION
Through the experiment, the objective had been achieved and as follows:
o To determine the loss of head due to friction in incompressible flow in a horizontal pipe where from the experime
o To determine the friction factor of a pipe where from the experiment, the data is______ while from theoretical c
o To determine the loss of head in sudden expansion and sudden contraction of pipe where from the experiment, t
o To determine the loss coefficient in sudden expansion and sudden contraction of pipe where from the experimen
o To determine the losses of energy (head losses) in different configuration of pipes where from the experiment, th
CONCLUSION
As a conclusion the experiment were successfully carried out, even though the data collected are varies with theoretic
The different between experiment data theoretically equation are mainly due to human and servicing factors such as:
a. Parallax error occur during captured the value of water level, h 1 and h2.
b. Bubble inside the pipe line was not properly flushed during bleeding.
The are no relative motion between the fluid particles. The only stress will be normal stress which is equal to the pres
RECOMMENDATION
There are a lot of possibilities for an experiment will having an error and as per discuss above. Therefore it is recommendat
a. Change to the new equipment and apparatus.
b. Built the platform when taking the parallax error.
CONCLUSION
As a conclusion, the experiment that have been carried out were successful, even though the
data collected are a little bit difference compared to the theoretical value. The difference
between the theoretical value and the actual value may mainly due to human and servicing
factors such as parallax error. This error occur during observer captured the value of the water
level, and . Besides that, it also may because there is bubble inside the pipe line. This is because
the bubble was not properly flushed during bleeding. There is no other relative motion between
the fluid particles. There is only stress that will be a normal stress which is equal to the pressure.
There are a lot of possibilities for the experiment will having an error. Therefore, the
recommendation to overcome the error is ensure that the position of the observers eye must be
90 perpendicular to the reading. Other than that, ensure that the bubble was fully removed
from the pipe line.
ipe where from the experiment, the data is______ while from theoretical calculation is______.
____ while from theoretical calculation is______.
where from the experiment, the data is______ while from theoretical calculation is______.
e where from the experiment, the data is______ while from theoretical calculation is______.
where from the experiment, the data is______ while from theoretical calculation is______.
cted are varies with theoretically equation because the different are minute and can be negligible.
and servicing factors such as:
ess which is equal to the pressure.
Therefore it is recommendation are as follows:
en though the
difference
nd servicing
ue of the water
e. This is because
motion between
al to the pressure.
e, the
ers eye must be
ully removed

H4 Pipe Friction Group

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POLITEKNIK UNGKU OMAR

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

LAB. TIME: START:

GROUP MEMBERS PRESENT:

Collection of experimental data (C1)

Grading: Collection of experimental data (C1)

EXPERIMENT H4 : Fluid Flow in Pipe System

Dynamic Viscosity of fluid,

3. Standardization of Experimental Data

5. Sample of calculations (wherever required)

n, elbow and pipe in parallel or series

PVC 20 X 1.5 TO PVC 32 X 1.8 PIPES)

Grading: Collection of experimental data (C1)

EXPERIMENT H4 : Fluid Flow in Pipe System

Dynamic Viscosity of fluid,

3. Standardization of Experimental Data

4. Sample of calculations (wherever required)

on, elbow and pipe in parallel or series

ROM PVC 32 X 1.8 TO PVC 20 X 1.5 PIPES)

Grading: Collection of experimental data (C1)

A) EXPERIMENTAL DATA GATHERING

Test pipe internal material :

Test pipe expected value :

Test pipe internal diameter, d :

3. Standardization of Experimental Data

Measurement Volume measured

5. Sample of calculations (wherever required)

w and pipe in parallel or series

Grading: Collection of experimental data (C1)

on, elbow and pipe in parallel or series

Grading: Collection of experimental data (C1)

Test pipe internal material :

Test pipe internal diameter, d :

3. Standardization of Experimental Data

4. Sample of calculations (wherever required)

on, elbow and pipe in parallel or series

Grading: Analysis of computation and data presentation (C4)

2. Experimental Findings and Verifications of Objectives

3. Response to the Experimental Findings

4. Concluding the Experiment.

ii) State the limitations in use of Darcy - Weisbach equation.

and servicing factors such as:

ess which is equal to the pressure.

Therefore it is recommendation are as follows:

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