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5, MAY 2008
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I. I NTRODUCTION
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TABLE I
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DISCUSSED TOPICS AND REFERENCES
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TABLE II
POTENTIAL UTILIZATION OF ADDITIONAL DEGREES OF
FREEDOM IN MULTIPHASE MACHINES
In summary, taking n as an odd prime number and assuming a single neutral point of the star connected stator
winding, there are (n 3) additional degrees of freedom in
a multiphase machine that can be used for different purposes:
torque enhancement in concentrated winding machines, realization of multimotor drive systems with independent control
and single inverter supply with machines having sinusoidal
MMF distribution, and design of fault-tolerant strategies for
all multiphase machine types. However, the available degrees
of freedom can be used for only one purpose. Hence, if for
example a five-phase concentrated winding induction machine
operates with the third stator current harmonic injection and a
fault takes place, implementation of a fault-tolerant operating
strategy requires that the stator current harmonic injection is
dispensed with. Possible uses of additional degrees of freedom
in different types of multiphase machines (according to the
stator winding design of Fig. 1) are summarized in Table II.
The main advantages of multiphase machines when compared
to their three-phase counterpart, discussed previously in this
section, are summarized in Table III.
The main driving forces behind the rapid development
of multiphase variable speed drives in recent times have
been some very specific application areas, in addition to the
aforementioned electric ship propulsion. These are primarily locomotive traction, industrial high-power applications,
electric and hybrid-electric vehicles (propulsion, integrated
starter/alternator concept, and others), and the concept of the
more-electric aircraft. Table IV lists some of the applications
for which use of multiphase motor drives has been considered,
together with associated references. The common features of
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TABLE III
OVERVIEW OF MAIN ADVANTAGES OF
MULTIPHASE-MACHINE-BASED DRIVES
TABLE IV
MULTIPHASE-MOTOR-DRIVE APPLICATIONS
models. Since the phase-variable model of a physical multiphase machine gets transformed using a mathematical transformation, the number of variables before and after transformation
must remain the same. This means that an n-phase machine
will have n new stator current (stator voltage, stator flux)
components after the transformation.
If a machine is with sinusoidal-field distribution, standard
modeling assumptions apply and only the first harmonic of
inductance terms exists in the phase-variable model. Application of the decoupling (Clarkes) transformation produces
a set of n equations. The first, , pair is identical to the
corresponding pair of equations for a three-phase machine.
The last equation (or the last two, for even phase numbers) is
the zero-sequence equation, again the same as for a three-phase
machine. In between, there are (n 3)/2 (or (n 4)/2 for
n = even) pairs of rows which define (n 3)/2 (or (n 4)/2
for n = even) pairs of equations, featuring the same number of
new variables that are termed further on as xy components.
In principle, the form of xy equations is the same as for
the zero-sequence component, meaning that the impedance for
xy stator current components is in essence the stator winding
leakage impedance. Provided that the machine is supplied
with purely sinusoidal voltages and the field is sinusoidal,
the xy voltage components are zero and there are no stator
current xy components.
Corresponding decoupling transformation matrices are available also for asymmetrical multiphase machines and the result
of the application of the decoupling transformation matrix is the
same as for symmetrical machines (for example, the models
obtained by applying appropriate decoupling transformation
matrices in conjunction with an asymmetrical and a symmetrical six-phase induction machine are identical, as long as there
is a single neutral point). In the special case when an n-phase
winding is created using k individual a subphase windings with
k isolated neutral points, the total number of equations and
variables reduces to (n k) after transformation, since zerosequence components cannot flow in any of the star-connected
k windings.
Since coupling between stator and rotor appears after decoupling transformation only in equations of the multiphase machine, it is only these equations that have to be
transformed further, using rotational transformation. The form
of this transformation is the same as for the corresponding
three-phase machine. The resulting final dq model in the
common reference frame contains dq and torque equations
identical to those of a corresponding three-phase machine, zerosequence equations that are also the same, and, additionally,
the xy pair(s) of equations that, in form, correspond to zerosequence equations.
Modeling of multiphase machines has been and still is a
subject of considerable interest [23][36]. A great deal of effort
has been put into modeling of concentrated winding machines,
where both the starting physical-variable model and the final
dq model are different. In principle, the inductance terms
in the initial model have to include not only the fundamental
harmonic but also one (or more, as appropriate for the given
phase number) higher harmonics. Decoupling transformation
results now in (n 1)/2 (or (n 2)/2 for n = even) pairs
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Fig. 2. Basic rotor flux oriented control scheme for a multiphase machine with
current control in the stationary reference frame.
