Shock and Vibration Digest

The Shock and Vibration Digest
http://svd.sagepub.com
Abstracts from the Current Literature

The Shock and Vibration Digest 2006; 38; 499
DOI: 10.1177/0583102406072694
The online version of this article can be found at:
http://svd.sagepub.com
Published by:
http://www.sagepublications.com
Additional services and information for The Shock and Vibration Digest can be found at:
Email Alerts: http://svd.sagepub.com/cgi/alerts
Subscriptions: http://svd.sagepub.com/subscriptions
Reprints: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsReprints.nav
Permissions: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav
Downloaded from http://svd.sagepub.com by on November 26, 2007

2006 SAGE Publications. All rights reserved. Not for commercial use or unauthorized distribution.
Abstracts from the Current Literature

MACHINES
Appliances
into account the three different output signals available; i.e.,

displacement and velocity from the laser vibrometer and
acceleration from the accelerometer.
06-1501
Koizumi, T., et al. Modeling and vibration analysis of a drum
type washing machine. Proceedings of the Twelfth International Congress on Sound and Vibration, Lisbon, Portugal:
88, July 1114, 2005 (www.iiav.org).
06-1504
Li, W., and C.K. Mechefske. Detection of induction motor
stator winding and unbalance faults using hybrid methods.
International Journal of COMADEM (United Kingdom) 9(1):
3036, Jan. 2006 (www.comadem.com).
KEYWORDS: computer programs, modeling techniques,

vibration analysis, washing machines
KEYWORDS: bars, diagnostic techniques, failure detection,

induction motors, rotors, stators
A model for the vibration analysis of a drum-type washing

machine is presented. This model can analyze the vibrations
of the outer tub, the frame, and the force to the floor in the
spin-drying stage. General-purpose motion analysis software is used to create the model. Results of simulations and
experiments are compared in various unbalanced conditions
to validate the model.
The detection of induction motor stator winding and unbalance faults is sometimes difficult using only one monitoring
scheme. This paper employs a combination of vibration, stator
current, and acoustic methods to obtain the generic characteristics of these motor faults. Simulated motor fault experiments were conducted in a laboratory under different speed
and load conditions. Results suggest that particular spectral
harmonics from measurements are sensitive to different motor
faults. Therefore, hybrid methods are highly recommended
to obtain accurate monitoring results for induction motors.
Drives
06-1502
Kerkknen, K., D. Garca-Vallejo, and A.M. Mikkola. Modeling of belt-drives using a large deformation finite element
formulation. Nonlinear Dynamics (The Netherlands) 43(3):
239256, Feb. 2006 (www.kluweronline.nl).
KEYWORDS: beams, belt drives, finite element method
The applicability of the absolute nodal coordinate formulation for the modeling of belt-drive systems is studied. A new
belt-like element is introduced by modifying the recently
proposed two-dimensional shear deformable beam element,
in which a continuum mechanics approach is applied to the
exact displacement field of the shear deformable beam.
Electric Motors
06-1503
Cristalli, C., N. Paone, and R.M. Rodriguez. Mechanical
fault detection of electric motors by laser vibrometer and
accelerometer measurements. Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing (United Kingdom) 20(6):13501361, August
2006 (mssp@harcourt.com).
KEYWORDS: accelerometers, electric motors, instrumentation, laser Doppler method, measurement techniques, rolling element bearings, vibration meters
A comparative study has been made between accelerometer
and laser vibrometer measurements carried out on universal
motors used in appliances such as washing machines. The
accelerometers and laser vibrometers are used for online
quality control of universal motors. The comparison takes
The Shock and Vibration Digest, Vol. 38, No. 6, November 2006 499547
2006 SAGE Publications
DOI: 10.1177/0583102406072694
Fans
06-1505
Dominowski, T. Overhung fan isolation. Vibrations (United
States) 22(2):12, June 2006 (www.vibinst.org).
KEYWORDS: case histories, fans, induction motors, springs,
vibration analysis
This case history describes the problem and solution for an
overhung fan driven by a 250 HP AC induction motor. The
unit is mounted on a concrete inertia base supported by isolation springs. Because vibration levels were very high at
operational speed, the problem was thought to be unbalance.
However, data showed that it was an isolation problem.
Inspection of the inertia base showed that some springs had
collapsed. The springs were changed and adjusted, which
decreased vibration levels dramatically.
06-1506
Tadeu de Almeida, M., and F. Almeida. Mechanical looseness in a bearing on assembly. Vibrations (United States)
22(2):1314, June 2006 (www.vibinst.org).
KEYWORDS: blades, case histories, fans, rolling element
bearings, sensors, vibration analysis
An online vibration sensor showed high vibration levels in
the bearing housing in a fan rotor. The spectrum indicated
excessive looseness. A new rolling element bearing installed
in the fan did not correct the problem. The fan blades had
been coated months before to slow corrosion, and the coating increased the apparent material density on the rotor and
caused centrifugal expansion of the rotor. In addition, the fit
of the hub and shaft of the rotor showed excessive looseness
and excited the shaft. The solution involved manufacturing a

500
The Shock and Vibration Digest / November 2006
lighter coating and assembling the hub of the fan on the shaft
with a fit that allowed greater interference.
International Modal Analysis Conference, St. Louis, Missouri, United States: 219, Jan. 30Feb. 2, 2006 (www.sem.
org).
Gas Turbines
KEYWORDS: computer programs, dynamic response, generators, modal analysis, reciprocating machinery, vibration
control, vibration response
06-1507
Keller, T. Future trends in rotating equipment analysis. Proceedings of the 24th International Modal Analysis Conference, St. Louis, Missouri, United States: 359, Jan. 30Feb. 2,
2006 (www.sem.org).
KEYWORDS: data acquisition, design, engines, generators,
monitoring techniques, rotating machinery, turbines
Although great strides have been made in monitoring vibration and combustion performance of gas turbine engines,
challenges remain in the areas of engine overhaul and design
and manufacturing of new turbine/generator systems. This
paper discusses some elements of current and future efforts
to understand what is happening as new engines are run up
for the first time after assembly, overhaul, or reconfiguration. Examples of acquisition, processing, reprocessing, data
storage, and online data review with respect to RB211 engines
and derivatives are examined.
Gearboxes
06-1508
Feng, L., M. Henriksson, and M. Prssinen. On model of
gearbox noise and dynamic transmission error. Proceedings
of the Twelfth International Congress on Sound and Vibration,
Lisbon, Portugal: 485, July 1114, 2005 (www.iiav.org).
KEYWORDS: automobiles, dynamic response, excitation,
gearboxes, modeling techniques, trucks
The dynamic transmission error (DTE) of a gearbox is used
to describe the dynamic behavior of the gear system. The
coherence between the DTE and noise has been investigated
previously. This paper focuses on the models of DTE, the
gearbox noise, and the relationship between them. To understand the behavior of the signals, a simple model is drawn in
which the DTE is modeled as the excitation source.
06-1509
Wang, J., X.-y. Wu, and S.-j. Zhu. Modal testing analysis of
multi-input and two-stage reduction gearbox. Proceedings
of the Twelfth International Congress on Sound and Vibration, Lisbon, Portugal: 3, July 1114, 2005 (www.iiav.org).
KEYWORDS: diagnostic techniques, experimental tests,
gearboxes, modal tests, ships, vibration analysis
Gearboxes, which are important elements in the propulsion
systems of warships, are also one of the main sources of vibration and noise. This paper describes the diagnosis of vibration and noise in a gearbox using a hammer impact method
to measure the impulse response in a test model. The test
results are verified by comparing two identical gearboxes.
Generators
06-1510
Pan, C., et al. Electrical power generator package forced
response simulation and validation. Proceedings of the 24th
Controlling the vibration characteristics of a diesel electrical power generator package (DEPG) is required to achieve
long-term reliable operation. Standard development methods include normal modes analysis and physical tests. To
accelerate development, it is desirable to go beyond these
methods by predicting DEPG vibration response prior to
physical testing. This paper explores the predicted dynamic
response versus physical measurements of the DEPG. The
current strengths and weaknesses of this approach are highlighted; future development requirements in this area are
explored.
06-1511
Wiley, G., et al. Practical approaches to engine-generator
set design verification. Proceedings of the 24th International
Modal Analysis Conference, St. Louis, Missouri, United
States: 340, Jan. 30Feb. 2, 2006 (www.sem.org).
KEYWORDS: case histories, data acquisition, design, diesel engines, finite element method, generators, modal tests,
rotating machinery
Practical approaches to using available technologies for the
dynamic design verification of diesel engine generator sets are
covered in this case study. These methods involve the coordination of rotating machinery testing techniques, modal testing
techniques, and finite element analysis methods. The efficient
processing and presentation of large amounts of operating
data are important for extracting essential information from
the rotating machinery tests.
Pumps
06-1512
Chun, H.S., B.H. Kwon, and Y.S. Bae. Vibration control of
vertical pump with high & low tuning techniques. Proceedings of the Twelfth International Congress on Sound and
Vibration, Lisbon, Portugal: 221, July 1114, 2005 (www.
iiav.org).
KEYWORDS: case histories, nuclear power plants, pumps,
resonance, tuning techniques, vibration control, vibration measurement
The case history described in this paper is of a screen wash
pump in a nuclear power plant in Korea. Vibration measurements revealed that the pump-motor assembly was operating in a resonant condition with the rotating speed. It is
shown how the severe vibration of the vertical pump can
be controlled by applying high and/or low tuning techniques.
06-1513
Discenzo, F.M., D. Chung, and K.A. Loparo. Pump condition monitoring using self-powered wireless sensor nodes.
Proceedings of the 60th Meeting of the Society for Machinery Failure Prevention Technology (MFPT), Virginia Beach,

ABSTRACTS FROM THE CURRENT LITERATURE
Virginia, United States: 425434, April 36, 2006 (fmdiscenzo@ra.rockwell.com).

KEYWORDS: condition monitoring, data processing, piezoelectricity, pumps, sensors, ships
Wireless sensors are gaining interest for pump monitoring.
This paper describes the development of a prototype selfpowered wireless sensor node. Power is extracted from
vibration using tuned piezoelectric elements. The self-powered sensor node performs local processing and transmits
analytical results or raw sampled data to a central node for
database storage and more extensive diagnostics and prognostics. Examples are presented from a laboratory pump
system and from a shipboard trial.
06-1514
Guy, K.R. Pump vibrations. Part I: Monitoring. Vibrations
(United States) 22(2):57, June 2006 (www.vibinst.org).
KEYWORDS: data acquisition, monitoring techniques, pumps,
vibration analysis
Vibration problems in pumps are not related typically to
mechanical problems. Part I of this article describes mechanisms, such as cavitation and low flow, that can cause vibration
and pumping problems and gives operational parameters
that should be monitored. Part II of the article addresses the
analysis of pump vibrations.
Reciprocating Machinery
06-1515
Junhong, Z., and H. Jun. CAE process to simulate and optimise
engine noise and vibration. Mechanical Systems and Signal
Processing (United Kingdom) 20(6):14001409, August 2006
(mssp@harcourt.com).
KEYWORDS: computer programs, internal combustion
engines, noise reduction, vehicles, vibration control
The state of the art in CAE (computer-aided engineering)
simulation of the dynamic and acoustic behavior of internal
combustion engines is expounded. The paper focuses on the
relative merits of modification and full-scale structural and
acoustical optimization of the engine and highlights new lownoise designs. The most important CAE tools are described.
06-1516
Lee, D., M.J. Brennan, and B.R. Mace. Design criteria for
the vibration isolation of a marine diesel generator set. Proceedings of the 34th International Conference and Exposition on Noise Control Engineering, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil:
81, August 710, 2005 (ldcvib@mmu.ac.kr).
KEYWORDS: design, diesel engines, dynamic response,
mounts, resonance, ships, vibration isolation
The resilient mounts of a diesel engine installed onboard a
ship should be designed for both static and dynamic loads. If
possible, the resonance frequencies of the six rigid body modes
of the installation and the flexible modes of the engine support structure should not lie within the engine operation
range. In this paper, a design criterion is proposed to evaluate an isolation system, which involves the summation of
501
dynamic forces transmitted through the resilient mounts and

an index of elastic potential energy stored in the mounts.
06-1517
Zhu, J. Diesel engine condition monitoring by use of surface
vibration signals. Proceedings of the 34th International Conference and Exposition on Noise Control Engineering, Rio de
Janeiro, Brazil: 1501, August 710, 2005 (zhujy86@hotmail.
com).
KEYWORDS: condition monitoring, cylinders, diesel engines,
excitation, pistons, ships
An investigation is reported on diesel engine condition monitoring by use of engine surface vibration signals. The experimental investigations were carried out on a medium-speed,
four-stroke, eight-cylinder, marine main diesel engine while
the ship was in operation. The analytical and experimental
results show that the main exciting source of cylinder block
surface vibration is the piston slap, which is imposed on the
cylinder liner while the side thrust of the piston changes its
direction. The obtained results show that it is feasible to diagnose the working conditions of engine components by surface vibration monitoring.
Robots
06-1518
Viadareanu, L. Improving the positioning precision of industrial robots through reducing structural dynamics vibrations.
Proceedings of the Twelfth International Congress on Sound
and Vibration, Lisbon, Portugal: 726, July 1114, 2005 (www.
iiav.org).
KEYWORDS: active control techniques, nonlinear response,
oscillation, robots, vibration control
A control system is developed to improve the positioning
precision of industrial high-speed robots through reducing
the structural vibrations. The method, which is based on a
dynamic inversion approach, is described in detail. In concept, the method entails determining the inputs that exactly
track a desired trajectory. An active control method is used to
reduce the structural vibrations that appear especially at high
working speeds.
Rotating Machinery
06-1519
Blough, J.R. Adaptive resamplingTransforming from the
time to the angle domain. Proceedings of the 24th International Modal Analysis Conference, St. Louis, Missouri,
United States: 315, Jan. 30Feb. 2, 2006 (jrblough@mtu.
edu).
KEYWORDS: algorithms, rotating machinery, time domain
method
Two methods of adaptive resampling to convert time domain
data to the angle domain are given. The first uses upsampling/
linear interpolation; the second employs an upsampled interpolation filter. Details of each method are presented, including the appropriate choice of algorithm parameters, aliasing
prevention, and computational complexity. This paper begins

502
with a basic review and proceeds to the details necessary to

implement the methods in practice.
06-1520
Diken, H. Dynamic behavior of a coupled elastic shaft-elastic beam system. Journal of Sound and Vibration (United
Kingdom) 293(1,2):115, May 30, 2006 (www.idealibrary.
com).
KEYWORDS: beams, damping, dynamic response, motors,
natural frequencies, shafts, simulation
A servomotor-driven coupled elastic shaft-elastic beam system is analyzed. The model consists of a servomotor, elastic
shaft, disk, and an elastic beam attached to the disk. Three
parameters that affect the system are defined. These are the
rigidity factor, the ratio of the beam inertia to the total inertia, and the ratio of the shaft inertia to the total inertia. Simulations are used to demonstrate the importance of these
three parameters to the behavior of the system.
06-1521
Gaberson, H.A. Continuous wavelet machinery vibration
analysis calculations. Proceedings of the Twelfth International Congress on Sound and Vibration, Lisbon, Portugal:
332, July 1114, 2005 (hagaberson@att.net).
KEYWORDS: data acquisition, vibration analysis, wavelet
transform
Wavelet analysis of machinery vibration data is a form of
time-frequency analysis. It is useful for locating transient
events, repetitive or cyclic frequency variations, discontinuities, and patterns of these characteristics in vibration data.
Many investigators have worked with the well-known Morlet continuous wavelet and have applied it in many ways. This
paper presents a calculation approach for the Morlet continuous wavelet and five others. The aim is to present the inner
product view of continuous wavelets, and then to show calculations accomplished with the convolution. Limited tests
of the wavelets are included.
nostics. Proceedings of the 60th Meeting of the Society for

Machinery Failure Prevention Technology (MFPT), Virginia
Beach, Virginia, United States: 339348, April 36, 2006
(hyungdae.lee@impact-tek.com).
KEYWORDS: case histories, diagnostic techniques, gearboxes, monitoring techniques, rotating machinery, wind turbines
A new approach to time synchronous averaging (TSA) and
filtering techniques is proposed. The new method improves
the signal-to-noise ratio for rotating machinery monitoring
and diagnostics by attenuating signals that are not repeated
rotation after rotation. As with conventional synchronous
processing, a residual signal is computed by filtering the signal produced by the enhanced TSA. The resultant signal is
then analyzed to extract gear features to be used to yield a
health index. This paper examines the tradeoffs between computational effort and algorithm performance of conventional
and new signal processing techniques. A case study of a
wind turbine gearbox is provided.
06-1524
Nippes, P.I., and E. Galano. Monitoring of shaft voltage and
shaft grounding current in rotating machinery. Proceedings
of the 60th Meeting of the Society for Machinery Failure
Prevention Technology (MFPT), Virginia Beach, Virginia,
United States: 121130, April 36, 2006 (www.gaussbusters.
com).
KEYWORDS: condition monitoring, diagnostic techniques,
rotating machinery, shafts, ships
The value and simplicity of shaft condition monitoring (SCM)
is described supported by examples from units installed in
the utility and petrochemical industries. SCM early warning
can be a significant enhancement to prognostic programs in
the U.S. Military, and specifically in the Navy. SCM can be
important in the decision-making process to determine if a
ship, or other entity, is Mission Ready.
06-1522
Janssens, K., et al. Order-based resonance identification
using operational PolyMAX. Proceedings of the 24th International Modal Analysis Conference, St. Louis, Missouri, United
States: 50, Jan. 30Feb. 2, 2006 (karl.janssens@lms.be).
06-1525
Pedersen, T.F., et al. Order tracking in vibro-acoustic measurements: A novel approach eliminating the tacho probe.
Proceedings of the 24th International Modal Analysis Conference, St. Louis, Missouri, United States: 82, Jan. 30Feb. 2,
2006 (www.sem.org).
KEYWORDS: algorithms, excitation, modal analysis, resonance
KEYWORDS: dynamic analysis, reciprocating machinery,

rotating machinery, sensors, vibration measurement
A new order-based method, which has been developed to

identify resonances automatically from operational data in
an engine run up, is presented. The method considers the run
up as a multi-sine sweep excitation and combines advanced
order tracking with operational modal analysis to identify
the resonances. The method is illustrated and discussed
using the measured in-vehicle sound data and tacho pulse
signal of a four-cylinder car in run up conditions. The obtained
resonance identification results are compared with those of
a more traditional, spectrum-based method.
When analyzing the behavior of rotating or reciprocating

machines, it is often necessary to estimate and track the
phases and magnitudes of harmonic orders of the fundamental frequency of the machine. The fundamental frequency is measured typically using dedicated sensors; e.g.,
proximity probes or photo-sensors that require direct access
to the rotating parts of the machine, which can be difficult.
A new order tracking method is proposed in which the fundamental frequency is extracted from the measured vibration and/or acoustic signals; the need for a dedicated tacho
probe is avoided.
06-1523
Lee, H., and R. Orsagh. An enhancement to TSA and filtering techniques for rotating machinery monitoring and diag-

