Module 01

HVAC System
Instructor:
Engr. Haris Alam

Department of Civil Engineering

CECOS University, Peshawar.

HVAC System

What is HVAC System??

CECOS University, Peshawar.

H- Heating

V- Ventilation
AC Air Conditioning
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HVAC System

Few people think that HVAC is all

Luxury, Waste of money &
Valuable Energy.
But.!!!

CECOS University, Peshawar.

HVAC System

Of Course,
It is Right of Every Individual
to live in Comfort & HVAC
Serves the industrial segment
to great extent.

CECOS University, Peshawar.

Functions of HVAC

Control of Air Temperature.

Control of Moisture Content in Air.

Proper Air Movement.

To Hold the Air Contamination Within Acceptable limits.

CECOS University, Peshawar.

Humidity & Temperature:

Humidity:

Humidity is the amount of water vapor in the air. Water vapor is the
gaseous state of water and is invisible.

There are three main measurements of humidity:

Absolute humidity is the water content of air.

Relative humidity, expressed as a percent, measures the current absolute
humidity relative to the maximum for that temperature.

Specific humidity is a ratio of the water vapor content of the mixture to the
total air content on a mass basis.
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Humidity Instruments:

Electrical Hygrometers
Hygroscopic films detect atmospheric moisture
Dew point impedance from partial pressure of water vapor

Chilled mirror

Optically sense presence of dew or frost on mirror

Measure temperature of mirror for dew point or frost point

Recent optical sensing improvements

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Problems due to Humidity:

Electrical: . High voltage short-circuit occurs when the insulation is moist.

Archive: Films and papers will stick together if stored in moist place. Paper turns
yellow and disintegrates.

Metal: A lot of metals are free from corrosion if the environment is dry.

Food: Drying is usually part of food processing. Food exposed to moisture are
subject to fungal growth.
Military: A lot of military gears must be stored at low RH to keep away from rust

forming. Gun powder and explosive are particularly sensitive to moisture.

Batteries production: Extremely low RH is required to batteries production.
Photography material: Most films are moisture sensitive.
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Humidity Levels:

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Humidity & Temperature:

Temperature:

A temperature is a comparative measure of hot and cold.

It is measured, typically by a thermometer, through the bulk behavior of

a thermometric material, detection of heat radiation, or by particle

velocity or kinetic energy.

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Temperature Instruments
Electrical Thermometers

Thermocouple:

Resistance temperature detector (RTD):RTD are devices used to measure

A
Thermocouple
is
a
sensor
used
to
measure
temperature. Thermocouples consist of two wire legs made from different metals. The
wires legs are welded together at one end, creating a junction. This junction is where the
temperature is measured.

temperature by correlating the resistance of the RTD element with temperature. Most RTD
elements consist of a length of fine coiled wire wrapped around a ceramic or glass core. The
element is usually quite fragile, so it is often placed inside a sheathed probe to protect it.

Thermistor :A thermistor is a type of resistor whose

resistance varies significantly with temperature, more so

than in standard resistors.

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Temperature Instruments
Manual Thermometers:

Liquid in glass thermometers

Bi-metallic sensor

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Comfort Levels:

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Cooling Load Calculation:

The Cooling load calculation begins with the determination of heat

loss through a variety of building envelope components and
situations.

Walls , Roofs , Windows, Doors, Exposed Floors, Slab-on-Grade , Basement

Walls, Infiltration Ventilation ,Duct Loss , Electric Appliances, Humans & others

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Cooling Load Calculation:

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Temperature & Humidity Controls:

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Components.

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Components of HVAC System:

Source Components

Distribution Components

Delivery Components

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Components of HVAC System:

Source Components:
Heating :

Combustion of some flammable material (a fuel)

Conversion of Electrical energy to heat
Solar radiation or other renewable energy resources
Removal of Heat from material on site and transferred into a building.