Fig. 3. Basic rotor-flux-oriented control of a five-phase machine with concentrated winding and with current control in the stationary reference frame
(indexes 1 and 3 stand for the first and the third stator current harmonic
references).
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Fig. 4. Illustration of DTC schemes for multiphase machines: (a) Switching-table-based DTC and (b) constant switching frequency DTC.
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Fig. 5. Basic building blocks for VSI supplied multiphase machines: (a) Leg
of a two-level inverter; (b) leg of a three-level NPC inverter; and (c) H-bridge
supply. For an n-phase machine, legs of the type shown in (a) or (b) are
combined into an n-phase bridge inverter or n individual H-bridge inverters
of (c) are used.
TABLE V
PERCENTAGE INCREASE IN THE FUNDAMENTAL OUTPUT VOLTAGE
OBTAINABLE WITH ZERO-SEQUENCE INJECTION
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TABLE VI
HARMONIC MAPPING INTO DIFFERENT PLANES FOR FIVE-PHASE AND
SEVEN-PHASE SYSTEMS (j = 0, 1, 2, 3, . . .)
Fig. 6. Double-sided supply of an n-phase machine with an open-end stator winding structure using VSIs of m and l levels at two winding ends,
respectively.
stator current ripple minimization. The same kind of equivalence exists in the PWM of multiphase VSIs. However, full
dc bus utilization is not possible if purely sinusoidal output
voltages are required. In addition, zero-sequence injection,
explicitly present in the carrier-based PWM and implicitly in
the space-vector PWM, although giving the maximum achievable output voltage in the linear modulation region, does not
minimize the current ripple [111], [112]. Stator current ripple
minimization requires a different approach to the selection of
the active space vectors, based on selecting the closest vectors
to the reference with due regard for the reference voltage
amplitude (rather than selection purely based on the reference
belonging to a given sector).
Multilevel inverters [Fig. 5(b)] for multiphase variable speed
drives appear to be a natural solution for high-power inductionmotor drives, such as those aimed at electric ship propulsion
[118][120] or locomotive traction [121]. A rather different
application, for microelectromechanical systems, is elaborated
in [122], where a six-phase machine supplied form five-level
inverter is used. Configurations considered in the existing literature are typically either H-bridge based or of neutral-point
clamped (NPC) inverter type [118][125]. Another approach to
realizing multilevel supply for a multiphase machine consists
of the use of an open-end stator winding machine, supplied
at both ends from a two-level VSI. Such an approach has so
far been considered only in conjunction with asymmetrical sixphase machine [126], [127]. A set of four two-level three-phase
VSIs is used, configured into two six-phase VSIs, connected
at each side of the stator winding. Three-phase motor drives
with the open-end winding structure and double-sided supply are currently being investigated extensively as a potential
advanced solution for high-power applications. It is therefore
anticipated that more work will be done in conjunction with
the applicability of this supply arrangement for high-power
multiphase motor drives in the near future. In principle, two
inverter systems at the two sides of the open-end winding can be
of the same or different number of levels, which can be two or
more. The concept is shown in Fig. 6 for an n-phase machine.
Two inverters are of bridge structure and can utilize inverter
legs, as shown in Fig. 5(a) and (b), as the basic building blocks.
VI. F AULT -T OLERANT O PERATION
One of the most important properties of multiphase machines
is their ability to continue to operate after the loss of one
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TABLE VII
IMPACT OF THE POSTFAULT STRATEGY ON MULTIPHASE INDUCTION
MOTOR DRIVE POSTFAULT OPERATION
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Fig. 7.
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Concept of multimotor multiphase drive systems with single inverter supply and independent control: (a) Series and (b) parallel connection.
multiphase generators [210][212] may become a viable solution for the direct-driven applications in wind-powered plants,
while multiphase induction generators with multiple threephase windings may have a prospect for applications in standalone self-excited generating systems in rural areas [213] and
low-power hydroelectric plants [214].
A somewhat specific use of machines with more than threephases is met in Lundell alternators, aimed at the generation of
two independent dc voltages for automotive applications [216],
[217]. Typically, the machine is designed with two independent
three-phase windings which may [216] or may not [217] have
strong magnetic coupling. However, since the outputs of the
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