STRUCTURES
Bridges
06-1526
Baity, S., and A. Wicks. Development of a bridge monitoring and assessment technology center. Proceedings of the
24th International Modal Analysis Conference, St. Louis,
Missouri, United States: 343, Jan. 30Feb. 2, 2006 (www.
sem.org).
KEYWORDS: bridges, condition monitoring, preventive
maintenance
The necessity to maintain the viability of the transportation
network throughout the United States requires vast resources
to address the increasing needs for infrastructure sustainability. In response, it is proposed that tools for supporting preventive maintenance efforts be developed through a bridge
monitoring and assessment technology center to address
both the short-term and long-term needs of transportation
authorities. This paper describes this effort.
06-1527
Balmes, E., M. Corus, and D. Siegert. Modeling thermal
effects on bridge dynamic responses. Proceedings of the
Missouri, United States: 234, Jan. 30Feb. 2, 2006 (balmes
@sdtools.com).
KEYWORDS: algorithms, bridges, dynamic response, modeling techniques, temperature effects
To analyze the influence of temperature on the dynamic
behavior of bridges, a model is proposed that can be used to
analyze the validity of damage detection algorithms that seek
to separate variations in the modal properties due to damage
or temperature. It is shown how temperature changes generate thermal stresses that, depending on the boundary conditions, can generate pre-stress levels that are sufficient to induce
frequency shifts in the response. A procedure to compute
these effects and generate low-dimension reduced models with
temperature appearing explicitly is proposed. This procedure is then illustrated on example bridges.
06-1528
Bewes, O.G., et al. Calculation of noise from railway bridges
and viaducts: Experimental validation of a rapid calculation
model. Journal of Sound and Vibration (United Kingdom)
293(35):933943, June 13, 2006 (www.idealibrary.com).
KEYWORDS: acoustic emission, bridges, concrete, noise
reduction, statistical energy analysis, steel
The noise emitted by a railway bridge or viaduct under traffic can be, in principle, calculated using finite element techniques that take account of the specific geometry of the
bridge. However, for high frequencies, where the modal density is large, this can be computationally intensive. In this
study, a rapid calculation model is introduced for the vibration power transfer from the rail into the bridge. The model
is coupled with the statistical energy analysis method for
vibration power propagation and noise radiation. This method
relies less on the exact geometry of the bridge and more on
its general characteristics.
503
06-1529
Brownjohn, J.M. Economical dynamic assessment of a footbridge using AVT and FEM updating. Proceedings of the
Missouri, United States: 21, Jan. 30Feb. 2, 2006 (www.sem.
org).
KEYWORDS: bridges, finite element method, human
response, simulation, vibration characteristics
An efficient procedure is provided for assessing the dynamic characteristics and performance of footbridges using a
combination of visual survey, finite element modeling, and
dynamic testing. The bridge studied was chosen for simplicity rather than for any known problems. The purpose is to
evaluate a combined analytical/experimental assessment
process that can be applied to other new and existing footbridges.
06-1530
Cremona, C., and L. Dieleman. Dynamic monitoring of a
high speed line bridge. Proceedings of the 24th International
KEYWORDS: bridges, monitoring techniques, random decrement technique, rods
A global approach for monitoring a high-speed railway
bridge in France is discussed. The dynamic monitoring of
this railway bridge was performed to evaluate the impact of
the environmental variations of the modal characteristics on
the dynamic behavior and to characterize and quantify the
improvements made by tightening the rods.
06-1531
Galvn, P., and J. Domnguez. Dynamic study of the Barqueta
cable-stayed bridge. Proceedings of the 24th International
States: 38, Jan. 30Feb. 2, 2006 (pedrogalvin@us. es).
KEYWORDS: automobiles, bridges, cable-stayed structures,
data acquisition, dynamic response
A theoretical and experimental research work of the Barqueta
cable-stayed bridge is described. The Barqueta Bridge,
across the Guadalquivir River, links the city of Seville,
Spain with a scientific park. At rush hour, cars may cover
one-half of the bridge lanes for more than one hour. Fullscale tests were carried out to measure the bridges dynamic
response. Two situations were studied: the bridge with onehalf of its lanes full of cars, and the bridge empty of cars and
pedestrians. Modal parameter estimations were made based
on the data. Ten vibration modes were identified in the frequency range of 06 hertz. The traffic-structure interaction
was studied also.
06-1532
Gentile, C. Ambient vibration-based model updating of
similar R.C. arch bridges. Proceedings of the 24th International Modal Analysis Conference, St. Louis, Missouri, United
KEYWORDS: bridges, finite element method, reinforced
concrete, vibration tests

504
The dynamic-based assessment of four reinforced concrete

arch bridges, dating back to the 1950s, is summarized. The
investigated bridges, which are in principle perfectly equal,
belong to a viaduct consisting of seven open spandrel arch
bridges. The dynamic-based assessment involves ambient
vibration testing, output-only modal identification, and updating of the uncertain structural parameters of a finite element
model. The structural identification methodology and its
results are highlighted.
It has been recognized recently that ground vibration occurs

from elevated roads and bridges constructed in urban areas
in Japan when heavy vehicles pass over and through them.
This paper describes a study that measured the propagation of ground vibration from an elevated bridge in Osaka. It
was confirmed experimentally that the ground vibrated after
heavy vehicles passed over the bridge, and vibration of
approximately five hertz was measured at a home near the
bridge.
06-1533
Li, Y., E. OBrien, and A. Gonzlez. The development of a
dynamic amplification estimator for bridges with good road
profiles. Journal of Sound and Vibration (United Kingdom)
293(1,2):125137, May 30, 2006 (www.idealibrary.com).
06-1536
Peeters, B., et al. Multi-run operational modal analysis of
the Guadiana cable-stayed bridge. Proceedings of the 24th
International Modal Analysis Conference, St. Louis, Missouri, United States: 86, Jan. 30Feb. 2, 2006 (bart.peeters
@lms.be).
KEYWORDS: bridges, dampers, natural frequencies, roads,

standards and codes, vehicle-structure interaction
The influence of the surface profile on the dynamic amplification of a simply supported bridge from a quarter-car vehicle
model is considered. The effect of the profile irregularities
on the bridges dynamic amplification is characterized with
a response surface. Even though the dynamic interaction
problem is nonlinear, the effects of all ramps that make up a
road profile can be calculated separately using the response
surface. This superposition process achieves reasonable
accuracy for moderately smooth surface profiles.
06-1534
Lynch, J.P., et al. Wireless structural monitoring of the
Geumdang Bridge using resolution enhancing signal conditioning. Proceedings of the 24th International Modal Analysis Conference, St. Louis, Missouri, United States: 27, Jan.
30Feb. 2, 2006 (www.sem.org).
KEYWORDS: bridges, data acquisition, mode shapes, monitoring techniques, noise, sensors
On two occasions, a wireless structural monitoring system,
assembled from low-cost wireless sensor prototypes, was
deployed upon the Geumdang Bridge, Korea. During the
first installation, the wireless system was shown to be capable of collecting acceleration response data using a network
of 14 wireless sensors. However, noise, which was higher than
expected, was observed in the sensor data. To improve the
resolution, a signal conditioning circuit was proposed for
band-pass filtering and amplification of accelerometer outputs before connecting to the wireless sensors. During the
second installation of the monitoring system, response data
collected were compared to that collected from a traditional
wired monitoring system. High-resolution data were obtained
that could be used to identify accurately the modal frequencies and mode shapes of the bridge.
06-1535
Nabeshima, Y., K. Hayakawa, and N. Kawabata. A field
measurement of traffic ground vibration around elevated
bridge. Proceedings of the 34th International Conference and
Exposition on Noise Control Engineering, Rio de Janeiro,
Brazil: 1385, August 710, 2005 (nabesima@civil.eng.osakau.ac.jp).
KEYWORDS: bridges, roads, vehicles, vibration control
KEYWORDS: bridges, cable-stayed structures, excitation,

modal analysis, sensors, vibration measurement
Ambient vibration measurements of the Guadiana Bridge,
which connects Portugal and Spain, were taken to validate
different methods for multi-run operational modal analysis.
The bridge was measured in 28 runs, which took more than
two days, during which time the wind and traffic excitation
changed significantly. In the traditional method, each run is
analyzed independently and the analysis results are combined to yield a global set of modal parameters. Another
possibility that is explored in this paper is to combine the
data first; only a single modal analysis then needs to be performed.
06-1537
Poisson, F., and F. Margiocchi. The use of dynamic dampers on the rail to reduce the noise of steel railway bridges.
Journal of Sound and Vibration (United Kingdom) 293(35):
944952, June 13, 2006 (www.idealibrary.com).
KEYWORDS: bridges, dampers, dynamic response, finite
element method, noise reduction, railroads, statistical energy
analysis, steel
A vibroacoustic study of a steel bridge has been carried out
over the whole frequency range from 5 to 5,000 hertz using
the finite element method in the low-frequency range and
statistical energy analysis at higher frequencies. At higher
frequencies, the rail appears to be the main acoustic source.
Noise reduction solutions are considered, especially dynamic
dampers. Two products are tested on the studied bridge, and
experimental results are discussed.
06-1538
Weaver Smith, S., and J.E. Campbell. Short-time record
analysis for condition monitoring of bridge stay cables. Proceedings of the Twelfth International Congress on Sound
iiav.org).
KEYWORDS: bridges, cable-stayed structures, condition
monitoring, data processing, Fourier transformation, natural
frequencies
A novel approach is applied for automating the data analysis
of cable-stayed bridges to determine fundamental frequencies of the stay cables as an indication of condition. With the

large number of cables typical on each bridge, this process

must represent the cable response accurately and determine
the natural frequency while being efficient as possible. This
is accomplished by using shorter acceleration time histories,
approximately one minute in length, instead of the longer
time records, approximately 16 minutes, generally associated with bridge monitoring.
Buildings
06-1539
Caprioli, A. Image based measurement of a stadium excitation due to jumping people. Proceedings of the 24th International Modal Analysis Conference, St. Louis, Missouri,
United States: 236, Jan. 30Feb. 2, 2006 (emanuele.zappa
@polimi.it).
KEYWORDS: buildings, excitation, human response, measurement techniques
An innovative technique aimed at estimating people motion
on stadium stands is reported. Once the motion is known,
the dynamic load acting on the structure can be estimated
easily. This is possible thanks to some already developed
techniques. In the present paper, two main image processing
techniques are considered: one based on image difference;
the other based on particle image velocimetry techniques.
While the latter produces more accurate results in case of
higher zoom images, the former can be applied to both lowzoom and high-zoom images.
06-1540
Galvin, P., and J. Dominguez. Dynamic investigation of the
City of Manchester Stadium. Proceedings of the 24th International Modal Analysis Conference, St. Louis, Missouri,
United States: 37, Jan. 30Feb. 2, 2006 (pedrogalvin@us.
es).
KEYWORDS: buildings, design, dynamic response, human
response, monitoring techniques, vibration response
The dynamic behavior of the City of Manchester Stadium in
the United Kingdom is described. With a remote monitoring
system, developed at the University of Sheffield, outputonly vibration response data were acquired during a music
concert. Modal parameter estimations were made on data
acquired from different crowd activities. The crowd-structure interaction was studied also. Measured vibrations were
compared with numerical results. A load model for future
designs has been obtained.
505
conventional boundary element (BE) method analysis. However, the size of the matrices needed for the BE calculation
is large, making their inversion cumbersome and computationally intensive. This paper introduces a modified numerical calculation method appropriate for practical calculations
without the need to construct and invert large matrices.
06-1542
Pozo, F., et al. Adaptive backstepping control of hysteretic
base-isolated structures. Journal of Vibration and Control
(United Kingdom) 12(4):373394, April 2006 (www.sagepublications.com).
KEYWORDS: adaptive control techniques, buildings, feedback control, isolators, nonlinear response, seismic response,
simulation
A hybrid seismic control scheme for building structures is
considered. The scheme combines a passive nonlinear base
isolator with an active control system. The objective of the
active component is to keep the base displacement relative
to the ground, the interstory drift, and the absolute acceleration within appropriate ranges. The base isolator device
exhibits a hysteretic nonlinear behavior that is described by
the Bouc-Wen model. The adaptive backsteppping approach
is used for the control design to cope with the nonlinearity
and the presence of uncertainties.
06-1543
Salyards, K.A., L.M. Hanagan, and M.W. Trethewey. Comparing vibration serviceability assessment measures for stadium rock concert data. Proceedings of the 24th International
KEYWORDS: buildings, design, experimental data, human
response, vibration response
Todays stadium facilities are subjected to a crowd-induced
rhythmic loading during rock or pop concerts. The motion
generated by such rhythmic loading has a damage potential,
and this vibration serviceability limit state needs to be considered. Numerous processing techniques are available for
evaluating the vibration response of the structure. An investigation of several of these evaluation techniques is discussed, and how each method is affected by certain vibration
characteristics is explained. Experimental results from a
rock concert at Manchester Stadium in the United Kingdom
are used for illustration.
06-1541
Nagy, A.B., et al. Prediction of interior noise in buildings
generated by underground rail traffic. Journal of Sound and
Vibration (United Kingdom) 293(35):680690, June 13,
2006 (www.idealibrary.com).
06-1544
Ta, M.-N., and J. Lardis. Modal analysis of a stadium by
time domain methods. Proceedings of the 24th International
States: 99, Jan. 30Feb. 2, 2006 (minh-nghi.ta@edu.univfcomte.fr).
KEYWORDS: boundary element method, buildings, noise

prediction, rail vehicles, underground structures, walls
KEYWORDS: accelerometers, buildings, modal analysis,

subspace method, time domain method, wavelet transform
The prediction of the sound field in cavities surrounded by

vibrating walls is a simple task, if the velocity distribution
along the walls is known in sufficient detail. This information can be obtained from a structural finite element calculation of the building, and the results can be fed directly into a
During a concert at the City of Manchester Stadium in the

United Kingdom, the ambient vibrations of the stadium were
recorded using accelerometers; the aim of this paper is to
compare the modal parameters of the structure obtained by
applying two time domain methods. The first method is a

506
stochastic subspace method, and special attention is paid to

weighting matrices used to obtain the modal parameters.
The second method uses the wavelet transform of the free
response of the stadium. Results from both techniques are
found to be almost identical.
General Structures
06-1545
Caracoglia, L., and N.P. Jones. Experimental derivation of
the dynamic characteristics of highway light poles. Proceedings of the Twelfth International Congress on Sound and
iiav.org).
KEYWORDS: damping, light sources, roads, vibration characteristics, wind effects
Highway light poles are slender structures usually exhibiting
low values of structural damping, which is partially responsible for potential large-amplitude vibration under wind action.
In a recent investigation to identify the reason for repeated
failures experienced by tapered aluminum circular light
poles during a winter storm, mitigation countermeasures
were proposed for first-mode control. The laboratory experimental measurements (free-decay tests), designed to simply
validate the effectiveness of the device, were challenged by
the fact that closely spaced but distinct frequencies were
present, complicating the exact characterization of the frequency and damping characteristics. Different analysis techniques were applied to overcome this difficulty. In this
paper, the results obtained through each method are compared in relation to a successful derivation of the physical
parameters of the instrumented specimen.
06-1546
Cunha, J., E. Foltte, and N. Bouhaddi. Proceedings of the
24th International Modal Analysis Conference, St. Louis, Missouri, United States: 52, Jan. 30Feb. 2, 2006 (jecunha@
ufu.br).
KEYWORDS: design, experimental tests, frames, joints
Framed structures are usually designed on the basis that the
connections are either pinned or rigid. However, the real
behavior of the joints is semi-rigid, which will influence the
response of the structure as a whole and so it is necessary to
know the behavior of the joint. This paper shows how unknown
stiffnesses can be identified by a technique of model updating from dynamic tests. The formulation is based on the minimization of the eigensolution residuals. Results obtained by
experimental tests show the efficiency of the proposed procedure.
06-1547
Magalhes, F., E. Caetano, and . Cunha. Operational modal
analysis of the Braga Sports Stadium suspended roof. Proceedings of the 24th International Modal Analysis Conference, St. Louis, Missouri, United States: 318, Jan. 30Feb. 2,
2006 (filipema@fe.up.pt).
KEYWORDS: buildings, damping, data acquisition, finite
element method, free vibration, mode shapes, natural frequencies, vibration tests
The application of three output-only modal identification

techniques to the data collected during an ambient vibration
test performed on the Braga Sports Stadium suspended roof
is discussed. The identified natural frequencies and mode
shapes were compared with the ones predicted by a finite element model that took into account the geometrical nonlinear
behavior and the construction process. The estimated modal
damping coefficients were compared with the ones obtained
in previously developed forced/free vibration tests. These
comparisons allowed evaluating the accuracy of the results
provided by the experimental and numerical tools used.
06-1548
Nunes, M.A., and M.A. Duarte. Transient analysis of great
concrete structure using the finite element technique. Proceedings of the 34th International Conference and Exposition on Noise Control Engineering, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil:
1422, August 710, 2005 (maanunes@mecanica.ufu.br).
KEYWORDS: beams, buildings, concrete, dynamic response,
finite element method, shells
The impulsive noise transmitted between residential buildings from persons walking on flagstone walkways is investigated. The finite element method is often used to solve such
vibroacoustic problems. The main concern with this approach
is that the properties of the flagstone are highly nonlinear.
To resolve this problem, this study uses linear shells and
beams to model the flagstones transient dynamic response.
Plants
06-1549
Hughlett, M., and R. Manor. Aging nuclear plants pushed to
the limit. Chicago Tribune (United States), p.1, June 11,
2006, final edition (chicagotribune.com).
KEYWORDS: nuclear power plants, pipes, plates, vibration
analysis
The Exelon Nuclear Plant in Cordova, Illinois has suffered
damaging vibrations for years, the effect of an industry effort
to run reactors harder, longer, and faster than ever before.
When the company increased power output by nearly 18
percent in 2002, key components began shaking so badly
that vibration monitors were thrown from their mounts and
insulation fell from steam lines. It was found that vibration
in the steam system had caused gaping cracks in heavy metal
plates. This article explores the issue of aging nuclear plants.
06-1550
Robbe, M.-F., et al. Numerical simulation of an explosion in
a small-scale replica of a fast breeder reactor. Computer
Assisted Mechanics and Engineering Sciences (Poland) 12(4):
413442, 2005 (cames@ippt.gov.pl).
KEYWORDS: experimental tests, explosions, nuclear power
plants, simulation
A core disruptive accident in a liquid metal fast breeder
reactor (LMFBR) results from the interaction between molten fuel and liquid sodium, which creates a high-pressure
bubble of gas in the core. The violent expansion of this bubble loads and deforms the vessel and the internal structures.
The MARS test simulates a hypothetical core disruptive

accident in a small-scale mockup containing all the significant internal components of a LMFBR. This paper presents
a numerical simulation of the test.
Tracks
06-1551
Abe, Y., et al. A study on effective configurations of sound
barriers for Shinkansen Track. Proceedings of the 34th
International Conference and Exposition on Noise Control
Engineering, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: 1868, August 710,
2005 (abe@rtri.or.jp).
KEYWORDS: experimental tests, noise barriers, noise reduction, railroad tracks
Sound barriers have been installed widely in Japan to
reduce the noise level produced at locations adjacent to the
Shinkansen track. Although a number of different types of
sound barriers with specific features in their configurations
have been developed, a quantitative evaluation of their
advantages has not been performed. Therefore, a number of
experiments with scaled models were carried out. Experiments were made to various types of sound barriers to evaluate the noise level as reduced. New sound barriers based
on the experimental results are suggested.
06-1552
Talbot, J.P. A method for optimizing maintenance activity
to reduce disturbance due to ground-borne vibration from
underground railways. Proceedings of the Twelfth International Congress on Sound and Vibration, Lisbon, Portugal:
482, July 1114, 2005 (www.iiav.org).
KEYWORDS: buildings, railroads, railroad tracks, vibration analysis
Progress made in developing a systematic method to determine the effect of railway track deterioration on surface
vibration levels is discussed. The approach involves processing measured axle-box acceleration data to characterize the
track in terms of the wheel-rail interface forces generated as
a train runs along it and then applying these forces to a vibration propagation model that predicts the resulting vibration
levels on the surface of the ground.
Underground Structures
06-1553
Andersen, L., and C.J. Jones. Coupled boundary and finite
element analysis of vibration from railway tunnelsA comparison of two- and three-dimensional models. Journal of
Sound and Vibration (United Kingdom) 293(35):611625,
June 13, 2006 (www.idealibrary.com).
KEYWORDS: boundary element method, design, finite element method, railroad tracks, tunnels
This paper investigates the quality of the information that
can be gained from a two-dimensional model of a railway
tunnel. The vibration transmission from the tunnel floor to
the ground surface is analyzed for the frequency range relevant to the perception of whole body vibration. A coupled
finite element and boundary element scheme is applied in
both two and three dimensions. Two tunnel designs are con-
507
sidered: a cut-and-cover tunnel for a double track and a single-track tunnel dug with the New Austrian tunneling method.
06-1554
Degrande, G., et al. A numerical model for ground-borne
vibrations from underground railway traffic based on a periodic finite element-boundary element formulation. Journal
of Sound and Vibration (United Kingdom) 293(35):645
KEYWORDS: dynamic loads, excitation, Floquet theory,
railroad tracks, soil-structure interaction, tunnels, vibration
prediction
A numerical model is provided to predict vibrations in the
free field from excitations due to metro trains in tunnels.
The three-dimensional dynamic tunnel-soil interaction problem is solved with a subdomain formulation, using a finite
element method formulation for the tunnel and a boundary
element method for the soil. The first tunnel is a shallow
cut-and-cover masonry tunnel on the Paris metro network,
embedded in layers of sand. The second is a deep bored tunnel of the London Underground, with a cast iron lining,
embedded in clay.
06-1555
Hussein, M.F., and H.E. Hunt. A power flow method for
evaluating vibration from underground railways. Journal of
Sound and Vibration (United Kingdom) 293(35):667679,
June 13, 2006 (www.idealibrary.com).
KEYWORDS: buildings, railroad tracks, soil-structure interaction, tunnels, vibration control
One of the major sources of ground-borne vibration is the running of trains in underground railway tunnels. Vibration is
generated at the wheel-rail interface, from where it propagates
through the tunnel and surrounding soil into nearby buildings. An understanding of the dynamic interfaces between
track, tunnel, and soil is essential before engineering solutions
to the vibration problem can be found. A new method to
evaluate the effectiveness of vibration countermeasures is
described.
Underwater Structures
06-1556
Gadagi, M.M., and H. Benaroya. Dynamic response of an
axially loaded tendon of a tension leg platform. Journal of
Sound and Vibration (United Kingdom) 293(1,2):3858, May
30, 2006 (www.idealibrary.com).
KEYWORDS: drilling platforms, dynamic response, towers, underwater structures
Because of the scarcity of easily retrieved oil, producers are
motivated to go deeper into the ocean to extract oil and other
resources. This interest in deep-water drilling has led to the
in-depth study and analysis of deep-water structures, such as
the tension leg platform. The work of Han and Benaroya
forms the basis of the current study. In their work, they analyzed the free response of a compliant structure in vacuum
and in water. However, their study did not include the end
tension in the analysis. In the current study, the influence of
tension on the dynamic behavior of the structure is analyzed.

