SFTY 335

Chapter 2 Questions
Name: Alvin Wong (2400442)
Benedict (2398843)
Kesavan (2377586)
Sanker (2387844)
Loqman Shariff (2400282)
Date: 4/4/2015

1. Describe air pressure loads on an airplane. What happens as velocity changes? - Alvin Wong (2400442)
As an airplane flies through the air, its wings generate lift. Bernoullis theorem state that as air flows at a
higher speed, its pressure decreases and vice versa. An aircraft that has a cambered wing has more curvature
above the wing which accelerates airflow, thus reducing pressure above the wing. However, on the bottom
section where airflow is at a slower speed, has a higher pressure that acts upwards towards the lower
pressure region above, thus pushing the wing up and creating lift.
On the other hand, the aircraft also experiences drag. Drag such as form drag, due to the shape of the
airplane, and induced drag, which is a byproduct of creating lift. Drag is essentially air resistance, which
tries to slow the airplane down. The faster an aircraft flies the more drag it would experience, which exerts
forces on the wings and fuselage.
For example, if you drive at high speeds in a car, your mileage decreases due mainly to increasing magnitude
of drag, which can be interpreted as the wind noise on the windshield. Similarly for an airplane, the faster it
flies the more drag it would experience, thus the greater air pressure loads the structure such as the wing and
fuselage would experience.
2. Describe maneuvering loads and the effect of turning and acceleration. - Benedict (2398843)
Maneuvering loads are load factors in relation to the banking of the aircraft during flight in relation to the
general turning performance of aircraft. During consideration of maneuvering loads, it requires the aircraft
of which the load is acted on to be in a constant altitude turns, constant speed and not constant velocity as
conditions to be fulfilled. In addition, acceleration being the difference in the speed of an object and
direction of the aircrafts motion are also important considerations of maneuvering an aircraft. The turning of
aircraft happens when an unbalanced force is acted on the aircraft about the center of its rotation which
caused a turning effect to the moving aircraft. Often known as centripetal force, the applied force would
accelerate in the direction of the aircraft where the force is applied causing a radial acceleration. During
banking, centripetal force is being applied caused the aircraft to rotate at a certain bank angle with
consideration of lift and weight load acting on itself.

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SFTY 335

3. What effect does a "coordinated turn" have on maneuvering loads? - Kesavan (2377586)
Coordinated turn is initiated by the pilot or autopilot to avoid sideslip while the aircraft is turning. If it done
correctly, it requires the pilot to use pitch, roll and yaw control simultaneously, occupants perceive no lateral
acceleration of the aircraft and their weight to be acting straight downwards into their seats.
Constant altitude is maintained with constant speed but the velocity (being a vector with direction) changes
during a coordinated turn. The load factor G (ratio of lift and weight) required for an aircraft to maintain
altitude in a coordinated turn are determined by the bank angle alone. Type of aircraft, airspeed, or other
factors have no influence on the load factor. The higher the bank angle, the higher the G loading which is
actually the inverse of the cosine of the bank angle.
Coordinated flight is usually preferred over uncoordinated flight for the following reasons:
it is more comfortable for the occupants
it minimizes the drag force on the aircraft
it causes fuel to be drawn equally from tanks in both wings
it minimizes the risk of entering a spin.

4. Describe gust loads. - Sanker (2387844)

Gust loads are air gusts impose both horizontal and vertical air loads on an aircraft in flight. Horizontal gusts
impose side loads on the fuselage and vertical tail.
Maximum positive gust loads result when encountering vertical upwards gusts. These increase the effective
angle of attack on the wing, thus increasing the lift on the wing and the wing loading.

5. What is the relationship between landing and ground loads? - Loqman Shariff (2400282)
Landing loads occur during heavy weight, high sink-rate touchdowns, misalign touch down.
Grounds loads are imposed by wheel spin up, braking, rough landing surface and uneven surface and
turning.

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