Cooling:

Natural Heat Sinks (Outside air, the night sky, on-site water bodies,
and on-site soil)
Artificial Heat Sinks (Vapor compression (mechanical) refrigeration, ,
absorption (chemical) refrigeration, evaporative cooling)
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Components of HVAC System:

Natural Heat Sink

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Components of HVAC System:

Artificial Heat Sink:

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Components of HVAC System:

Commonly used Heating & Cooling system for active control.

Fireplace:

Wood Strove:

Furnace:

Boilers

Solar Thermal Collector

Vapor Compression Refrigeration Unit

Absorption Refrigeration Unit.

Chillers

Cooling towers
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Components of HVAC System:

Distribution Component:

Heating or cooling effect produced must be transmitted to the

various spaces in a building
Three transmission media are commonly used in central systems:

air, water, and steam.

Air & Steam Based System

Two

Ducts are required one for Conveying the air & Other for taking the
air back to the system

Water Based System:

Minimum

of 3 pipe system is required.

High Pressure & Low Pressure System

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Components of HVAC System:

Distribution Component:

Dampers are used to control air flow ,they balance

flows throughout a system

Specialized fire dampers and smoke dampers are

used to reduce the spread of fire and smoke through
the building air distribution system.

Splitters and turning vanes are used to reduce

friction losses by reducing turbulence within the
ductwork; they also can reduce noise generated
within the ducts.
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Components of HVAC System:

Delivery Component:

Devices designed to provide the interface between

occupied
components

building
are

spaces

and

collectively

distribution

termed

delivery

devices.

Diffusers.

Registers.

Grille.

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Assignment #01
Climatic Control System

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Ventilation.

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Ventilation System:

Process of "processing" or replacing air in any space to provide

high indoor air quality.

Used to remove unpleasant smells and excessive moisture, introduce

outside air, to keep interior building air circulating, and to prevent

stagnation of the interior air.

Ventilation includes both the exchange of air to the outside as well as

circulation of air within the building.

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Purpose of Ventilation:

Maintain human comfort and health.

Provide sufficient oxygen (approx. 21%) for human during overcrowding in the
office (Remove Heat generated).

Remove products of respiration and bodily odor.

Remove contaminants or harmful chemicals.

Create air movement (feeling of freshness/comfort)

Moisture problems, as indicated by visible fungal growth in corners.

Staining and discoloration of false ceilings, walls or carpets.

Smoking in the office..

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Ventilation System:

Basic elements of Ventilation system:

Ventilation Rate: The amount of outdoor air

that is provided into the space.

Airflow direction: From clean zones to dirty zones

Air distribution or Airflow pattern: Deliverance of air to each part of

the space in an efficient manner ----- Airborne pollutants removed in

an efficient manner.

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Types of Ventilation:
Natural

Ventilation:

Natural movement of air entering

and leaving openings such as
windows, doors, wind towers, roof
ventilators.

Heated air rises, cool air below.( wind

towers/ high ventilators)

Mainly rely on pressure difference---placement of Openings to circulate

wind.
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Types of Ventilation:
Mechanical

Ventilation:

Alternative to Unreliable Natural Source. Also known as Forced Air.

Usually accepted as being the use of ducted air distributed to and from
centrally located fans with the addition of air filtration, heating,
cooling, humidification or heat recovery.

Case of Hospital ----- Need Sterilized places ----- Cant provide Large
opening like windows.

Components involves: Exhaust Fans, Filters, Ductworks & Diffusers.

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Propeller inside to enhance up-flow

air movement

Some without propeller and some install it in wrong orientation

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Types of Ventilation:
Hybrid

Ventilation:

Introduction of outdoor air ventilation into a building by both

mechanical and Natural.
It is sometimes called mixed-mode ventilation.

The Changeover Type

The Concurrent (or zoned) Type:

Changeover variant, controls could switch between mechanical and
passive ventilation seasonally, diurnally, or based on a measured
parameter.
Concurrent variant, appropriate controls are needed to prevent
fighting between the two ventilation methods.

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CED, CECOS University, Peshawar.

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