508
VEHICLES
Aircraft
06-1557
Braga da Costa Campos, L.M. On some recent advances in
aeroacoustics. International Journal of Acoustics and Vibration (Russia) 11(1):2745, March 2006 (www. iiav.org).
KEYWORDS: aircraft, ducts, fatigue, helicopters, jet engines,
noise reduction
A survey is given of current problems in aeroacoustics,
which describes some of the research studies relevant to aircraft noise reduction in three areas: linear acoustics, nonlinear
acoustics, and aircraft operations. The motivation to study each
problem is explained, followed by the formulation of a model,
an outline of the solution, and an illustration of the results.
06-1558
Bucak, T., D. Franjkovic, and B. Galovic. Acoustical analysis of a light aircraft propeller noise. Proceedings of the
Twelfth International Congress on Sound and Vibration,
KEYWORDS: aircraft, noise reduction, propellers
Propeller noise deteriorates the quality of pilot speech communications significantly and thus endangers the safety of
flight. In this paper, the working principle, noise characteristics, and noise-generating mechanisms of propellers are
described. Several acoustical measurements of the exterior
and interior propeller noise of a Cessna 172R Aircraft are
presented and analyzed.
06-1559
Campos, L.M., and J.M. Oliverira. On sound generation in
cylindrical nozzles with non-uniform impedance. Proceedings of the Twelfth International Congress on Sound and
iiav.org).
KEYWORDS: ducts, exhaust systems, jet engines, noise
reduction
The use of acoustic liners is a common means of noise reduction in jet engine exhausts. Vortical mean flows also absorb
sound. The quest for more effective sound absorption mechanisms in cylindrical ducts has led to the consideration of
nonuniform liners, with impedance varying circumferentially, axially, or in both directions. This paper considers the
complementary problem of generation of sound in a cylindrical duct with axially nonuniform impedance.
06-1560
Hu, X., N. Eklund, and K. Goebel. Using rank permutation
for aircraft engine fault diagnostics. Proceedings of the 60th
Meeting of the Society for Machinery Failure Prevention
Technology (MFPT), Virginia Beach, Virginia, United States:
291300, April 36, 2006 (hux@research.ge.com).
KEYWORDS: aircraft engines, artificial neural networks,
diagnostic techniques, sensors
One method for detection and diagnosis of aircraft engine
faults is to employ customized online tests that inform about
abnormal conditions by producing an error log. This paper

presents a trend shift detection approach that uses features
extracted from sensor measurements and from error logs.
Specifically, rank permutation transformation is used to
produce these condition features.
06-1561
Kiiskila, J.C., M.R. Duncan, and D.M. Pitt. Investigation of
the dynamic characterization of aircraft control surface free
play. Proceedings of the 24th International Modal Analysis
Conference, St. Louis, Missouri, United States: 179, Jan. 30
Feb. 2, 2006 (www.sem.org).
KEYWORDS: aircraft, measurement techniques, pendulums,
vibration analysis
A new technique is put forth for measuring the free play of
an aircraft control surface dynamically. The hypothesis is
that the control surface will act as a pendulum in the free play
zone and will possess a low-frequency pendulum mode that
can be distinguished from the higher frequency control surface rotation mode. When the control surface is driven or
shaken hard enough, it will vibrate both inside and outside
the free play zone. The time history response will contain
two distinct frequencies. The lowest frequency amplitude is
a measure of the time spent within the free play range; the
higher frequency is a measure of the time spent outside the
free play range.
06-1562
Thanedar, B.D. A case for galley insert isolation in airplane
cabin. Proceedings of the 34th International Conference and
Brazil: 1553, August 710, 2005.
KEYWORDS: acoustic emission, aircraft, isolation techniques, noise reduction, vibration control
A galley is a structural unit located within an airplane from
which food and beverages are served. Noise sources that are
associated with the galley insert operation in an airplane are
identified. There exists a possibility of minimizing such noise
impact by improving quality control and adding vibration
isolation. Experience has shown that introduction of vibration isolation has resulted in a marked reduction of the
structure-borne noise. An example of noise and vibration
reduction for a typical air chiller is provided.
06-1563
Yan, W., C.J. Li, and K.F. Goebel. A multiple classifier system for aircraft engine fault diagnosis. Proceedings of the
60th Meeting of the Society for Machinery Failure Prevention Technology (MFPT), Virginia Beach, Virginia, United
States: 271279, April 36, 2006 (yan@crd.ge.com).
KEYWORDS: aircraft engines, artificial neural networks,
design, diagnostic techniques
Designing a reliable aircraft engine fault diagnostic system
is challenging due to a number of aircraft engine characteristics. These characteristics include the wide range of flight
regimes that aircraft engines are operated over and the fact
that engines experience normal wear that needs to be differentiated from faults. In this paper, a multiple classifier system (MCS) for aircraft engine fault diagnosis is introduced.

It is demonstrated that MCS is effective in improving the

performance of aircraft engine fault diagnostic systems.
Ground Vehicles
06-1564
Haroon, M., and D.E. Adams. Nonlinear mechanical fault
identification methods for ground vehicle suspension systems. Proceedings of the 24th International Modal Analysis
Feb. 2, 2006 (deadams@purdue.edu).
KEYWORDS: diagnostic techniques, nonlinear response,
suspension systems (vehicles)
Mechanical damage in vehicle suspensions frequently causes
changes in the nonlinear characteristics of the system components or introduces nonlinearity. This paper presents passive time and frequency domain methods that exploit changes
in the nonlinear behavior of a mechanical system to identify
damage. In the time domain, fundamental mechanics models are used to generate restoring forces that characterize the
nonlinear nature of internal forces in system components
under loading. The onset of damage results in changes to the
restoring forces, which can be used as indicators of damage.
In the frequency domain, autoregressive nonlinear transmissibility models are used to locate and characterize the degree
to which faults change the nonlinear correlations present in
the response data.
Helicopters
06-1565
Ginn, K.B., et al. Practical application of a portable vibration analysis system for measurements on aircraft engines.
Proceedings of the 34th International Conference and Exposition on Noise Control Engineering, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil:
1615, August 710, 2005.
KEYWORDS: aircraft engines, case histories, computer programs, data processing, helicopters, vibration analysis
A system developed to ensure the maintenance of helicopter
engines and to optimize the uptime of the aircraft is reported.
The system is intended primarily for the field verification of
specific engines on the ground, based on portable front-end
and dedicated software. Vibration measurements are made
according to the procedures specified by the engine manufacturer. The system enables the raw data gathered at the
service site to be analyzed by specialists. The further use of
the system in diagnostics is illustrated with case histories.
06-1566
He, D., et al. Development of algorithms for helicopter
prognostics. Proceedings of the 60th Meeting of the Society
for Machinery Failure Prevention Technology (MFPT), Virginia Beach, Virginia, United States: 2736, April 36, 2006
(davidhe@uic.edu).
KEYWORDS: algorithms, diagnostic techniques, helicopters, monitoring techniques
As the current health monitoring and diagnostic systems for
helicopters do not have a clearly defined prognostics capability, the development of algorithms for helicopter prognos-
509
tics are presented. The algorithms were developed based on

the modeling and learning capability of hidden semi-Markov
models and a data-grouping algorithm called Mahalanobis
distance group index. The developed prognostics algorithms
were validated using real helicopter data.
06-1567
Lepage, A., F. Mortain, and L. Coste. Active structural
acoustic control of a helicopter trim panel. Proceedings of the
34th International Conference and Exposition on Noise Control Engineering, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: 2026, August 710,
2005 (arnaud.lepage@onera.frfn).
KEYWORDS: active control techniques, aircraft, damping,
noise reduction, passive control techniques, vibration control
The classical approach to reduce vibrations and noise in air
transportation vehicles is the use of passive treatments and
damping materials, but this leads to significant mass increase
and is inefficient in the low-or multi-frequency domain. Active
control methods offer a potential without these drawbacks
and can be considered as a complementary approach. This
work is focused on reducing the noise transmitted to helicopter cabins by actively controlling the side wall vibrations.
Off-Road Vehicles
06-1568
Ivanov, N., et al. Cab noise generation and noise control in
construction machinery. Proceedings of the Twelfth International Congress on Sound and Vibration, Lisbon, Portugal: 905, July 1114, 2005 (www.iiav.org).
KEYWORDS: construction machinery, isolation techniques,
noise reduction, vibration control
To control the noise in construction machinery cabs, this paper
analyzes the generation of the noise and predicts the main
noise sources. Air-borne and structure-borne noise contributions are defined and separated. The influences of different
machine work cycles on the cab noise and vibration are studied. Recommendations for cab noise control are provided,
which include isolation, sound absorption, vibration damping, and sealing.
Rail Vehicles
06-1569
Auersch, L. Ground vibration due to railway trafficThe
calculation of the effects of moving static loads and their
experimental verification. Journal of Sound and Vibration
(United Kingdom) 293(35):599610, June 13, 2006 (www.
idealibrary.com).
KEYWORDS: dynamic loads, ground vibration, rail vehicles, wave propagation
The propagation of waves through homogeneous or layered
soil is calculated based on half-space theory. The moving
dynamic loads of a train are approximated by fixed dynamic
loads, and the wave field can be calculated if the spectrum
of the dynamic train loads is known. In addition to this
dynamic wave field, three components at three frequency
ranges are caused by the passage of the static loads. These

510
are the regular static component at low frequencies, the irregular static component at medium frequencies, and the sleeperpassing component at high frequencies. For each of these
components, an approximate solution is presented.
06-1570
Baeza, O.L., A. Roda, and J.C. Neilsen. Railway vehicle/
track interaction analysis using a modal substructuring
approach. Journal of Sound and Vibration (United Kingdom)
293(1,2):112124, May 30, 2006 (www.idealibrary.com).
KEYWORDS: railroad tracks, rail vehicles, simulation, substructuring techniques
A method for the simulation of the dynamic interaction
between vehicle and railway track is proposed. The model
has been designed to take into account the complexity of the
wheel-rail contact, rail pad, and ballast, with low computational requirements. A modal description of the rails and the
sleepers is presented, imposing the coupling between these
elements and the vehicle by means of the associated interaction forces. This provides a model with a reduced number of
coordinates and therefore a low computational cost.
06-1571
Chiello, O., et al. Curve squeal of urban rolling stockPart 3:
Theoretical model. Journal of Sound and Vibration (United
Kingdom) 293(35):710727, June 13, 2006 (www.idealibrary.com).
KEYWORDS: damping, dynamic response, friction, microphones, noise reduction, rail vehicles, squeal, wheels
This is the third of a series of three papers dealing with curve
squeal of urban rolling stock, such as metros and trams. In
this paper, a model of curve squeal generation is introduced.
Both tangential and normal wheel-rail contact forces and
axial and radial wheel dynamics are taken into account. For
initial conditions close to the quasi-static equilibrium, the
squeal occurrence is predicted through the stability analysis
of the wheel modes. In unstable cases, the squeal level and
spectrum are determined through a numerical study of limit
cycles in the time domain. The model is used to study the
effect of the friction-velocity relationship and the coupling
between tangential and normal dynamics on the stability of
the system.
06-1572
Eadie, D.T., and M. Santoro. Top-of-rail friction control for
curve noise mitigation and corrugation rate reduction. Journal of Sound and Vibration (United Kingdom) 293(35):
KEYWORDS: design, friction, noise reduction, oscillation,
rail vehicles, squeal
Top-of-rail friction modifiers are designed to control frictional characteristics at the wheel-rail interface that influence
noise, corrugations, and lateral forces. The main characteristics of the resulting thin film are the controlled intermediate coefficient of friction and the positive friction, to reduce
roll-slip oscillations related to curve squeal noise and short
pitch corrugation development. This paper describes results
of recent studies on the effect of friction modifiers on curve
squeal and flanging noise generation at a range of European
mass transit sites. Reductions in A-weighted noise ranging

from 6.3 to 22.8 decibels (dB) were recorded, with an average reduction of 12 dB.
06-1573
Fidecaro, F., et al. Interferometric rail roughness measurement at train operational speed. Journal of Sound and Vibration (United Kingdom) 293(35):856864, June 13, 2006
(www.idealibrary.com).
KEYWORDS: acoustic emission, excitation, instrumentation,
interferometric techniques, measurement techniques, noise
reduction, rail vehicles, vibration control
Measuring rail roughness in view of reducing rolling noise
emission is a challenge for field instrumentation. Direct
measurements can be carried out with contacting relative
displacement measuring systems. However, the rail length
that can be covered is limited, and surveying a wide network is impractical. However, indirect methods based on
acceleration measurement may be used for monitoring purposes. In this paper, the feasibility of roughness measurements based on interferometric techniques is discussed.
Such a measurement can be carried out at normal train operation speed. The use of a system for vibration attenuation to
be mounted under a vehicle to suspend the optical sensing
device is discussed.
06-1574
Jin, X.S., et al. Three-dimensional train-track model for
study of rail corrugation. Journal of Sound and Vibration
idealibrary.com).
KEYWORDS: noise, railroad tracks, rail vehicles, vibration
response
Rail corrugation is a main factor causing the vibration and
noise from rail vehicles and tracks. A calculation model is put
forward to analyze the effect of rail corrugation of different
depths and wavelengths on the dynamic behavior of a passenger car and a curved track. Results of a numerical analysis indicate that the corrugation with high passing frequencies
has a great influence on the dynamic performance of the
wheelset and track but little influence on the car body and
bogie frame. The deeper the corrugation depth, the greater
the influence on the dynamic performance and wear. On the
other hand, the longer the corrugation wavelength, the smaller
the influence and wear. Other results are presented.
06-1575
Karlstrm, A. An analytical model for ground vibrations
from accelerating trains. Journal of Sound and Vibration
idealibrary.com).
KEYWORDS: beams, finite element method, ground vibration, rail vehicles
An analytical approach is used in this study to investigate
ground vibrations due to accelerating and decelerating
trains. As an example, the approach is used to study the ground
vibrations from an accelerating X2 train in Sweden. The
effects of the wheel traction from the driving wheel pairs or
the braking wheels are considered. The results at some instan-

taneous train speeds are compared to corresponding constant train speeds.

06-1576
Karlstrm, A., and A. Bostrm. An analytical model for
train-induced ground vibrations from railways. Journal of
Sound and Vibration (United Kingdom) 292(1,2):221241,
April 25, 2006 (www.idealibrary.com).
KEYWORDS: beams, finite element method, ground vibration, rail vehicles
An analytical approach is taken to investigate ground vibrations from railways. The ground is modeled as a stratified
half space with linearly viscoelastic layers. A rectangular
embankment supports the rails and the sleepers. The rails
are modeled as Euler-Bernoulli beams on top of the embankment. Numerical examples are given for an X2 train operating in Sweden.
06-1577
Klasztorny, M. Nonlinear vibrations of a moving rail-vehicle excited by snaking and lateral impacts of wheel sets.
Computer Assisted Mechanics and Engineering Sciences
(Poland) 12(4):341361, 2005 (cames@ippt.gov.pl).
KEYWORDS: algorithms, excitation, nonlinear response,
tracks, vibration control
The nonlinear theory of the vibrations of a rail vehicle moving on a rectilinear and non-deformable track developed in
this paper may be incorporated in modeling the bridge-tracktrain system. The vibrations are excited by snaking and lateral impacts of the wheel sets. De Paters microspin model
and a new simplified model of lateral impacts are applied.
An algorithm for determining the quasi-steady-state vibrations of the vehicle are formulated and programmed in Pascal. Simulations on a moving Shinkansen rail vehicle are
performed.
06-1578
Koch, J.R., et al. Curve squeal of urban rolling stockPart
2: Parametric study on a scale test rig. Journal of Sound
and Vibration (United Kingdom) 293(35):701709, June
511

KEYWORDS: dynamic analysis, impact response, modeling techniques, rail vehicles
In the event of a collision between a traveling, high-speed
train and a vehicle, the scale of human fatality and property
damage can increase substantially if the train derails from
its track after impact. In the present paper, the multi-body
dynamic modeling technique is applied to simulate trainvehicle collisions under various scenarios. The derailment
coefficient result is calculated to compute the probability of
derailment, which provides a direct measure of the propensity towards derailment following an impact. Pertinent results
of the studies with various parameters are presented.
06-1580
Mller, B., and J. Oertli. Combating curve squeal: Monitoring existing applications. Journal of Sound and Vibration
idealibrary.com).
KEYWORDS: design, monitoring techniques, noise reduction, rail vehicles, squeal
Curve squeal is the intense high-frequency tonal noise that can
occur when a railway vehicle traverses a curve or a switch.
The Combating Curve Squeal Project is sponsored by the
International Union of Railways to develop tools to reduce
curve-induced squealing. One aim of the project is to obtain
a preliminary design manual for practical solutions to
reduce squeal noise.
06-1581
Shafiquzzaman Khan, M., and J. Sundstrm. Vibration measurements in Swedish inter-city trains: Evaluation of discomfort values. Proceedings of the Twelfth International Congress
on Sound and Vibration, Lisbon, Portugal: 17, July 1114,
2005 (www.iiav.org).
KEYWORDS: accelerometers, human response, railroad
tracks, rail vehicles, standards and codes, vibration measurement, whole body response
This is the second of a series of three papers dealing with

curve squeal of urban rolling stock, such as metros and trams.
Measurements are made on a -scale test rig; they include
parametric variations on a mono-block wheel set and tests of
anti-squealing solutions. The parametric variations show little influence of load and lateral contact position, except in
the case of contact between the wheel flange and the rail. A
relation between noise level and two kinematic parameters,
rolling speed and angle of attack, is confirmed experimentally. The damping value of the main wheel mode is determined, which is used to suppress curve squeal.
Measurements were performed to study the vibration exposure to passengers in three Swedish passenger trains, which
were run on seven tracks. Acceleration measurements were
made at a typical passenger seat above the bogie of a car during normal running conditions. Tri-axial accelerometers were
placed on the seat cushion, backrest, floor, armrest, and table.
The vibration levels were most pronounced on the seat cushion, table, and backrest, and less on the armrest and floor. A
passenger survey showed that about two thirds of the passengers felt moderate difficulties while performing a handwriting task. This means that even quite low levels of vibration
can make writing difficult. A relative higher vibration level
measured at the table indicates that caution should be taken
when passenger comfort is assessed from measurements on
the floor alone.
06-1579
Kulkarni, V., and T.C. Lim. Dynamic analysis of high speed
rail-vehicle collisions. Proceedings of the 24th International
06-1582
Vincent, N., et al. Curve squeal of urban rolling stockPart
1: State of the art and field measurements. Journal of Sound
KEYWORDS: damping, microphones, noise reduction, rail

vehicles, squeal, steel, wheels

512
and Vibration (United Kingdom) 293(35):691700, June 13,

KEYWORDS: damping, microphones, noise reduction, rail
vehicles, squeal, steel, wheels
This is the first of a series of three papers dealing with curve
squeal of urban rolling stock, such as metros and trams. A
review of the present state of the art is given and key parameters involved in curve squeal generation are discussed. Results
of field measurement campaigns on metro and on tramway
systems are presented. A specific measurement methodology
is applied for both campaigns to record the main parameters.
It is found that no squeal occurs on the outer wheel of the
leading axle in flange contact with the rail. The highest squeal
levels are generally found on the front inner wheel. Other
results are given.
Road Vehicles
06-1583
French, M., et al. Modeling injector noise using a large-scale
injector. Proceedings of the 24th International Modal Analysis Conference, St. Louis, Missouri, United States: 1, Jan.
30Feb. 2, 2006 (rmfrench@purdue.edu).
KEYWORDS: automobiles, drives, engines, noise reduction
The transient noise made by the injectors in automotive
engines is not masked by the newer, quieter gasoline engines.
The clicking noise is produced by the moving armature in
the injector hitting its end stops and often bouncing. Studying injector dynamics is difficult because the injectors are
small, and the relevant motions take place on the time scale
of one or two milliseconds. The authors have made an electromagnetic solenoid that exhibits the qualitative behavior of
fuel injectors. They show that the objectionable behavior can
be attenuated using a modified drive signal.
06-1585
Mller, N., and M. Batel. Obtaining maximum value from
source/path contribution analysis. Proceedings of the 24th
International Modal Analysis Conference, St. Louis, Missouri, United States: 9, Jan. 30Feb. 2, 2006 (nbmoller@
bksv.com).
KEYWORDS: acoustic emission, automobiles, transfer path
analysis, vehicles
Methods for decomposing, evaluating, and rating vehicle
interior noise into contributing sources and transfer paths are
in common use throughout the automotive industry. Coming
under the general heading of source/path contribution (SPC)
analysis or transfer path analysis, these methods range from
simple disconnect tests to highly sophisticated techniques,
with applications ranging from noise problem solving to
detailed source path receiver modeling. Although most of
these methods are capable of giving exact answers, in practice SPC will give variable results. This paper discusses SPC
analyses.
06-1586
Rustighi, E., and S.J. Elliott. A model of tyre vibration with
stochastic excitation. Proceedings of the Twelfth International Congress on Sound and Vibration, Lisbon, Portugal:
110, July 1114, 2005 (www.iiav.org).
KEYWORDS: excitation, modeling techniques, tire-pavement
interaction, tires
Previous measurements of the noise generated from tireroad interaction have shown that there is a strong correlation between the radiated sound pressure and the vibrations
of the tire structure for frequencies below approximately
one kilohertz. It is thus important to develop simple tools to
predict the tire behavior in this frequency range. The tire is
modeled in this study as an elemental system, which permits
the analysis of the low-frequency tire response when excited
by distributed stochastic forces in the contact patch.
06-1584
Kim, U., L. Mongeau, and C. Krousgrill. Friction-induced
stick-slip vibrations in glass-run sealing systems. Proceedings of the 34th International Conference and Exposition on
Noise Control Engineering, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: 1933,
August 710, 2005 (ukim@ecn.purdue.edu).
06-1587
Tsujiuchi, N., et al. Experimental analysis of axial force by
tire vibration. Proceedings of the 24th International Modal
Analysis Conference, St. Louis, Missouri, United States: 89,
Jan. 30Feb. 2, 2006 (www.sem.org).
KEYWORDS: friction, seals, squeal, vehicles, wave propagation, windows
KEYWORDS: axial force, noise reduction, roads, tires, vibration characteristics
The problem of squealing from vehicle windows opened or

closed in partly wet conditions was investigated experimentally. Periodic oscillations and frequency jumps were observed
in the frequency spectra. An inverse relation between the frequency and the amplitude of the squeal vibration was discovered suggesting a dominant stick-slip response leading to
squeal. The amplitude of the squeal vibration became large
at water spray locations. When the normal force and the contact
area were large, the number of frequency jumps increased. A
predominantly negative slope was found in the friction forcespeed relation in partly wet conditions. Squeal occurred when
the magnitude of the negative slope was large. Other results
are given.
A significant factor in comfort in vehicles is the force transmission from the road surface to the spindle due to road surface disturbances. Therefore, it is important to clarify tire
vibration characteristics. In this study, the relationship
between tire vibration characteristics and spindle vibration
is studied, using a rolling smooth tire.
06-1588
Tsujiuchi, N., et al. A proposal of efficient vibration analysis based on similarity among modes. Proceedings of the
sem.org).

KEYWORDS: automobiles, normal modes, vibration analysis

Observing and examining vibration modes is a useful approach
for understanding complex vibration phenomena related to the
booming noise of automobiles. A practical method is proposed
to improve the efficiency of vibration analysis by grouping
the target modes into types, which are defined by the similarity of the effects of modifications made on the structure. The
grouping method enables the analyst to draw countermeasures for each group instead of for the individual modes; this
reduces the analysis time. This method is validated by application to a simplified automotive body in white.
06-1589
Vergara, E.F., S.N. Gerges, and L. Lessa. Vibro-acoustics
quality for applications of electro-hydraulic power steering
(EHPS). Proceedings of the Twelfth International Congress
KEYWORDS: experimental tests, measurement techniques,
steering gear, vehicles
The vibro-acoustics quality of electro-hydraulic power
steering (EHPS) systems, which are used as an alternative to
hydraulic power steering systems in vehicles, is investigated
in this study. The application of sound quality tools, such as
loudness and sharpness metrics, and experimental measurements, such as acceleration and sound pressure, in the EHPS
design process is investigated particularly.
Rockets
06-1590
Chai, W.K., et al. Micro-actuation characteristics of rocket
conical shell sections. Journal of Sound and Vibration (United
Kingdom) 293(1,2):286298, May 30, 2006 (www.idealibrary.com).
KEYWORDS: actuators, mathematical models, piezoelectricity, rockets, satellites, shells
Rocket fairings, load-carrying structures of solid rocket motor
cases, inter-stage joints, and satellite-rocket joints usually
take the shape of conical shell sections. This study focuses
on dynamic distributed control and microscopic control of
conical shell sections laminated with segmented piezoelectric actuator patches. Mathematical models and modal domain
governing equations of the conical shell section laminated
with distributed actuator patches are presented, followed by
formulations of distributed control forces and micro-control
actions that can be divided into longitudinal/circumferential
membrane and bending control components. Spatially distributed electromechanical microscopic actuation characteristics and control effects resulting from various longitudinal/
circumferential actions are evaluated.
Ships
06-1591
Ciappi, E., and F. Magionesi. Response of a ships panel to
turbulent boundary layer pressure fluctuations. Proceedings
of the 34th International Conference and Exposition on Noise
513
Control Engineering, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: 1921, August

710, 2005.
KEYWORDS: noise reduction, panels, plates, ships, vibration analysis, vibration measurement
An important hydrodynamic noise source for high-speed
marine vessels is the turbulent boundary layer attached to
the ships hull. To evaluate the structural vibrations induced
by the fluctuating pressure field, it is important to provide an
accurate description of the spectral characteristics of the
pressure load. An experimental campaign devoted to pressure
and structural vibration measurements was performed in a
large towing tank on a model of a high-speed catamaran.
The pressure data analysis was devoted to the derivation of
simplified analytical models for the pressure cross-spectral
density. The structural measurements were performed on a
plexiglass plate inserted in the hull bottom.
06-1592
Park, J.-H., J.-W. Lee, and J.-G. Bae. Study on the vibration
characteristics of the ultra large container ship. Proceedings
710, 2005 (pjh@hhi.co.kr).
KEYWORDS: containers, design, mode shapes, natural frequencies, ships, vibration control
The vibration characteristics of an ultra large container ship
with a twin propulsion system were investigated at the design
stage. This paper describes the extensive vibration analysis
performed to calculate the major natural frequencies and
their corresponding mode shapes and to predict the vibration responses for the ultra large container ship.
06-1593
Van Karsen, C.D., et al. Vibration test methods for a fiberglass
boat. Proceedings of the 24th International Modal Analysis
Conference, St. Louis, Missouri, United States: 166, Jan.
KEYWORDS: boats, data acquisition, experimental techniques, modal tests, operating deflection shapes, vibration
control, vibration tests
A 17-foot fiberglass boat equipped with a 90-horsepower
outboard motor exhibited excessive levels of vibration at operator interface locations. These levels occurred at relatively lowspeed operating conditions. This document discusses the experimental techniques that were used to measure and characterize
the operating response and dynamic properties of the boatmotor system. A method for obtaining these data in a dry laboratory environment is compared with results obtained from
tests in the water. Results include operational deflection
shapes, modal analysis, and path contribution analysis.
TESTING SYSTEMS
Testing Facilities
06-1594
Cox, S.J., et al. A test rig to investigate slab track structures
for controlling ground vibration. Journal of Sound and

514
Vibration (United Kingdom) 293(35):901909, June 13,

KEYWORDS: fasteners, ground vibration, railroad tracks,
testing facilities, vibration control
A test rig is described that was developed to bridge the gap
between bench top tests on individual components and fullscale installation on a service track. The large test rig was
constructed based on three 2.5-meter long, full-scale, floating track slab elements. These elements can be connected
directly to the base slab or supported resiliently. Two 12meter long rails are attached to the slab elements with different fastener systems. The track can be pre-loaded; the
protruding ends of the rail are damped to reduce end reflections. The main purpose of the rig is to measure the dynamic
properties of a range of floating slab and direct fixation fastening systems.
Testing Instrumentation
06-1595
Baldwin, C.S., B. Balachandran, and S. Buckley. Modal
analysis of vibrating structure using a fiber Bragg grating
system. Proceedings of the Twelfth International Congress
2005 (cbaldwin@spa.com).
KEYWORDS: algorithms, excitation, instrumentation, modal
tests, mode shapes, natural frequencies
In this study, modal analysis is carried out by using a Frenet
frame-based shape measurement algorithm. This algorithm is
validated through experiments conducted with a long slender,
aluminum, cantilever structure, which is instrumented with
eight serially multiplexed fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors.
The multiplexed FBG sensors measure the bending strain
distribution along the cantilever structure, and this distribution
is used to calculate the dynamic shape of the structure forced
by a base excitation. When excited close to a natural frequency,
the experimentally obtained shape deviates from the corresponding mode shape of the cantilever beam.
06-1596
Cigada, A., et al. MEMS gyroscope: Electrical method to
measure the mechanical parameters and the quadrature
error. Proceedings of the 24th International Modal Analysis
Feb. 2, 2006 (alfredo.cigada@polimi.it).
KEYWORDS: damping, design, gyroscopes, resonance, sensors
A full characterization of the mechanical parameters of
vibrating micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) sensors is required before integrating the mechanical and the
electronic parts. This characterization is to verify that the
main design specifications, such as the resonant frequency
and the damping coefficient, are fulfilled. Moreover, if a
vibrating gyroscope, as well as a sensor, is considered, the
characterization of the frequency response is not enough. It
is important to ensure that the quadrature error is below a
fixed threshold. This paper studies both the sensor characterization and the quadrature error through an electrical
approach.
06-1597
Guskov, M., and O. Naraikin. Numerical and experimental
studies of a dual shaft test rig. Proceedings of the Twelfth
International Congress on Sound and Vibration, Lisbon,
Portugal: 104, July 1114, 2005 (Mikhail.Guskov@ec-lyon.
fr).
KEYWORDS: critical speeds, experimental tests, rolling
element bearings, rotors, shafts, simulation, test equipment,
whirling
Experimental and numerical characterizations of a dual shaft
test rig are provided. The rig includes two rotors that are supported on rolling element bearings and are driven by independent motors that are connected by an inter-shaft bearing.
The modal situation of the rig includes several backward and
forward whirling modes. A comparison between linear prediction of the critical speeds and mode shapes and the experimental results yields good agreement.
06-1598
Rietz, R.W., B.B. Copeland, and G.A. Philbrick. A sensor
placement methodology for improved modal test results.
Proceedings of the 24th International Modal Analysis Conference, St. Louis, Missouri, United States: 287, Jan. 30Feb.
2, 2006 (www.sem.org).
KEYWORDS: computer programs, finite element method,
modeling techniques, sensors
Locating sensors on a test structure can be a cumbersome
and time-consuming process that does not traditionally
yield any information regarding the accuracy of placement
or the actual coordinates of sensors on a structure. A sensor
placement methodology has been developed using laser
tracker technology that simplifies and improves this process, yielding information that can be used to verify CAD
(computer-aided design) models and update finite element
models.
HUMAN RESPONSE
Hand and Arm Response
06-1599
Dong, R.G., D.E. Welcome, and R.E. McCormick. 3-D laboratory simulation of hand-transmitted vibration. Proceedings of the Twelfth International Congress on Sound and
Vibration, Lisbon, Portugal: 305, July 1114, 2005 (rem@
mbdynamics.com).
KEYWORDS: experimental tests, hand and arm response,
simulation, vibration tests
Vibration exposure at workplaces is generally multi-axial, and
the effects of vibration exposure on the health of workers
may depend on the vibration direction. Therefore, there is
wide interest in the simulation in laboratory experiments of
multi-axial vibration. The advances of technologies have made
it possible to develop a multi-axial test system for studying
hand-transmitted vibration exposure and health effects. The
purposes of this paper are to introduce a new three-dimensional vibration test system and to provide examples of test
data using it.

06-1600
Paone, N., and L. Scalise. Non-contact measurement of hand
vibration transmissibility. Proceedings of the Twelfth International Congress on Sound and Vibration, Lisbon, Portugal:
229, July 1114, 2005 (l.scalise@mm.univpm.it).
KEYWORDS: accelerometers, hand and arm response, shakers, standards and codes, vibration measurement
515
KEYWORDS: human response, noise, whole body response

Vibroacoustic disease (VAD) is caused by excessive lowfrequency noise exposure. It is a whole-body pathology with
an almost silent evolution. Although many physicians are not
convinced that VAD is a valid disease, the research described
in this paper shows otherwise. Research conducted over the
past 25 years has led to important new findings in the field of
basic sciences and has even contributed to new biological
concepts.
The authors present a non-contact procedure for the measurement of the vibration transmissibility of the human hand. The
procedure complies with International Standard ISO 10819:
1996, and its purpose is to solve the problems caused by the
use of the palm adaptor for accelerometers. Moreover, the
method allows the measurement of the vibration transmissibility over the surface of the hand and allows one to investigate possible correlation with influencing factors such as grip
and feed forces.
06-1604
Conza, N.E., and D.J. Rixen. Frequency dependent properties and pelvis parameter identification. Proceedings of the
Lisbon, Portugal: 130, July 1114, 2005 (n.e.conza@3me.
tudelft.nl).
Whole Body Response
KEYWORDS: dynamic tests, parameter identification techniques, whole body response
06-1601
Birlik, G., and O.C. Sezgin. Vibration exposure of bus passengers. Proceedings of the Twelfth International Congress
KEYWORDS: buses, vibration measurement, whole body
response
Bus passengers can be exposed to vibration levels of considerable magnitude due to the effects of speed reducers, or speed
humps, that the bus traverses. To access the degree of exposure to passengers, acceleration measurements were done in
the fore-aft, lateral, and vertical directions on the bus seats and
at the waists and backs of the passengers when traveling on
a smooth asphalt road and when passing over a speed hump.
Results show that cushions filled with gel and pure glycerin
were of some help in reducing the vibration to the passengers.
06-1602
Caprioli, A., et al. Comparison of the effects of a moving
crowd on different grandstands during similar events. Proceedings of the 24th International Modal Analysis Conference, St. Louis, Missouri, United States: 295, Jan. 30Feb. 2,
2006 (marcello.vanali@polimi.it).
KEYWORDS: buildings, human response, vibration response
A growing number of large civil structures have been monitored to check their structural integrity and vibration serviceability performance. The responses of two very different
structures to nominally the same event are compared in this
paper. The occasion is the world tour of the Red Hot Chili
Peppers rock band in 2004, for which measurements exist
both from the G. Meazza Stadium in Milano and from the
City of Manchester Stadium. The effects exhibited by both
structures can be attributed to people movements, while the
structural vibration components differ in the two sites.
06-1603
Castelo-Branco, N. The vibro-acoustic diseaseA 25 year
old saga. Proceedings of the Twelfth International Congress
Biological structures are known to show different rigidities

when subjected to tensile tests at different strain rates. It is
therefore justified to suspect a frequency dependency of the
biomechanical properties in dynamic tests as well. In the
frame of the authors research on low back pain, a model of
the human pelvis and a dedicated identification method are
being developed. The purpose of this study is to investigate
the influence that a dependency in frequency of the dynamic
properties of the human pelvis can have on identification of
the parameters of the pelvis. The results suggest the importance of the implementation of a frequency dependency in
the identification method.
06-1605
Conza, N.E., et al. In vivo bone vibration measurement by
ultrasound. Proceedings of the Twelfth International Congress on Sound and Vibration, Lisbon, Portugal: 131, July
1114, 2005 (n.e.conza@3me.tudelft.nl).
KEYWORDS: dynamic tests, human response, vibration
measurement
Unlike most structures investigated in experimental dynamics, dynamic testing on human patients presents challenges
of a different nature, such as reduced knowledge of the topology, inherent variability in time, and limited accessibility.
To measure the vibration of a bony structure underneath various layers of tissue non-invasively, a method has been developed based on the calculation of the time of flight of ultrasound
waves reflecting on the bones. A position-time plot, sampled
at a frequency of five kilohertz and spanning over a number of
vibration cycles, is obtained by means of a suitable postprocessing, and the characteristics of the vibration are identified. The measurement apparatus avails of two channels for
the simultaneous acquisition at two points, from which phase
information can be drawn.
06-1606
Duarte, M.L., et al. Corporeal mass index weight against age,
gender and vision on whole-body human vibration comfort
levels. Proceedings of the 24th International Modal Analysis Conference, St. Louis, Missouri, United States: 98, Jan.
30Feb. 2, 2006 (amlduarte@dedalus.lcc.ufmg.br).

516
KEYWORDS: buildings, standards and codes, vibration control, whole body response
KEYWORDS: damping, human response, instrumentation,

natural frequencies, resonance
When considering whole body human vibration comfort levels, it is often thought that corporeal mass index (CMI) has a
much stronger influence on the levels obtained than age, gender, or even vision. This study shows that when studying the
threshold limit, as well as the maximum acceptable vibration
in dwellings, CMI weight is not as strong as it may be
expected. Vision, or even previous knowledge, plays a much
more important role on the levels found. That may explain
the reason why the majority of the international standards
treating the subject do not even try to include the influence
of each parameter in an individual manner.
The behavior of human subjects bouncing on a flexible structure has been an issue of growing interest, especially when
seeking to predict the dynamic response of stadia to active
crowds at sports events or pop concerts. In previous work on
a flexible instrumented test rig, it was found that the contact
force between the support and the bouncing subject reduced
significantly when the bouncing frequency, or any of its harmonics, was equal or near to the structure natural frequency.
In this paper, this experimental study is extended to examine
the motion of the test subject through a video motion capture
system; the paper discusses the system commissioning and
checking of output data. It is seen that the video system
yields sensible results when compared to the other instrumentation.
06-1607
Duarte, M.L., et al. Is age more important than gender, corporeal mass index (CMI) or vision on whole-body human
vibration comfort levels? Proceedings of the 24th International Modal Analysis Conference, St. Louis, Missouri, United
States: 97, Jan. 30Feb. 2, 2006 (mlduarte@dedalus.lcc.ufmg.
br).
KEYWORDS: buildings, standards and codes, vibration control, whole body response
The study reported evaluates the comfort levels obtained for
whole body human vibration both for the threshold limit and
for the maximum acceptable vibration at dwellings. Age
influence is compared against gender, corporeal mass index,
and vision. Age proved to have a stronger influence only
when compared against vision for both cases. However, as
the latter group included the same volunteers twice, the
results may have been influenced by the previous knowledge
of the tests. Age proved to be more significant only from
31.5 to 50 hertz, depending on the case considered.
06-1608
Goursat, M. On-line monitoring of the crowd influence on
Manchester Stadium. Proceedings of the 24th International
Modal Analysis Conference, St. Louis, Missouri, United States:
138, Jan. 30Feb. 2, 2006 (www.sem.org).
KEYWORDS: buildings, design, excitation, human response,
monitoring techniques
This work is a follow up to an online monitoring study of a
stadium structure, where the data were recorded during a football match. In this study, the data were acquired at another
stadium during a concert. Behavior of the crowd during such
an event is assumed significantly different from the previous
case with specific phases depending on the rhythm of music.
Comparisons are made between different periods of the concert and with the previous results for stable phases of the
football match. The authors examine some transition phases
and try to get estimations on the real time variation of modal
parameters.
06-1609
Harrison, R.E., J.R. Wright, and J.W. Dougill. Video monitoring of human-structure interaction for bouncing on a flexible structure. Proceedings of the 24th International Modal
06-1610
Harrison, R.E., et al. Humans bouncing on flexible structuresEffect of structural properties. Proceedings of the 24th
org).
KEYWORDS: damping, human response, natural frequencies, resonance
The behavior of humans bouncing on flexible structures is of
great interest for stadiums, footbridges, and floor structures.
A test rig has been developed for exploring the forces, accelerations, and displacements that occur when a human subject
bounces on a flexible structure where motion can be perceived. In tests reported earlier, it was found that the human
was able to generate near resonant response of the structure;
however, it was extremely difficult, if not impossible, for the
person to bounce at or very near the natural frequency of the
structure when the structural vertical motion is significant. In
addition, the force developed by the subject was found to
drop significantly near resonance. In this paper, the effect of
the subject-to-structure mass ratio and the damping ratio of
the structure on the ability of the subject to bounce near resonance, and on the force drop out, is studied.
06-1611
Koizumi, T., N. Tsujiuchi, and A. Kondo. Evaluation of ride
comfort by using brain waves. Proceedings of the 24th
International Modal Analysis Conference, St. Louis, Missouri,
United States: 81, Jan. 30Feb. 2, 2006 (www.sem.org).
KEYWORDS: automobile seats, vehicles, vibration response,
whole body response
The effect of vibration on ride comfort is considered. Past
research on the subject has considered the acceleration at the
seat and at the floor of the vehicle. However, ride comfort
should be evaluated as a psychological response from vibration
to the head and to the shoulder resonating into the human
body. In this study, attention is paid to brain waves in order
to judge ride comfort as an objective and physical quantity.
06-1612
Mohanty, P., and P. Reynolds. Modeling of dynamic crowdstructure interactions in a grandstand during a football match.

517
Proceedings of the 24th International Modal Analysis Conference, St. Louis, Missouri, United States: 68, Jan. 30Feb. 2,
2006 (p.mohanty@shefeld.ac.uk).
ing exposure to vertical whole-body vibration. Journal of

Sound and Vibration (United Kingdom) 293(1,2):7895, May
KEYWORDS: buildings, human response, modeling techniques, single-degree-of-freedom systems
KEYWORDS: resonance, vibration response, whole body

response
A method to model a crowd in a crowd-structure interaction

environment is proposed. The significance of the proposed
method is its precise and discrete modeling of each person in
a crowd as a single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) system with
varying modal properties rather than modeling the whole
crowd as a single-SDOF system, as proposed earlier by the
researchers. Although this method is suitable for large civil
engineering structures, where the structure is occupied and
excited by the same crowd, the method has the potential to
be applied in many other problems. The effectiveness of the
method is shown by applying it to model a crowd on a grandstand during a football match.
The objective of this study was to investigate the vertical

apparent masses and the cross-axis apparent masses of standing subjects exposed to vertical vibration. Three specific
aspects were investigated: the characteristics of the fore-andaft force at the floor induced by standing subjects exposed to
vertical vibration, the effect of postural changes on the forces
at the floor in the vertical and fore-and-aft directions, and the
effect of muscle tension on the nonlinearity observed in the
response of the body.
06-1613
Pedersen, L. Experimental investigation of dynamic humanstructure interaction. Proceedings of the 24th International
Blades
KEYWORDS: floors, single-degree-of-freedom systems,

structures, vibration tests
When a crowd of people occupies a structure, some people
may be in motion generating dynamic loads while another
group of people may be stationary. This paper looks into the
dynamic interaction between stationary humans and a floor
in vertical motion. Based on controlled tests with a vibrating
test floor carrying small stationary crowds of people, the paper
examines the appropriateness of three configurations of a
single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) dynamic model of a human.
A central item for investigation is whether the SDOF human
models calibrated for different individuals when they occupy
the floor individually are consistent with the dynamic characteristics of the floor observed when the individuals form a
crowd.
MECHANICAL COMPONENTS
06-1616
Griffith, D.T., et al. Experimental uncertainty quantification
of a class of wind turbine blades. Proceedings of the 24th
KEYWORDS: blades, damping, modal tests, wind turbines
Modal test results and quantification of uncertainty for two
series of wind turbine blades, the CX-100 and the TX-100,
are given. A specific aim of these tests is the characterization of the blade structural dynamics properties for model
validation purposes. The testing regime is evaluated by
quantifying the variations in the measured frequencies and
damping values found from test to test, for example, by changing the location of the forcing input, and for varied environmental factors such as the amount of mass loading or the
support conditions. These effects are compared with unit-tounit variability to assess the test regime.
Brakes
06-1614
Rodrigues, J.F., and P.A. Almeida. Modeling of action induced
by crowds on Brazilian football stadium. Proceedings of the
Missouri, United States: 76, Jan. 30Feb. 2, 2006 (fernando.
rodrigues@lsetech.com.br).
06-1617
Giannini, O., A. Akay, and F. Massi. Experimental analysis
of brake squeal noise on a laboratory brake setup. Journal of
Sound and Vibration (United Kingdom) 292(1,2):120, April
KEYWORDS: buildings, human response, modeling techniques
KEYWORDS: brakes, experimental tests, measurement techniques, modeling techniques, noise reduction, squeal
Induced vibrations in football stadium grandstands cause

undesirable effects, which are detrimental to spectator comfort and in some cases lead to the reduction of carrying capacity due to structural damage and excessive fissuring. This study
analyzes this phenomenon from the monitored test results
on four stadiums in Brazil, with the objective of evaluating
the structural quality in relation to spectator discomfort during events.
This paper is the first of two papers dealing with brake squeal
instability. This first paper describes the simple experimental setup, called the laboratory brake. Measurements performed
to characterize the dynamic and squeal behavior are explained.
The results using the laboratory brake provide a better understanding of the physics of the squeal mechanism. Guidelines
are suggested for building a representative model of the
setup.
06-1615
Subashi, G.H., Y. Matsumoto, and M.J. Griffin. Apparent
mass and cross-axis apparent mass of standing subjects dur-
06-1618
Giannini, O., and F. Massi. Uncertain finite element model
for the brake squeal prediction. Proceedings of the 24th Inter-

518
national Modal Analysis Conference, St. Louis, Missouri,

KEYWORDS: brakes, finite element method, noise reduction,
squeal
Although the actual mechanism that leads to brake squeal
noise is still unknown, different approaches have been developed for squeal prediction. A commonly used numerical
approach is the complex eigenvalues analysis. The drawback
to this method is that the prediction is sensitive to slight variations in the system model, so that it can only predict squeal
occurrence at the exact modeled condition. An uncertain model
is often used to cover the lack of knowledge inherent to the
model. In this paper, squeal occurring in an appropriately
designed experimental rig is studied numerically by using an
uncertain finite element model.
06-1619
Lorang, X., et al. TGV disc brake squeal. Journal of Sound
KEYWORDS: acoustic emission, brakes, coulomb friction,
experimental data, flutter, rail vehicles, squeal
The discomfort experienced by people both inside and outside trains from the noise emission of train braking systems has
given rise to recent studies in France on the mechanical modeling of brake noise. A theoretical and numerical discussion
on the phenomenon of brake squeal is given in this paper along
with some experimental data. The study is based upon a flutter instability analysis that found unstable modes of the brake
system under contact and coulomb friction.
06-1620
Massi, F., L. Baillet, and O. Giannini. Experimental analysis on squeal modal instability. Proceedings of the 24th International Modal Analysis Conference, St. Louis, Missouri,
United States: 92, Jan. 30Feb. 2, 2006 (francesco.massi@
uniroma1.it).
KEYWORDS: brakes, design, dynamic response, experimental tests, squeal
An experimental analysis performed on a simplified brake
apparatus is described. Brake squeal is a major concern in
braking design. A common approach for squeal prediction is
the complex eigenvalues analysis, in which the squeal phenomenon is treated as a dynamic instability. When two
modes of the brake system couple at the same frequency, one
of them becomes unstable leading to increasing vibration.
The reported experimental analysis is focused on correlating
squeal characteristics with the dynamic behavior of the system.
Controllers
06-1621
Alpaugh, H.E., F.C. Nelson, and D.W. Fermental. Development of real time digital control of an active magnetic bearing
using open source software. Proceedings of the 60th Meeting of the Society for Machinery Failure Prevention Technology (MFPT), Virginia Beach, Virginia, United States: 359
368, April 36, 2006 (halpaugh@verizon.net).
KEYWORDS: computer programs, controllers, magnetic bearings, rotors

A real time digital control system is developed and implemented on a bench-to-rotor suspended on active magnetic
bearings. Linux was chosen as the operating system. The
combination of simple hardware and open source software
provides a useful research platform for digital control
methods that is unencumbered by proprietary constraints
and is more cost effective than available commercial systems.
06-1622
Kowala, J., and J. Konieczny. Active control of vibration
with eigenvalue placement controller. Proceedings of the 34th
Engineering, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: 1459, August 710, 2005
(jkowal@agh.edu.pl).
KEYWORDS: active control techniques, controllers, design,
suspension systems (vehicles), vibration control
The potential applications of a controller designed in accordance with the eigenvalue placement rule are explored. A
two-degree-of-freedom model representing a quarter vehicle
suspension is considered. This is only a theoretical model,
however, and the dynamic properties of an active element are
neglected. The study investigates how the variations of the
gains matrix K elements should affect the dynamic behavior
of an active vibration control system.
Dampers
06-1623
Li, K., and A.P. Darby. Experiments on the effect of an
impact damper on a multi-degree-of-freedom system. Journal of Vibration and Control (United Kingdom) 12(5):445
464, May 2006 (www.sagepublications.com).
KEYWORDS: dampers, dynamic response, excitation, impact
response, multi-degree-of-freedom systems, single-degreeof-freedom systems
Presented are the results of a series of experimental investigations into the effect of an impact damper on a multi-degreeof-freedom (DOF) primary system. The effects of the size of
the impact mass, clearance between the impact mass and the
stops, excitation type, and excitation location, are considered.
The results in some instances do not correspond with those
found for the control of single-DOF systems; in particular,
increased size of impact mass does not necessarily lead to
an increase in damping for all modes. The effect of clearance is unpredictable, particularly for higher modes. The paper
raises these and other issues that require consideration if
impact dampers are to be used to control the dynamic
response of multi-DOF systems.
06-1624
Pirner, M., and S. Urushadze. Liquid damper for suppressing random motions of footbridges. Proceedings of the 24th
International Modal Analysis Conference, St. Louis, Missouri, United States: 15, Jan. 30Feb. 2, 2006 (pirner@
itam.cas.cz).

KEYWORDS: bridges, dampers, tanks (containers), vibration control

In their earlier works, the authors studied the movement of
liquids of different viscosities (water, methanol, and glycerine) in a rectangular tank in a laboratory. In all preceding
studies, the excitation was harmonic. In this new work, the
authors study the behavior of the liquid during horizontal
excitation, which can be characterized as random. It is shown
that the sloshing damper is a device that will restrict undesirable horizontal vibrations effectively and, in the case of
adequately selected conditions of tank support, undesirable
torsional vibrations as well.
06-1625
Yang, S.M., C.J. Chen, and W.L. Huang. Structural vibration
suppression by a neural-network controller with a massdamper actuator. Journal of Vibration and Control (United
Kingdom) 12(5):495508, May 2006 (www.sagepublications.com).
KEYWORDS: actuators, artificial neural networks, buildings,
controllers, dampers, linear quadratic control, system identification techniques, vibration control
Proportional integral derivative and linear quadratic regulator controllers are known to be ineffective for systems suffering from parameter variations and broadband excitations.
This paper reports a neural network design using an active
mass damper for system identification and vibration suppression in a building structure. It is shown numerically and
experimentally that the neural network controller can effectively identify system dynamics and suppress vibration.
Gears
06-1626
Colabawala, M., and D. Houser. A study of the order tracking methodology applied to gear whine noise analysis. Proceedings of the 24th International Modal Analysis Conference,
St. Louis, Missouri, United States: 239, Jan. 30Feb. 2, 2006
(www.sem.org).
KEYWORDS: dynamic response, experimental data, gears,
order tracking methods, simulation, vibration analysis
The application of order tracking analysis to study the dynamic
response of geared systems is evaluated. The procedure used
to analyze sound pressure level and vibration signals obtained
experimentally is reported with the help of a test signal generated through a simple simulation model. The accuracy of
the results is investigated. The inferences from the simulation are applied to experimental data to understand better the
resulting noise analysis.
06-1627
McInerny, S.A., J. Crawford, and W.J. Hardman. Gear fault
detection techniques. Proceedings of the Twelfth International Congress on Sound and Vibration, Lisbon, Portugal:
548, July 1114, 2005 (www.iiav.org).
KEYWORDS: algorithms, diagnostic techniques, experimental tests, gears, Internet communication
519
Algorithms developed by the authors were applied to data

from a 1997 seeded fault test on a single-input single-output
gear set. These algorithms and seeded fault data sets were
developed for public distribution on the Internet to promote
a broader understanding of standard gear fault diagnostics.
In this paper, the use of these tools for instructional purposes is demonstrated using a selected set of calculation
procedures.
06-1628
Tan, C.K., and D. Mba. A correlation between acoustic
emission and asperity contact of spur gears under partial
elastohydrodynamic lubrication. International Journal of
COMADEM (United Kingdom) 9(1):914, Jan. 2006 (www.
comadem.com).
KEYWORDS: acoustic emission, condition monitoring, diagnostic techniques, gearboxes, gears
The application of the acoustic emission (AE) technique to
condition monitoring of gears is still in the developmental
stage. Understanding the source of AE activity at the gear
mesh is fundamental if this technique is employed successfully for gear diagnostics and prognostics. This paper presents
results of an experimental program that showed a correlation between AE activity and asperity contact under partial
elastohydrodynamic lubrication. Based on the observations,
it is postulated that AE can monitor and/or measure the
effectiveness of a lubricant in minimizing asperity contact.
Isolators
06-1629
Gardner, B.K., P.J. Shorter, and V. Cotonic. Modelling
vibration isolators at mid and high frequency using hybrid
FE-SEA analysis. Proceedings of the 34th International
Conference and Exposition on Noise Control Engineering,
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: 2075, August 710, 2005 (Bryce.Gardner@esi-group-na.com).
KEYWORDS: dynamic response, finite element method,
isolators, single-degree-of-freedom systems, statistical energy
analysis
Vibration isolators are often modeled as simple single-degreeof-freedom systems. Such an approach is often adequate for
characterizing the low-frequency performance of a vibration
isolator. However, at mid to high frequencies, two problems
are often encountered. The first is that the impedance of the
structures connected to the isolator becomes important
(assumptions of rigid body behavior of the components of
interest are generally not valid). The second is that the internal
dynamic behavior of the isolator becomes important (internal resonances of the isolator degrade the isolation performance). This paper describes the development of a hybrid
finite element method/statistical energy analysis model of
an in-situ vibration isolator that addresses these problems.
06-1630
Rivin, E. Vibration isolation of precision objects using
smart passive isolators. Proceedings of the Twelfth International Congress on Sound and Vibration, Lisbon, Portugal:
55, July 1114, 2005 (www.iiav.org).

520
KEYWORDS: design, isolators, natural frequencies, passive

control techniques, smart structures
This presentation demonstrates a significant improvement
in passive isolation systems by using smart constant natural
frequency (CNF) vibration isolators. Designs of CNF isolators are described. The advantages of CNF isolators include
lower costs due to reduction of nomenclature and smaller size,
simplicity of use, and low sensitivity to production uncertainties.
06-1631
Yilmaz, C., and N. Kikuchi. Analysis and design of passive
low-pass filter-type vibration isolators considering stiffness
and mass limitations. Journal of Sound and Vibration (United
KEYWORDS: absorbers, design, isolators, resonance, vibration analysis
The aim of this work is to design stiff and lightweight uniaxial passive vibration isolators that have low stop-band frequencies. Two new n-degree-of-freedom isolator designs
are introduced and compared. In the first, the isolator mass
is distributed among the absorbers. This system has a lower
stop-band frequency than an equivalent resonance-only massspring chain. In the second, lever-type anti-resonant vibration isolators are used to synthesize the design. This design
attains the lowest stop-band frequency when all the isolator
mass is concentrated on lever tips.
sional (1D) control volume approach, a mathematical model

is presented for a generalized configuration of variable-area
perforated tube resonators. The analysis is applied to different configurations that account for waves in the incompressible mean flow and in the acoustic coupling between the
interacting ducts due to the admittance of the intervening
perforates. The problem is solved by means of the PeanoBakers series of matrix calculus, and the transmission loss
results are outlined. Predictions are validated against the 3D
finite element analysis.
Oscillators
06-1634
Musienko, A.I., C.H. Lamarque, and L.I. Manevitch. Design
of mechanical energy pumping devices. Journal of Vibration and Control (United Kingdom) 12(4):355371, April
2006 (www.sagepublications.com).
KEYWORDS: design, gearboxes, oscillators, resonance
The energy pumping phenomenon in two- and three-degreeof-freedom systems of coupled linear and nonlinear oscillators is explored in this study. Energy pumping is a passive,
almost irreversible, transfer of mechanical energy from the
main substructure of the system to its light auxiliary attachment. The mechanism of energy pumping in the systems
under consideration is called resonance capture. Different
designs of systems allowing energy pumping are examined
analytically and numerically. A novel methodology is proposed for analyzing the transient response via time evolution of modulating functions.
Mufflers
06-1632
Ji, Z.L. Boundary element analysis of a straight-through
hybrid silencer. Journal of Sound and Vibration (United Kingdom) 292(1,2):415423, April 25, 2006 (www.idealibrary.
com).
KEYWORDS: boundary element method, noise prediction,
resonators, silencers
Combining the acoustic attenuation behavior of reactive and
dissipative silencers, a straight-through hybrid silencer consisting of a concentric folded resonator and a dissipative
chamber is presented. The substructure boundary element
method (BEM) is employed to predict and analyze the acoustic attenuation characteristics in the absence of mean flow.
The BEM predictions demonstrate the acoustic attenuation
effectiveness of the hybrid silencer over a wide-frequency
range.
Pendulums
06-1635
Fradkov, A.L., and B.R. Andrievsky. Singular perturbation
analysis of energy control systems. Journal of Vibration and
Control (United Kingdom) 12(4):331353, April 2006 (www.
sagepublications.com).
KEYWORDS: motors, pendulums, perturbation methods,
simulation, stability analysis
The energy speed-gradient control of singularly perturbed
Hamiltonian systems is studied both theoretically and using
computer simulation. Previous results on the stability of the
speed-gradient control of singularly perturbed systems are
extended to the case of partial stability. Quantitative results
are obtained for the synchronization of two coupled pendulums, taking into account the fast coupling link dynamics
and the small inertia of the driving motor.
06-1633
Kar, T., P.P. Sharma, and M.L. Munjal. Analysis of multipleduct variable area perforated tube resonators. International
Journal of Acoustics and Vibration (Russia) 11(1):1926,
March 2006 (www. iiav.org).
06-1636
Leung, A.Y., and J.L. Kuang. On the chaotic dynamics of a
spherical pendulum with a harmonically vibrating suspension.
Nonlinear Dynamics (The Netherlands) 43(3):213238, Feb.
2006 (www.kluweronline.nl).
KEYWORDS: algorithms, automobiles, ducts, finite element

method, mathematical models, mufflers, resonators, tubes
KEYWORDS: algorithms, chaos, dynamic response, oscillation, pendulums
Conical concentric tube resonators are often used in automotive mufflers and are characterized by wave-coupling
phenomena across interacting ducts. Using a one-dimen-
Although the nonlinear oscillations of the spherical pendulum have been studied extensively, two challenging issues
remain. The first is to determine the loci of equilibrium points

of the spherical pendulum when the suspension is excited

harmonically in both vertical and horizontal directions. The
second is to find the mechanism leading to the chaotic solution of the modulation equation in the phase space. These
issues are discussed.
Rolling Element Bearings
06-1637
Abu-Mahfouz, I.A. Experimental investigation of ball bearing fault diagnosis using vibration and sound signals. Proceedings of the 60th Meeting of the Society for Machinery Failure
United States: 319327, April 36, 2006 (iaa2@psu.edu).
KEYWORDS: data acquisition, diagnostic techniques, experimental tests, rolling element bearings
A laboratory test rig was used to monitor the condition of
rolling element bearings with seeded single point defects on the
inner and outer races. Vibration acceleration and sound signals were collected under different radial load and shaft speed
conditions. The acquired data were analyzed using a wavelet
scalogram, instantaneous power spectrum, and short-time frequency plots. All three analytical techniques successfully
recognized patterns relevant to each type of bearing defect.
Rotors
06-1638
Behera, R.K., D.R. Parhi, and S.K. Sahu. Vibration analysis
of a cracked rotor surrounded by viscous liquid. Journal of
Vibration and Control (United Kingdom) 12(5):465494,
May 2006 (www.sagepublications.com).
KEYWORDS: crack detection, critical speeds, dynamic
response, influence coefficient method, rotors, shafts, vibration analysis, vibration characteristics
Crack detection in, and vibration characteristics of, a shaft with
two open cracks rotating in a fluid medium are studied. The
influence coefficient method is used to find the fundamental
frequency of the shaft. The frequency contours with respect to
crack depth and location are used to identify the cracks. The
effect of fluid on the cracked rotor is analyzed using NavierStokes equations. The dynamic response of the cracked rotating
shaft is compared with that of an uncracked one; it is found
that when the cracked rotor rotates in a viscous fluid, there is
a change in the critical speeds and amplitudes of vibration.
06-1639
Blanco-Ortega, A., G. Silva-Navarro, and J.C. Gmez-Mancilla. Active vibration control on a rotor-bearing system
using hybrid journal bearings. Proceedings of the Twelfth
Portugal: 851, July 1114, 2005 (www.iiav.org).
KEYWORDS: active control techniques, controllers, journal bearings, pumps, rotors, vibration control
The active vibration control of a rigid rotor system supported on hybrid journal bearings is presented. The hybrid
bearing design has one vertical injection port to stabilize
and attenuate the rotor-bearing system response by means
of a proper manipulation of the stiffness and damping coef-
521
ficients. The overall active vibration control scheme consists

of a pressure linear quadratic regulator controller implemented
on an oil pump.
06-1640
Santos, F.L., et al. Influence of the bearing coefficients on
the dynamics of a rigid rotor supported by hydrodynamic
journal bearings. Proceedings of the Twelfth International
Congress on Sound and Vibration, Lisbon, Portugal: 165,
July 1114, 2005 (affabiolss@yahoo.com.br).
KEYWORDS: analytical methods, design, journal bearings,
numerical methods, rotating machinery, rotors, turbomachinery, vibration analysis
Analysis, design, and commissioning of high-speed rotating
machinery have motivated the development of efficient and
accurate analytical-numerical procedures to analyze the several dynamic phenomena involved on rotor-bearing systems.
The capability of predicting accurately the bearing dynamic
force coefficients has been one of the main goals of researchers and engineers working on the design of safe and durable
industrial turbomachinery. This work deals with a dynamic
analysis of rigid rotors supported on oil-lubricated cylindrical journal bearings. The results reported in this work show
clearly the importance of including the cross-coupled bearing
coefficients on the modeling of rotors supported by hydrodynamic journal bearings.
Shafts
06-1641
Li, J., et al. Research on fault diagnose of rolling elements
bearings in reciprocating machine based on strain signal. Proceedings of the Twelfth International Congress on Sound and
iiav.org).
KEYWORDS: diagnostic techniques, reciprocating machinery, rolling element bearings
It is very difficult to diagnose faults in rolling element bearings of reciprocating machinery because the signals are mixed
with other signals that cannot be eliminated easily. This paper
provides a method of rolling element bearing diagnosis based
on the strain signal and incipient failure detection technology. The methods value is proved experimentally.
06-1642
Mazzei, A.J., Jr., and R.A. Scott. Variable speed effects on
stability of drivelines with universal joints. Proceedings of the
KEYWORDS: damping, drives, joints, resonance, shafts
The system considered is a driving shaft coupled to a driven
shaft via a universal joint. When the driving shaft is rotating
at a constant angular velocity, the driven shaft experiences a
harmonically time varying angular velocity that can lead to
parametric instabilities. In this work, the effect of a variable
speed driving shaft is modeled and explored. Plots of the peak
amplitude versus dwell time are presented for several values
of damping. For dwell times less than 40 times the resonance
period, instabilities do not occur.

522
06-1643
Vijayakumar, S., and S. Muthukumar. Artificial neural network prediction and quantification of damage in impeller
shaft using finite element simulation. International Journal
of COMADEM (United Kingdom) 9(1):2329, Jan. 2006
(www.comadem.com).
KEYWORDS: artificial neural networks, fans, finite element
method, impellers, power plants, shafts, simulation
Artificial neural networks are applied in this study for the
damage detection and quantification of impeller shafts that
are used in radial fans in power generation plants. Using the
undamped free vibration response, the frequency response
functions (FRFs) are extracted for various presumed damages
through element stiffness reduction. The presence of damage is detected by comparing the FRFs of healthy and damaged states. A finite element model of the healthy state was
simulated earlier, and the data were used for the comparison.
06-1644
Wu, J.-D., and J.-H. Lin. Design of H-infinity hybrid controller for active vibration control for gear set shaft. Proceedings of
the Twelfth International Congress on Sound and Vibration,
KEYWORDS: active control techniques, algorithms, controllers, feedback control, gears, shafts, vibration control
Three multiple-channel active vibration control techniques
are applied for reducing vibration of a gear set shaft. A hybrid
controller, which is a combination of the adaptive control
with filtered-X least mean squares algorithm and a feedback
structure with robust synthesis theory, is proposed. The
results of experiments indicate that the hybrid technique is
effective in reducing the vibration.
Wheels
KEYWORDS: noise prediction, railroads, rail vehicles, railway wheels, rail-wheel interaction
Results from an extensive wheel measurement campaign performed in Sweden are given and discussed. Out-of-roughness,
transverse profile, and surface hardness of 99 wheels on passenger, freight, commuter, and underground trains were measured. Tread and disc braked wheels were investigated. Among
the results, it was found that the highest roughness levels
were on powered high-speed train wheels.
STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS
Beams
06-1647
Behera, R.K., D.R. Parhi, and S.K. Sahu. Dynamic characteristics of a cantilever beam with transverse cracks. International Journal of Acoustics and Vibration (Russia) 11(1):
318, March 2006 (www. iiav.org).
KEYWORDS: beams, crack detection, dynamic response,
mode shapes, natural frequencies, vibration characteristics
It has long been observed that the dynamic response of a
structure changes due to the presence of a crack. Scientific
analysis of such phenomena can be utilized for fault diagnosis
and detection of cracks in structures. The present investigation is an attempt in that direction. Theoretical expressions
are developed to determine the natural frequencies and mode
shapes of an elastic cantilever beam with two cracks using
flexibility influence coefficients and a local stiffness matrix.
The numerical results for the beams without cracks, with one
crack, and with two cracks are compared. It is observed that
there are appreciable changes in the vibration characteristics
of the beam with and without cracks.
06-1645
Ford, R.A., and D.J. Thompson. Simplified contact filters in
wheel/rail noise prediction. Journal of Sound and Vibration
idealibrary.com).
06-1648
de Barros, E., and M.H. Mathias. A contribution for nonlinear structural dynamics characterization of cantilever beams.
Proceedings of the 34th International Conference and Exposition on Noise Control Engineering, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil:
1548, August 710, 2005 (everaldo@iae.cta.br).
KEYWORDS: noise prediction, railroads, rail vehicles, railway wheels, rail-wheel interaction
KEYWORDS: beams, case histories, dynamic analysis, excitation, experimental tests, nonlinear response, shakers
To predict rolling noise due to railway wheel and rail roughness, a contact filter is generally applied to account for the
effect of the finite size of the wheel/rail contact. For time
domain analysis, these calculations must be fast enough
to get results in a reasonable time. Remington and Webb
have devised a versatile three-dimensional (3D) distributed point reacting spring contact model that is relatively
fast, but if only one line of data is available along the contact, it is complex. Therefore, a simpler 2D version is described.
The tools employed to analyze the dynamics of a beam

generally include force- and frequency-response curves. To
produce force-response curves, one keeps the excitation frequency constant and varies the excitation amplitude slowly.
On the other hand, to produce frequency-response curves,
one keeps the excitation amplitude constant and varies the
excitation frequency slowly. This is difficult with an openloop measurement system. In this paper, a closed-loop monitor vibration system with an electromagnetic shaker is proposed to keep the harmonic base excitation amplitude
constant. The advantages of this setup are evaluated in a case
study.
06-1646
Johansson, A. Out-of-round railway wheelsAssessment
of wheel tread irregularities in train traffic. Journal of Sound
06-1649
Ganesan, N., and V. Pradeep. Active constrained layer treatment (ACLD) for composite beams. Proceedings of the


KEYWORDS: active control techniques, beams, composites, damping, finite element method, natural frequencies
The active vibration control of composite beams using the
finite element method is the subject of this paper. The effect
of fiber orientation on the natural frequency and damping of
the system is investigated. The effect of the in-plane, normal-to-shear coupling effect, which is characteristic of composite materials, is analyzed using two beam models.
523
Cables
06-1653
Hovhanessian, G. Health monitoring of cable stayed structures
experience and implementation. Proceedings of the 24th International Modal Analysis Conference, St. Louis, Missouri,
KEYWORDS: cables, design, monitoring techniques
06-1650
Kamiya, Keisuke, Kimhiko Yasuda, and Hajime Eguchi.
Detection of breathing cracks in a beam using dynamic
response. Proceedings of the Twelfth International Congress on Sound and Vibration, Lisbon, Portugal: 758, July
1114, 2005 (www.iiav.org).
The longer spans in modern stay-cable systems are more

sensitive to loading from wind, seismic vibration, and traffic. Therefore, monitoring the loading and observing the
structures response has become an essential condition indicator. In addition, older cable-stayed structures are showing
signs of damage, often caused by wind-induced vibrations
and corrosion. Inspection and monitoring can provide confidence in structural integrity and enable early detection of
potential problems.
KEYWORDS: beams, crack detection, dynamic response,

fatigue
Cylinders
In a previous report, the authors proposed a technique for

detecting breathing cracks in a beam using the beams
dynamic response. The steps in the procedure are to divide
the beam into several elements, represent the crack as a
reduction of the flexural rigidity of the elements, and determine the ratio of the reduction in the flexural rigidity of
each element so that the response obtained from the model
becomes closest to the measured data. The results are confirmed experimentally.
06-1651
Shahruz, S.M. Limits of performance of mechanical bandpass filters used in energy scavenging. Journal of Sound
and Vibration (United Kingdom) 293(1,2):449461, May
KEYWORDS: bandpass filters, beams, design, piezoelectricity
The performance of mechanical bandpass filters to be used
in energy scavengers is studied. Such a filter consists of an
ensemble of cantilever beams where at the tip of each beam
a mass, known as the proof mass, is mounted. The best possible performance of the filter is determined and how to
design such a filter is explained.
06-1652
Stephen, N.G., and Y. Zhang. Coupled tension-torsion vibration of repetitive beam-like structures. Journal of Sound and
Vibration (United Kingdom) 293(1,2):253265, May 30,
KEYWORDS: beams, finite element method, flexural vibrations, natural frequencies, space structures
Equivalent continuum stiffness properties, derived from the
analysis of a single cell of a planar beam-like repetitive structure, have been employed previously within well-known
dynamic theories, such as Euler-Bernoulli and Timoshenko
for flexural vibration, to predict the natural frequencies of
vibration. In this paper, the approach is applied to structures
that exhibit tension-torsion coupling.
06-1654
Cheng, L., Y. Zhou, and M.M. Zhang. Controlled vortexinduced vibration on a fix-supported flexible cylinder in crossflow. Journal of Sound and Vibration (United Kingdom)
292(1,2):279299, April 25, 2006 (www.idealibrary.com).
KEYWORDS: actuators, cylinders, fluid-structure interaction,
natural frequencies, vibration meters, vortex shedding
An experimental study is described in which the closed-loop
control of the vortex-induced vibration of a flexible square
cylinder, fixed at both ends, in a cross flow was investigated.
Five control schemes were considered and compared based
on the feedback from either individual or combined responses
of structural vibration and fluctuating flow. The best performance was achieved using the scheme whose feedback
signal was a combination of flow and structural vibration.
Disks
06-1655
Wang, W., and A. Becker. Crack detection for engine disks
under spin testing. Proceedings of the 60th Meeting of the
Society for Machinery Failure Prevention Technology (MFPT),
Virginia Beach, Virginia, United States: 465474, April 36,
2006 (wenyi.wang@dsto.defence.gov.au).
KEYWORDS: crack detection, disks, engines, experimental
tests, shafts, turbines
A technique is described for detecting cracks in gas turbine
engine disks under spin test conditions using shaft displacement data. The technique extracts an unbalance index (UI) at
a fixed speed from each run-up/run-down cycle of a spin test.
The UI contains both amplitude and phase information and
can be trended against the cycle number to detect relative
changes in the unbalance status of the test disk. Results show
that the trending plot can be effective in detecting changes of
unbalance status due to cracks in a rotating disk. For the case
of multiple cracks developing at opposite angular positions
of a disk, the results show that the interpretation of UI changes
can be a challenging problem.

524
Ducts
06-1656
Delfino, L.C., et al. Active noise control in ducts implemented
in a DSP platform. Proceedings of the 34th International
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: 1549, August 710, 2005 (leandro@
mecanica.ufu.br).
KEYWORDS: algorithms, ducts, feedback control, feedforward control, noise reduction, optimum design
The following algorithms for active noise control are studied
and analyzed: feedforward, feedback, and a hybrid proposal.
To evaluate the methodologies, an experimental acoustic duct
was mounted, in which the algorithms had been implemented
in a digital signal processor (DSP) platform TMS320LF2407A.
The results considering the optimum design are presented.
Frames
06-1659
Mascarenas, D.L., et al. Remote inspection of bolted joints
using RFID-tagged piezoelectric sensors. Proceedings of the
sem.org).
KEYWORDS: bolts, joints, monitoring techniques, piezoelectricity, sensors
A new bolted-joint monitoring system is presented. This
system consists of structural joint members equipped with
piezoelectric (PZT) sensing elements and radio frequency
identification (RFID) tags for communication. PZT active
sensors are used to monitor continuously the condition of
the joint by monitoring its dynamic characteristics using the
impedance method. A new miniaturized and portable
impedance measuring device is implemented for the practical use of the proposed method. The rapid inspection of this
joint can be made with an integration of RFID-tagged sensor systems.
06-1657
Santos, E.O., et al. Dynamic analysis of frame structures at
high frequencies using energy finite elements and spectral
elements. Proceedings of the 34th International Conference
and Exposition on Noise Control Engineering, Rio de Janeiro,
Brazil: 2105, August 710, 2005 (edmilson@fem.unicamp.
br).
06-1660
Philbrick, G.A. High-fidelity modeling of an aerospace
structure comprised of bolted joints. Proceedings of the 24th
org).
KEYWORDS: dynamic analysis, energy methods, finite element method, frames, spectral element method
KEYWORDS: aircraft, bolts, dynamic response, finite element

method, joints
The energy finite element method (EFEM) is based upon an

approximation of the partial differential equations that result
from the energy balance and energy coupling relations for
different structural configurations and wave types. The coupling relations are used to describe the energy exchange among
various subsystems. The spectral element method (SEM) is
based upon the exact solution of the partial differential equations in the frequency domain. The SEM, when it can be
used, is more efficient in predicting the dynamic response at
higher frequencies than the finite element method. In this
paper, the EFEM and the SEM are used to predict the dynamic
response of frame-type structures at high frequencies.
A rigorous finite element (FE) modeling process is applied

to an aerospace structure comprised of several machined
aluminum components fastened together by bolts. The purpose is to determine if the FE model can accurately predict
the dynamic response. The structure is tested in suspended and cantilevered configurations. The FE predictions
are compared to test data from both test configurations.
Good correlation for both test configurations provides confidence that the FE model has captured the true dynamic
response of the structure.
Joints
06-1658
Collins, J., et al. Model validation of loose bolted joints in
damaged structural systems. Proceedings of the 24th International Modal Analysis Conference, St. Louis, Missouri,
KEYWORDS: fasteners, impact response, joints, nonlinear
response
The bolted or riveted lap joint is a common fastening technology for structural members. When a joint becomes worn,
the connected members can move in a nonlinear fashion as
well as impact each other and the lap joint plates. For low-frequency bending modes, the system can experience sticking
or frictional sliding motion at the contact points. Proposed in
this project is the experimental validation of a theoretical
frictional contact-impact model of the typical loose bolted
joint.
06-1661
Shorter, P.J., Y. Gooroochurn, and B. Rodewald. Advanced
vibro-acoustic models of welded junctions. Proceedings of
the 34th International Conference and Exposition on Noise
710, 2005 (pjs@esi-group-na.com).
KEYWORDS: boundary element method, finite element
method, statistical energy analysis
This paper discusses how the hybrid finite element-statistical energy analysis (FE-SEA) method can be combined
with a commercial software package to model the broadband vibroacoustic response of welded junctions. The paper
focuses on the transmission of vibration through a simple
T-junction for which existing SEA methods are applicable. However, the current approach may also be used to
recover the detailed local velocity and stress response of
a welded junction. The approach can be applied to junctions of arbitrary complexity, for which the standard analytical SEA coupling loss factors are likely to be less
accurate.

Panels
06-1662
Donadon, L.V., et al. Application of the active sound intensity control in the control of the sound transmitted through
panels. Proceedings of the Twelfth International Congress
KEYWORDS: active control techniques, noise reduction,
panels, plates, simulation
The transmission loss of a smart panel is compared using
optimal solutions that minimize either the pressure or the
sound intensity. The investigated configuration consists of a
double-wall panel filled with glass wool. A point force is
introduced in the outer plate to simulate the incident acoustic field, while a moment is located in the inner plate to simulate the control actuation. It is shown that the performance
of the intensity control is not superior to the performance of
the pressure control, and the latter has the advantage of a
simpler implementation.
Pipes
06-1663
Wang, X.H., B. Xu, and D. Redekop. Theoretical natural
frequencies and mode shapes for thin and thick curved pipes
and toroidal shells. Journal of Sound and Vibration (United
Kingdom) 292(1,2):424434, April 25, 2006 (www.idealibrary.com).
KEYWORDS: differential quadrature method, finite element method, free vibration, mode shapes, natural frequencies, pipes, shells
The finite element method and the differential quadrature
method are used in this study to determine the natural frequencies and mode shapes of thin and thick curved pipes
and toroidal shells. The methods are validated extensively
against previously published results. The results for the pipes
and shells indicate the influence of bend angle, support conditions, and wall thickness on the free vibration characteristics. These new results serve as convenient benchmarks of
interest to researchers and design engineers.
Plates
06-1664
Bonifacio, P.R., and A. Lenzi. Dynamic of thin plates with
different boundary conditions. Proceedings of the 34th International Conference and Exposition on Noise Control Engineering, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: 2062, August 710, 2005
(pauloboni@click21.com.br).
KEYWORDS: dynamic response, mathematical models, offshore platforms, plates
The main objective of this work is to extend a mathematical
analytical model to predict the dynamic response of plates
submitted to several boundary conditions as applied in aerospace and offshore platform structures. The mathematical
model was developed based on a spectral random analysis
using Kirchhoff's plates. These formulations can be used in
other systems and in other boundary conditions.
525
06-1665
Wu, G.Y., and Y.S. Shih. Analysis of dynamic instability for
arbitrarily laminated skew plates. Journal of Sound and Vibration (United Kingdom) 292(1,2):315340, April 25, 2006
KEYWORDS: dynamic analysis, Fourier series, Galerkin
method, harmonic balance techniques, mode shapes, nonlinear response, plates
The dynamic instability and nonlinear response of rectangular
and skew laminated plates subjected to periodic in-plane loads
are studied. The results indicate that the instability behavior of
the system is determined by several parameters, such as the
boundary condition, number of layers, stacking sequence, inplane load, aspect ratio, amplitude, and skew angle of the plate.
06-1666
Yeo, M.H., and W.K. Lee. Evidences of global bifurcations
of an imperfect circular plate. Journal of Sound and Vibration
(United Kingdom) 293(1,2):138155, May 30, 2006 (www.
idealibrary.com).
KEYWORDS: excitation, Galerkin method, multiple scale
method, natural frequencies, plates, resonance
The global bifurcations in modal interactions of an imperfect
circular plate with one-to-one internal resonance are investigated. The case of the third-order subharmonic resonance is
considered, in which an excitation frequency is near triple
natural frequencies. The equations governing the nonlinear
oscillations of an imperfect circular plate are reduced to a
system of non-autonomous ordinary differential equations
(ODEs) via the Galerkin method. The multiple scale method
is used to obtain a system of autonomous ODEs, and the
Kovacic and Wiggins method is used to investigate the global dynamics of the plate.
Rings
06-1667
Canchi, S.V., and R.G. Parker. Parametric instability of a
circular ring subjected to moving springs. Journal of Sound
and Vibration (United Kingdom) 293(1,2):360379, May
KEYWORDS: multiple scale method, numerical methods,
rings, springs
This work investigates parametric instabilities of in-plane
bending vibrations of a thin elastic ring subject to forces from
discrete rotating springs of an arbitrary number, spacing, and
orientation. Several configurations are examined, including
systems with symmetrical and asymmetrical circumferential
spring spacing, and systems with and without fixed springs.
The multiple scale method is applied to identify analytically
the principal and combination instability boundaries as closedform expressions. Two numerical approaches are used to
verify the analytical results.
06-1668
Esmaeili, M., M. Durali, and N. Jalili. Ring microgyroscope
modeling and performance evaluation. Journal of Vibration
and Control (United Kingdom) 12(5):537553, May 2006
(www.sagepublications.com).

526
KEYWORDS: Coriolis forces, excitation, Galerkin method,

gyroscopic systems, Hamiltonian principle, modeling techniques, natural frequencies, rings
The effects of substrate motions on the performance of microgyroscopes modeled as ring structures are analyzed. Using
the extended Hamiltonian principle, the equations of motion
of the ring micro-gyroscope are derived, and the natural frequency equation and response characteristics are extracted
in closed form for the case where the substrate undergoes
normal rotation. The Galerkin approximation is used to arrive
at the ordinary differential equations of motion for the ring.
The study demonstrates the importance of errors caused by
cross axis inputs on the gyroscope output measurements.
Shells
06-1669
Annigeri, A.R., N. Ganesan, and S. Swarnamani. Free vibrations of clamped-clamped magneto-electro-elastic cylindrical
shells. Journal of Sound and Vibration (United Kingdom)
292(1,2):300314, April 25, 2006 (www.idealibrary.com).
KEYWORDS: composites, finite element method, free vibration, shells
Although few studies on magneto-electro-elastic structures
have been reported, it is felt that such structures can be used for
active vibration control and should be considered. Hence, this
study analyzes the vibration behavior of such structures using
cylindrical shells and a semi-analytical finite element approach.
The influence of the piezomagnetic effect on the structural
frequencies is evaluated.
06-1670
Bhanagale, R.K., N. Ganesan, and C. Padmanabhan. Linear
thermoelastic buckling and free vibration behavior of functionally graded truncated conical shells. Journal of Sound and
Vibration (United Kingdom) 292(1,2):341371, April 25,
KEYWORDS: buckling, finite element method, free vibration,
shells, temperature effects, vibration analysis
Structures made of functionally graded materials (FGMs) have
received considerable attention recently for use in high-temperature applications. In this article, a finite element formulation based on first-order shear deformation theory is used
to study the thermal buckling and vibration behavior of truncated FGMs in a high-temperature environment. A Fourier
series expansion for the displacement variable in the circumferential direction is used to model the FGM conical shell.
06-1671
Chou, C.S., O. Chang, and F.H. Shieh. Vibration analysis of
a hemispherical piezoceramic shell. Proceedings of the 34th
(choucs@spring.iam.ntu.edu.tw).
KEYWORDS: piezoelectricity, plates, shells, vibration analysis
The constitutive equations for a thin piezoceramic hemispherical shell with thickness polarization and electrode-cov-
ered face are determined in this paper. Niordsons thin shell

theory of non-electric shells, Rogachevas piezoelectric shell
theory, and Tierstens piezoelectric plate theory are employed
to derive the equations. It is found that strain-energy density
and electric potential energy density can be written in a simple quadratic function of strain tensor, bending tensor, and
electrical field of the middle surface of the hemispherical
piezoceramic shell. Coefficients of the constitutive equations
for pure shear, tension, twist, and bending are determined.
06-1672
Sakka, Z.I., J.A. Abdalla, and H.R. Kabir. Dynamic response
of shear-flexible cylindrical isotropic shells with clamped
edges. Shock and Vibration (United States) 13(2):103116,
2006 (dinman@vt.edu).
KEYWORDS: dynamic response, free vibration, mode shapes,
natural frequencies, shells, vibration analysis
It is fundamental to obtain the natural frequencies and mode
shapes for cylindrical shells to determine their response to different dynamic loadings. In this paper, an analytical investigation of the free vibration response to moderately thick, shear,
flexible, isotropic cylindrical shells with all edges clamped
is reported. The results are compared with results obtained
from the finite element method using a four-node isoparametric shell element. The results should serve as benchmark
solutions for future comparison with numerical and approximate methods for calculation of the free vibration parameters of such shells.
06-1673
Xu, B., and D. Redekop. Natural frequencies of an orthotropic thin toroidal shell of elliptical cross-section. Journal
of Sound and Vibration (United Kingdom) 293(1,2):440
448, May 30, 2006 (www.idealibrary.com).
KEYWORDS: differential quadrature method, natural frequencies, shells
A method is set forth to determine the natural frequencies of
an orthotropic thin toroidal shell of elliptical cross section.
The solution is based on the classical Sanders-Budiansky shell
theory; it uses the differential quadrature method (DQM) to
obtain numerical results. A scheme for the selection of the
sampling points in the DQM for shells of elliptical cross
section is explained. Values for frequencies are given for
complete toroidal shells, which are entirely free of supports,
or with a support along a circumferential line.
PREDICTIVE MAINTENANCE
Data Acquisition
06-1674
DeFilippo, C. Surviving the data stormIntegrating measurements to make better decisions. Proceedings of the 60th
191198, April 36, 2006 (chris.defilippo@ni.com).
KEYWORDS: accelerometers, condition monitoring, controllers, data acquisition

With programmable automation controllers (PACs) for condition monitoring, engineers can integrate and manage all of
their data in a single system. A PAC system, for example, can
analyze and correlate data from an infrared camera and an
accelerometer so that engineers can make informed decisions
about their machinery. This paper discusses PACs and shows
through examples and industry application studies how PACs
are providing important data analysis benefits.
06-1675
Dezotti, V., et al. Comparison of data acquisition systems
performance in a modal testing of a flexible plate. Proceedings
Control Engineering, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: 1547, August 7
10, 2005 (victordezotti@uol.com.br).
KEYWORDS: accelerometers, data acquisition, microphones,
modal tests, plates, space vehicles, strain gages, transducers
The performance and accuracy of two data acquisition systems in a modal testing of a flexible plate are compared and
discussed. The first is a VXI module Agilent E1432A, 16Channel, 51.2 kSa/s digitizer; the second is a closed-loop
vibration control system, Spectral Dynamics Jaguar. The comparison revealed that both data acquisition systems give reasonable estimates of natural frequencies, damping factors,
and mode shapes. The ability to provide accurate estimates
of modal parameters suggests that both data acquisition systems are qualified for modal tests.
06-1676
Estep, J., and K.M. Reichard. Effect of sample rate and effective number of bits on integrated system health management
algorithms. Proceedings of the 60th Meeting of the Society
for Machinery Failure Prevention Technology (MFPT), Virginia Beach, Virginia, United States: 349358, April 36,
2006 (jde126@psu.edu).
KEYWORDS: algorithms, condition monitoring, data acquisition
Although it would seem that the bigger and faster a data
acquisition system is, the better it is. However, this paper
demonstrates that for even relatively complex acoustic and
vibration measurements, data can be gathered using a data
acquisition system that meets the minimum needs of the system
being measured. Such a data acquisition system saves time
and money, but the scientist or engineer must carefully examine the data being collected, the system being measured, and
the type of analysis the data will undergo. This paper examines these concepts as they are applied to the data collection
and analysis used for integrated system health management.
Specifically, this paper examines the impact of sampling rate
and the effective number of bits.
06-1677
Jacobsen, N.-J., and O.T. Andersen. Practically obtainable
dynamic ranges of data acquisition systems based on 24 bits
technology. Proceedings of the Twelfth International Congress
KEYWORDS: accelerometers, data acquisition, design,
microphones
527
The linear operating range of high-quality measurement accelerometers and microphones is significantly better than what
can be achieved in the analog signal conditioning electronics
and analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) of data acquisition
systems. This is despite the fact that data acquisition systems
are typically based on 24-bit ADCs, thereby being able theoretically to handle signal dynamics of up to 146 decibels
(dB). In practice, however, most of these systems do not
have a dynamic range higher than 100110 dB, and the system
operators must be very careful to avoid overload and underrange situations. This paper describes the high dynamic ranges
that can be achieved in practice using state-of-the-art designs.
06-1678
Wagstaff, P., and C. Chassaignon. Spectral analysis of acoustics and vibration signals using under-sampled data. Proceedings of the 34th International Conference and Exposition on
August 710, 2005 (peter.wagstaff@utc.fr).
KEYWORDS: data acquisition, rotating machinery, spectrum analysis
A number of situations occur when it is difficult to sample
acoustic or vibration data at a frequency high enough to avoid
the effects of aliasing. One of the ways of dealing with this
problem is using the Super Nyquist approach. In this method,
the aliased peaks in the extended under-sampled spectrum may
be identified and discarded if the approximate frequencies of
the true peaks are known. In this paper, other spectral analysis techniques are introduced, which enable spectral peaks to
be identified at frequencies over a total bandwidth that can be
20 to 50 times greater than the effective sampling frequency.
Diagnostic Techniques
06-1679
Alvandi, A., and C. Cremona. Assessment of vibration-based
damage identification techniques. Journal of Sound and Vibration (United Kingdom) 292(1,2):179202, April 25, 2006
KEYWORDS: beams, diagnostic techniques, dynamic tests,
mode shapes, simulation, strain analysis
Some commonly used vibration-based damage identification techniques are reviewed. Using a simple supported beam
with different damage levels, the reliability of these techniques is investigated. The techniques are based on measured
modal parameters that use only a few mode shapes or modal
frequencies of the structure, which can be obtained easily by
dynamic tests. Among the evaluated techniques, the strain
energy method presents the best stability regarding noisy
signals; however, the detection judgment depends on a threshold level that is discussed in the paper.
06-1680
Bernal, D. Damage localization from the null space of the
transfer matrix. Proceedings of the 24th International Modal
Analysis Conference, St. Louis, Missouri, United States:
KEYWORDS: diagnostic techniques, dynamic response,
transfer matrix method

528
A technique to interrogate changes in experimentally extracted

transfer matrices regarding the spatial localization of damage is presented. Central to the approach is the computation
of vectors that at any value of the Laplace variable are transforms of dynamic loads for which the stress field is identically zero in the portion of the domain that is damaged. It is
shown that these vectors, which are computed strictly from
the measured data, are in the null space of the change in the
transfer matrix and that this null space has a dimension that
is not smaller than the difference between the number of
measured coordinates and the rank of the difference between
the undamaged and damaged stiffness matrices. Notwithstanding its dynamic nature, the approach retains computational simplicity by operating entirely in the Laplace domain.
06-1681
Guy, K.R. Industrial case historiesWho is to blame? Proceedings of the 60th Meeting of the Society for Machinery
Failure Prevention Technology (MFPT), Virginia Beach, Virginia, United States: 201257, April 36, 2006 (krguy@delawareanalysis.com).
KEYWORDS: blades, case histories, drives, pumps, resonance, turbines, whipping phenomena, whirling
A series of case histories is reported in which vibration and
noise problems were encountered with industrial machines.
Among the cases described are turbine alignment issues,
balance problems on a compressor drive, vibration experienced on a vertical pump, and high axial vibration on a
primary air fan. The goal of the paper is to help the analyst
develop an analysis plan and find a solution to the problem.
06-1682
Hogg, S.W., and W.D. Marscher. Use of non-contact acoustic signals as metrics for machinery diagnostics. Proceedings
of the 60th Meeting of the Society for Machinery Failure
United States: 261270, April 36, 2006 (www.mechsol.
com).
KEYWORDS: acoustic emission, case histories, diagnostic
techniques, Fourier transformation, monitoring techniques,
predictive maintenance, sensors, signal processing techniques
An acoustically based approach for diagnostics and prognostics of rotating machinery is described. The method uses a
directional microphone to provide response measurement
access to all line-of-sight locations of the rotating machine.
The approach can be applied at significant distances from the
machine, and novel signal processing techniques allow sufficient signal-to-noise ratio. The paper explains the details of
the procedure and provides some case histories to illustrate
its application.
06-1683
Hltt, V., and K. Tervo. Event-based step response evaluation. Proceedings of the 60th Meeting of the Society for
Machinery Failure Prevention Technology (MFPT), Virginia Beach, Virginia, United States: 181190, April 36, 2006
(vesa.holtta@tkk.fi).
KEYWORDS: agricultural machinery, condition monitoring, diagnostic techniques
The increase in the computational power embedded to mobile

working machines has enabled the inclusion of different condition monitoring and fault diagnosis systems in these
machines. This paper presents an event-based method that
can be used in detecting abnormalities in a step response. The
method reveals phenomena that cannot be discovered with,
for example, the criteria based on integrating the control
error. The method is applied to the evaluation of the tree
stem feeding process of a forest harvester.
06-1684
Kim, B.H., H. Kim, and T. Park. Nondestructive damage
evaluation of plates using the multi-resolution analysis of
two-dimensional Haar wavelet. Journal of Sound and Vibration (United Kingdom) 292(1,2):82104, April 25, 2006
KEYWORDS: diagnostic techniques, mode shapes, nondestructive tests, plates, singular value decomposition
A modal-based damage detection technique is introduced
that can detect, locate, and size damage simultaneously for a
selected class of structures. The proposed method is based
on the concept of the mode shape curvature method and the
damage index method with the aid of the multi-resolution
analysis of the Haar wavelet.
06-1685
Kirk, J.P. An investigation of response minima for damage
assessment. Proceedings of the Twelfth International Congress on Sound and Vibration, Lisbon, Portugal: 80, July
1114, 2005 (www.iiav.org).
KEYWORDS: beams, crack detection, diagnostic techniques,
frequency response function, resonance
The goal of this research is to introduce the use of the local
minimum response for potential damage assessment. The
aim is to determine whether or not minimum response point
information can provide measurable detector features, and if
so, to provide a demonstration using damage in a simple cantilever beam structure. Since modal parameters have long
been considered for damage detection processes, documented
methods associated with these parameters are explored
for comparison purposes. It is demonstrated that minimum
response points present in measured response data do exhibit
unique sensitivity to damage; they can be used for assessment of structural health.
06-1686
Lew, J., and M. Egger. Fault detection via eigenmode identification. Proceedings of the Twelfth International Congress on Sound and Vibration, Lisbon, Portugal: 810, July
1114, 2005 (www.iiav.org).
KEYWORDS: crack detection, diagnostic techniques, finite
element method, natural frequencies, vibration analysis
Vibration methods are often employed in the detection of
defects in thermal insulation bricks. The technique reported
in this paper identifies the different vibration eigenmodes of
the bricks. Finite element analysis and experimental results
are in good agreement, showing that a horizontal crack in
the bricks can shift the frequencies and the order of the
eigenmodes.

529
06-1687
Nichols, J.M., et al. Using the transfer entropy to detect
structural damage. Proceedings of the 24th International
06-1690
Salazar, I.F., et al. Nonlinearity detection in highly transient experimental data. Proceedings of the 24th International Modal Analysis Conference, St. Louis, Missouri,
KEYWORDS: aircraft, diagnostic techniques, impact response,

nonlinear response
KEYWORDS: experimental data, finite element method,

friction, impact response, joints, nonlinear analysis
Recent work has shown that time-delayed transfer entropy

(TDTE) is useful in diagnosing damage-induced nonlinearities in structural systems. It is demonstrated in this paper that
TDTE, in conjunction with appropriately designed linearized surrogate data sets, may be used to detect impact damage in an experimental carbon-skin airfoil subject to ambient
gust loading. By comparing the transfer entropy values obtained
from the airfoil response to those obtained from the surrogates, an absolute measure of damage can be computed. This
removes the need for a baseline data set. In this experiment,
the TDTE correctly identifies the presence of the impacts.
In a complex mechanical system with friction and threaded

joints, it is a challenge to characterize the dynamic behavior
and the physics behind the shock response of the structure.
The threaded assembly is such a structure. A highly parallel
finite element model was validated previously utilizing an
extensive set of experimental data consisting of strain and
acceleration measurements. One assumption made when validating the model was that the structure was nonlinear due to
friction at interfaces and the potential for impacting parts.
This current study seeks to investigate this hypothesis through
examination of the experimental data, with a focus on finding the potential impact.
06-1688
Pierce, S.G., K. Worden, and G. Manson. A novel information-gap technique to assess reliability of neural networkbased damage detection. Journal of Sound and Vibration
idealibrary.com).
KEYWORDS: artificial neural networks, diagnostic techniques, monitoring techniques
The application of neural network classifiers to a damage
detection problem is discussed within the framework of an
interval arithmetic-based information gap technique. Using
this approach, the robustness of trained classifiers to uncertainty in their input data is assessed. Conventional network
training using a regularized maximum likelihood approach
is discussed and compared with interval propagation applied
to evaluate the effectiveness of a particular network. Concepts of interval-based worst-case error and opportunity are
introduced to facilitate the analysis.
06-1689
Saha, B., and G. Vachtsevanos. A novel model-based reasoning approach to system-level diagnostics of a helicopter
intermediate gearbox. Proceedings of the 60th Meeting of
the Society for Machinery Failure Prevention Technology
(MFPT), Virginia Beach, Virginia, United States: 281290,
April 36, 2006 (bsaha@ece.gatech.edu).
KEYWORDS: data acquisition, diagnostic techniques, gearboxes, helicopters
A novel model-based reasoning methodology for fault diagnosis based on the behavior of system components is introduced. The logical representation of system models and the
subsequent formulation of a fault propagation tree and a
diagnostic decision tree from the structural and functional
abstraction of the system are studied. Techniques for ambiguity resolution amongst likely fault candidates are examined,
and an overall diagnostic reasoning architecture for systemlevel diagnostics is proposed. The implementation of this
architecture on the intermediate gearbox module of a helicopter power train is presented.
06-1691
Tse, P.W., J.Y. Zhang, and X.J. Wang. Blind source separation and blind equalization algorithms for mechanical signal
separation and identification. Journal of Vibration and Control (United Kingdom) 12(4):395423, April 2006 (www.
sagepublications.com).
KEYWORDS: algorithms, blind source separation, diagnostic techniques, signal processing techniques, vibration response
Machine vibration is a very complicated mixed information
medium containing, among other things, information about
the condition of the machine. Mechanical signal processing
is crucial for extracting useful features from acquired vibration
to determine the health of a machine. This paper presents a
comparison study of new signal processing techniques, such
as blind source separation and blind equalization, which have
been developed to separate mechanical vibrations for more
effective diagnosis.
06-1692
Vass, J., and C. Cristalli. Optimization of Morlet wavelet
for mechanical fault diagnosis. Proceedings of the Twelfth
Portugal: 237, July 1114, 2005 (www.iiav.org).
KEYWORDS: algorithms, condition monitoring, diagnostic
techniques, rotating machinery, wavelet transform
A novel de-noising method based on the Morlet wavelet
with adaptive time-frequency resolution has been proposed
recently. However, under certain conditions this adaptation
may violate the admissibility condition on mother wavelets,
resulting in severe distortion of the wavelet scalogram. This
paper presents a modification of the Morlet wavelet, restricting the adaptive parameter to a specific allowable range. As
a result, scalogram distortion is avoided, thus guaranteeing
stable performance of the de-noising algorithm.
06-1693
Yang, W.-X. Establishment of the mathematical model for
diagnosing the engine valve faults by genetic programming.

530
Journal of Sound and Vibration (United Kingdom) 293(1,2):

KEYWORDS: diagnostic techniques, engines, mathematical models, valves
To improve machine fault diagnostic methods that involve
intensive calculations and are labor intensive, this paper
presents an intelligent approach using genetic programming.
Due to the simple calculation of the mathematical model,
different kinds of machine faults may be diagnosed correctly
and quickly. The effectiveness of the proposed strategy is
validated by an example in which three kinds of engine
valve faults are identified.
06-1694
Yongxiang, Zhang, Ming Tingfeng, and Sun Yunling. Investigation on faults diagnosis technique using engine instantaneous rotating speed. Proceedings of the Twelfth International
July 1114, 2005 (www.iiav.org).
KEYWORDS: cylinders, diagnostic techniques, diesel engines
A technique is described for diesel engine fault diagnosis using
the transient speed. By simulating and analyzing the characteristics of the instantaneous rotating speed, a simplified and
practical diesel engine fault diagnosis model is established.
The model is used to determine the relationship between the
transient speed signal and the operation of each cylinder.
Instrumentation
06-1695
Castellini, P., M. Martarelli, and E.P. Tomasini. Laser Doppler
vibrometry: Development of advanced solutions answering
to technologys needs. Mechanical Systems and Signal
Processing (United Kingdom) 20(6):12651285, August 2006
(mssp@harcourt.com).
KEYWORDS: instrumentation, laser Doppler method, vibration meters
The latest trends in laser Doppler vibrometry (LDV) development are outlined in this paper. Particular attention is given
to the innovative solutions to the most recent technological
requirements. Several LDV application areas are described,
and the limitations of the technologies are highlighted. Possible solutions to overcome these limitations are described.
06-1696
Champaigne, K., E. Krug, and D. Heermann. Space station
truss wireless instrumentation for structural dynamics measurements. Proceedings of the Twelfth International Congress on Sound and Vibration, Lisbon, Portugal: 267, July
1114, 2005 (www.iiav.org).
KEYWORDS: computer programs, design, instrumentation,
joints, sensors, shock environments, space structures, trusses
The External Wireless Instrumentation System (EWIS) has
been developed to provide long-term structural dynamics
measurements of the International Space Station (ISS) solar
array trusses while deployed on-orbit. Due to the rotating
joints, which allow the solar arrays to track the sun throughout the orbit, installing wired sensors was prohibitively expen-
sive and complex. The wireless interface to the EWIS has

enabled the National Aeronautics and Space Administration
to integrate the instrumentation late in the ISS module assembly process with minimal impact to the vehicle and at a reasonable cost. The basic system hardware and software design
are presented as an example of a highly capable wireless system designed to operate in extreme environments.
06-1697
Dosch, J.J. Air bearing shaker for precision calibration of
accelerometers. Proceedings of the 24th International Modal
KEYWORDS: accelerometers, bearings, calibrating, nonlinear response, shakers, springs
The design, construction, and performance testing of a new
air-bearing shaker are described for precision accelerometer
calibration in a production environment. The shaker incorporates a number of new features. A porous ceramic air bearing provides high stiffness to lateral loading. A Lorentz force
electrical spring minimizes the low-frequency waveform
distortion that is typically associated with nonlinear deformation of metal or elastomer flexures. A beryllium armature
provides high stiffness, low mass, and high resonant frequency.
06-1698
Halkon, B.J., and S.J. Rothberg. Vibration measurements
using continuous scanning laser vibrometry: Advanced aspects
in rotor applications. Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing (United Kingdom) 20(6):12861299, August 2006 (mssp
@harcourt.com).
KEYWORDS: measurement techniques, rotors, vibration
measurement, vibration meters
This paper builds on previous work concerned with the development of a comprehensive velocity sensitivity model for
continuous scanning laser vibrometry. This versatile model
predicts the measured velocity for arbitrary mirror scan angles
and target motions; it has been especially valuable in revealing the sources of additional components seen in continuous
scanning and tracking measurements on rotors. The application
to vibration measurements of rotors is the focus of this paper.
06-1699
Luiz, A.P., et al. Dynamic analysis of a new piezoelectric
flextensional actuator using the J1-J4 optical interferometric
method. Proceedings of the 34th International Conference and
Brazil: 1799, August 710, 2005 (kitano@dee.feis.unesp.
br).
KEYWORDS: actuators, design, interferometers, piezoelectricity, vibration control
Piezoelectric actuators are used widely in positioning systems that demand high resolution, such as in scanning microscopy, fast mirror scanners, vibration cancellation, and cell
manipulation. In this work, a piezoelectric flextensional actuator, designed with the topology optimization method, is
characterized experimentally by the measurement of its nanometric displacements using a Michelson interferometer.

06-1700
Martarelli, M., and G.M. Revel. Laser Doppler vibrometry
and near-field acoustic holography: Different approaches
for surface velocity distribution measurements. Mechanical
Systems and Signal Processing (United Kingdom) 20(6):
13121321, August 2006 (mssp@harcourt.com).
KEYWORDS: holographic techniques, laser Doppler method,
plates, vibration measurement, vibration meters
There are several direct and indirect measurement methods
available for the determination of the surface velocity in
vibrating structures, but two seem to be the most promising,
especially for vibro-acoustic problems. These are laser Doppler vibrometry (LDV) and near-field acoustic holography
(NAH). While LDV is a direct laser-based vibration measurement technique, NAH allows the determination of the
particle surface velocity starting from simultaneous microphone measurements performed on a plane array positioned
near the vibrating object. In this work, the two techniques are
compared using a simple plate to assess the measurement
uncertainty in the indirect NAH.
06-1701
Mastro, S. Optomechanical behavior of Bragg grating strain
sensors under transverse load. Proceedings of the 24th International Modal Analysis Conference, St. Louis, Missouri,
KEYWORDS: condition evaluation techniques, monitoring
techniques, sensors, simulation
Fiber Bragg Gratings (FBG) are fiber optic strain and acceleration sensors that can be used to monitor the condition of
structures and materials. When loaded in the axial direction,
FBG can measure strain with great sensitivity. When loaded
from an off-axis direction, the FBG signal undergoes broadening and splitting due to the introduction of birefringence.
Presented are theoretical predictions for FBG performance
under transverse loading conditions, numerical simulations,
and experimental verifications of the model.
06-1702
Nicolae, P., and P.M. Stanescu Nicolae-Doru. About the
dynamical absorbers for systems with finite number of degrees
of freedom. Proceedings of the Twelfth International Congress on Sound and Vibration, Lisbon, Portugal: 524, July
1114, 2005 (www.iiav.org).
KEYWORDS: absorbers, dynamic response, multi-degreeof-freedom systems
Dynamic absorbers in systems with a finite number of degrees
of freedom are studied in this paper. The properties of the
absorbers are investigated, and a diagram of the amplitude
versus pulsation is provided. A theory for the absorbers is
presented, and an application using a practical, numerical
example is given.
06-1703
Pei, J.-S. Reliability and data quality of a wireless sensing
unit developed for structural health monitoring. Proceedings
of the Twelfth International Congress on Sound and Vibration, Lisbon, Portugal: 317, July 1114, 2005 (www.iiav.
org).
531
KEYWORDS: data acquisition, instrumentation, monitoring techniques, sensors

An experimental study was carried out to investigate the reliability of applying wireless sensing to structural health monitoring. A wireless unit was constructed using off-the-shelf
micro-controller and radio components, and software was
developed to capture the loss of data when transmitting vibration data from a shaking table through building materials.
This study also explored the relationship between the packet
and data delivery performance of the wireless sensing unit.
06-1704
Tsuei, K.-Y. Accelerometer sensitivity for vibration measurement. Proceedings of the 34th International Conference
Brazil: 2046, August 710, 2005 (tsueiky@itri.org.twfn).
KEYWORDS: accelerometers, measurement techniques, vibration measurement
Because accelerometers are used widely for vibration measurement, the setting of accelerometer sensitivity might be a
major factor for accurate measurement. However, what is the
result at the same setting under different conditions, especially
under different amplitudes? In this study, tests were performed
under three conditions for evaluating this effect when measuring over a wide range of vibration levels.
06-1705
Veggeberg, K. High channel count systems architecture for
noise and vibration measurements. Proceedings of the 24th
International Modal Analysis Conference, St. Louis, Missouri, United States: 35, Jan. 30Feb. 2, 2006 (kurt.veggeberg@ni.com).
KEYWORDS: aircraft, computer programs, instrumentation,
noise reduction, vibration measurement
Modular instrumentation is being used widely in noise and
vibration measurement systems that demand high channel
counts and a wide dynamic range. This is an overview on
how flexible modular instrumentation employing the latest
software technology is being used today in making highprecision noise measurements. This example will concentrate on the efforts by the National Aeronautics and Space
Administration and Boeing Aircraft to test aircraft noisereducing technologies.
06-1706
Xue, X., and J. Tang. Robust and high precision control
using piezoelectric actuator circuit and integral continuous
sliding mode control design. Journal of Sound and Vibration
idealibrary.com).
KEYWORDS: active control techniques, actuators, algorithms, damping, design, piezoelectricity, sliding mode control, vibration control
While piezoelectric actuators have been used widely in vibration suppression and high precision control, their intrinsic
nonlinearity such as hysteresis may deteriorate the system
performance if not considered in the control design. A new
method is proposed for the high precision and robust control

532
using a piezoelectric actuator with hysteresis compensation.

This methodology is featured by the introduction of a resistance/inductance circuit connected to the piezoelectric actuator to form an actuator network and a new integral continuous
sliding mode control algorithm. The main advantage of the
actuator network is that the charge or current, or both, in the
actuator now becomes an independent state variable that
can be measured directly and fed back. This configuration
improves the hysteresis characterization and simplifies the
control design greatly.
Measurement Techniques
06-1707
Kuroda, K., and T. Yamazaki. Measurement and modelling
of variation of structural dynamic responses. Proceedings of
the 34th International Conference and Exposition on Noise
710, 2005 (kurodk01@kanagawa-u.ac.jp).
measurement techniques, modal tests, simulation, steel
Statistical variations occurring in the dynamic characteristics of structures are investigated, and a way to simulate the
variation by using eigenproperties is studied. The accelerances of approximately 100 steel cans are measured, and the
statistics of the measured accelerances and the modal properties on some orders are evaluated. A nominal finite element
(FE) model based on one of the steel cans is built through
the comparison with the modal properties determined by the
experimental modal analysis. This nominal FE model is
used to estimate the fluctuations in the dynamic response.
Monitoring Techniques
06-1708
Ashton, B., M. Illig, and J. Robinson. An inexpensive system to focus PHM resources on system health problems or how
to spend less valuable technical resource sorting through
good data. Proceedings of the 60th Meeting of the Society
for Machinery Failure Prevention Technology (MFPT), Virginia Beach, Virginia, United States: 169179, April 36, 2006
(vibinst.org).
KEYWORDS: bearings, case histories, diagnostic techniques,
predictive maintenance, rotating machinery, signal processing techniques, vibration analysis
A dual signal processing approach is outlined that provides
both a signal proportional to the band-limited root mean square
of the vibration data, to detect such conditions as early
unbalance, misalignment, and eccentricity, and a signal that
detects the impulsive behavior, caused by such things as wear
of bearings and gears. Since these signals change significantly only as the machine health conditions deteriorate, they
can be slowly sampled by existing low-speed digital systems,
saving the substantial costs of proprietary high-speed dynamic
signal acquisition front ends.
06-1709
Barlas, I., et al. Condition-based maintenance of municipal
waste water treatment equipment using advanced vibration
diagnostics. Proceedings of the 60th Meeting of the Society
for Machinery Failure Prevention Technology (MFPT), Virginia Beach, Virginia, United States: 131137, April 36,
2006 (irtaza.barlas@impact-tek.com).
KEYWORDS: algorithms, bearings, condition monitoring,
diagnostic techniques, plants, vibration analysis
To improve equipment reliability and reduce maintenance
costs, a real-time vibration monitoring system was installed
in a municipal wastewater treatment plant. The monitoring
system augments conventional vibration analysis techniques
with advanced algorithms developed for military and aerospace applications. This paper describes the informal verification and validation process that gave maintainers confidence
in the system and the ensuing maintenance paradigm shift
from preventive and reactive maintenance to condition-based
maintenance. Examples of incipient bearing fault detection
and a cost-benefit analysis are reported.
06-1710
Basseville, M., and A. Benveniste. Handling uncertainties in
identification and model validation: A statistical approach.
iiav.org).
KEYWORDS: aircraft, algorithms, automobiles, bridges, flutter, monitoring techniques
In this tutorial, it is argued that uncertainty in identification
and detection are indeed two closely related problems. It is
also explained how the bridge in theory can result in a bridge
for practical algorithms. The whole argument relies on a statistical approach dedicated to the analysis of small deviations.
The application to structural analysis and health monitoring
is discussed.
06-1711
Clayton, E.H., et al. Off-the-shelf modal analysis: Structural
health monitoring with Motes. Proceedings of the 24th International Modal Analysis Conference, St. Louis, Missouri,
United States: 338, Jan. 30Feb. 2, 2006 (www. sem.org).
KEYWORDS: data acquisition, modal analysis, monitoring
techniques, parameter identification techniques, signal processing techniques
Breakthrough strides in micro-electro-mechanical systems
(MEMS) demand a paradigm shift in traditional data acquisition and signal processing methodologies used for structural
health monitoring (SHM). One such device, which embodies MEMS technology, is the Mote. As Motes integrate a
microprocessor, memory, and a radio transmitter, they can
be used to reduce, store, and ship data at the acquisition site.
A Mote system can be utilized to enhance real-time modal
parameter identification, the backbone of global vibrationbased SHM techniques.
06-1712
Deraemaeker, A., A. Preumont, and J. Kullaa. Modeling
and removal of environmental effects for vibration based
SHM using spatial filtering and factor analysis. Proceedings
of the Twelfth International Congress on Sound and Vibration, Lisbon, Portugal: 42, July 1114, 2005 (aderaema@
ulb.ac.be).

KEYWORDS: bridges, diagnostic techniques, monitoring

techniques, sensors, vibration measurement, wave analysis
A methodology to perform automated damage detection based
on output-only vibration measurements using large arrays of
sensors is suggested. The methodology combines different
techniques. For feature extraction, modal filtering together
with wavelet analysis and peak detection is used. Factor analysis is used to model and remove the variability of the structure due to environmental effects. The technique relies on a
long time monitoring of the intact structure. Multivariate control charts are used to detect deviation from the normal condition. The methodology is fully automated. The method is
illustrated on a numerical example of a three-span bridge.
06-1713
Discenzo, F.M. Machinery condition monitoring using wireless self-powered sensor nodes. Proceedings of the 24th International Modal Analysis Conference, St. Louis, Missouri,
KEYWORDS: condition monitoring, data acquisition, data
processing, sensors, ships
Smart distributed wireless sensor nodes, originally developed
for military applications, are finding increased use for wireless machinery condition monitoring for industrial and commercial applications. The major drawback to low-cost wireless
sensor nodes is the need to replace batteries regularly. This
paper describes a prototype self-powered wireless sensor system deployed in a shipboard application. The sensor node
scavenges energy from machinery vibration and uses this
energy to power an embedded processor, sensors, and a radio.
Vibration data and energy harvesting efficiency data are
periodically transmitted to a data collection server on the
ship.
06-1714
Hawkins, F. Condition monitoring in UK DefenceThe
challenges ahead. International Journal of COMADEM (United
Kingdom) 9(1):28, Jan. 2006 (www.comadem.com).
KEYWORDS: condition monitoring, electronic systems,
noise, plants, vibration analysis
Developments in the miniaturization of electronics, processing power, and distributed communications are creating new
possibilities for the health monitoring of military equipment.
This paper places condition monitoring (CM) into perspective within wider reliability issues, discusses potential problem areas, and explains some additional benefits. Simple
requirements are proposed for acquiring CM technology.
06-1715
Johnson, P. Distributed systems architectures for machine
condition monitoring. Proceedings of the 60th Meeting of
the Society for Machinery Failure Prevention Technology
(MFPT), Virginia Beach, Virginia, United States: 405413,
April 36, 2006 (preston.johnson@ni.com).
KEYWORDS: condition monitoring, data acquisition, Internet communication, predictive maintenance
Machinery monitoring systems, as well as the systems
developed for testing and controlling machines, are becom-
533
ing more distributed. A distributed system is any system that

uses multiple and distributed processors to solve a problem.
This paper identifies the core attributes of a distributed system as applied to engineering control, testing, or monitoring,
and outlines the challenges in developing and deploying these
systems.
06-1716
Lee, Jong Min, Yoha Hwang, and Chang-Seop Song. Intelligent machine condition monitoring using hidden Markov
model. Proceedings of the Twelfth International Congress
KEYWORDS: algorithms, condition monitoring, hidden
Markov models, rolling element bearings
Hidden Markov models (HMMs) have been studied in speed
recognition since the 1960s and are used increasingly in
many other fields. However, the application of HMMs to
machine condition monitoring has been very limited. Not only
are HMMs very accurate and robust in analyzing signals, they
can be very effective in predicting a trend hidden in the signal. In this paper, the general idea of HMMs is described,
and an algorithm of continuous HMMs is tuned for use in
mechanical signal analysis and applied to ball bearing condition monitoring.
06-1717
Mathew, J., L. Ma, and S. Zhang. Some recent advances in
condition monitoring research. Proceedings of the Twelfth
International Congress on Sound and Vibration, Lisbon, Portugal: 838, July 1114, 2005 (www.iiav.org).
KEYWORDS: condition monitoring, design, diagnostic techniques, predictive maintenance
Research over the last two decades has led to condition monitoring becoming almost a routine procedure in some industries. This paper reports on the findings of selected research
projects being conducted in Australia by the Cooperative
Research Centre for Integrated Engineering Asset Management. In particular, issues in the application of blind deconvolution, advanced wavelet techniques, classifier design,
and decision fusion are reported.
06-1718
Mengelkamp, G., and C.-P. Fritzen. Combination of global
and local methods for structural health monitoring. Proceedings of the 24th International Modal Analysis Conference,
St. Louis, Missouri, United States: 160, Jan. 30Feb. 2, 2006
(www.sem.org).
KEYWORDS: crack detection, diagnostic techniques, monitoring techniques, plates
The structural health monitoring methodology offers the possibility to assess the integrity of a structure without using
visual inspections. This is of great advantage especially in
areas where the accessibility of the structure is not given. In this
paper, the stochastic subspace-based fault detection method
and ultrasonic guided waves are applied to detect and to
localize damage. Experiments are carried out on a stiffened
aluminum plate and on a glass fiber-reinforced plastic plate.
Damage scenarios, such as artificially introduced cracks and

534
delaminations, are investigated. It is shown that the defects

can be detected even in an early state.
06-1719
Stephen, N.G. On energy harvesting from ambient vibration.
KEYWORDS: condition monitoring, excitation, seismic
response, sensors
Future microelectromechanical systems will harvest energy
from the environment. For example, an autonomous condition monitoring vibration sensor will be powered by that
same vibration and transmit data over a wireless link. Inaccessible or hostile environments are obvious areas of application. In this study, the base excitation of an elastically
mounted magnetic seismic mass moving past a coil, which
was considered previously by several authors, is analyzed in
detail.
06-1720
Zhu, Jianyuan. Vibration monitoring of the components
inside the cylinders of marine main engine. Proceedings of
KEYWORDS: cylinders, diesel engines, excitation, marine
vessels, ships, vibration monitoring
Health monitoring of the main diesel engine in a ship is very
important to ensure the vessel safety and reduce the shipping
cost. This paper relates an investigation on condition monitoring (CM) of the components inside the cylinders of a
marine main diesel engine by use of engine surface vibration
signals. The properties of engine surface vibration signals
under different working conditions are discussed, the characteristics of the exciting sources of engine vibration, and
the leading features of piston impacts are described. Some
criteria suitable for marine diesel engine CM and fault diagnosis are proposed. The experimental investigations are carried out on a medium-speed, four-stroke, turbo-charged, watercooled, eight-cylinder main diesel engine.
CONTROL TECHNIQUES
Active Control Techniques
06-1721
Cai, G.-P., and S.X. Yang. A discrete optimal control
method for a flexible cantilever beam with time delay. Journal of Vibration and Control (United Kingdom) 12(5):509
526, May 2006 (www.sagepublications.com).
KEYWORDS: active control techniques, algorithms, beams,
controllers, design, dynamic response, simulation, stability
Time delays exist inevitably in active control systems. The
time delay may cause unsynchronized control forces that
can not only degrade the performance of the control system,
but also induce instability of the dynamic system. In this
paper, an active vibration controller with time delay for a
flexible cantilever beam is studied; a method for treating the
time delay is proposed.
Adaptive Control Techniques

06-1722
DeSmidt, H.A., K.W. Wang, and E.C. Smith. Multi-harmonic adaptive vibration control of misalligned driveshaft
systems. Proceedings of the Twelfth International Congress
KEYWORDS: adaptive control techniques, magnetic bearings, rotors, shafts, vibration control
An important issue that has not been addressed in previous
active magnetic bearing (AMB) driveline control studies is
the effect of non-constant velocity (NCV) flexible couplings,
such as U-joint or disk-type couplings. When the driveshaft
is misaligned, the NCV effects introduce periodic parametric and forcing actions that are functions of shaft speed, misalignment angle, and load torque. The NCV couplings can
influence stability and cause significant harmonic excitation
at integer multiples of the shaft speed. These effects must be
accounted for in the control law design. A hybrid control law
consisting of an analog proportional derivative feedback
controller augmented with a slowly updating multiple harmonic adaptive control system is developed in this study for
a U-joint driveline system supported by AMBs.
06-1723
Hurlebaus, S., and L. Gaul. Adaptive structuresAn overview. Proceedings of the 24th International Modal Analysis
KEYWORDS: active control techniques, adaptive control techniques, smart structures, vibration control
An overview of research in the area of adaptive structures is provided, which includes a general description of smart material
systems. Focus is given to the following fields of application:
semi-passive concepts, energy harvesting, semi-active concepts, active vibration control, and active structural acoustic
control. The use of adaptive structures in structural health monitoring applications and for shape adaptation is also considered.
06-1724
Hurlebaus, S., U. Stbener, and L. Gaul. Adaptive strategy
for vibration and noise reduction in automotive structures.
KEYWORDS: active control techniques, actuators, automobiles, dynamic response, modal tests, noise reduction, sensors,
vibration control
For structures with complex geometries, the evaluation of
modal parameters from numerical calculations of local modes
is complicated because the results strongly depend on proper
boundary conditions of the truncated structure. Therefore,
the modal data are identified using experimental modal analysis. In this study, polyvinylidene fluoride film is used for the
sensors and actuators. The modal controller is implemented
on a digital controller board, and experimental tests with the
floor panel and center panel of a car body are carried out to
validate the proposed concept.

06-1725
Marques, R.F., D.J. Inman, and D.A. Rade. Assessment of
adaptive techniques for the control of structures subject to
temperature variations. Proceedings of the Twelfth International Congress on Sound and Vibration, Lisbon, Portugal:
414, July 1114, 2005 (www.iiav.org).
KEYWORDS: active control techniques, adaptive control
techniques, beams, controllers, design, temperature effects
Temperature variations can change the dynamic characteristics of a structure significantly, and active and passive control systems should consider these variations. It is shown in
this paper by simulating the step response how the performance of an actively controlled beam deteriorates as the temperature varies. Two distinct designs of adaptive controllers
are proposed. In the first, the temperature is measured and
used to update the controller gains. In the second, an adaptive control technique, known as model reference adaptive
control, is used to update the controller gains.
Alignment Techniques
06-1726
Gairola, V.S. Why is shaft alignment needed frequently?
Vibrations (United States) 22(2):34, June 2006 (www.vibinst.org).
KEYWORDS: alignment techniques, bolts, pumps, rotating
machinery, shafts, vibration control
This article examines rotating non-critical equipment in a process plant and suggests potential savings from proper shaft
alignment. The necessity to address issues prior to alignment
such as soft foot, which occurs when all the feet supporting
equipment do not sit squarely on the base plate, and piping
strain is discussed; remedies are presented.
Damping Techniques
06-1727
Adhikari, S. Damping modelling using generalized proportional damping. Journal of Sound and Vibration (United
KEYWORDS: damping, modal analysis, modeling techniques
Proportional damping is the most common approach to model
dissipative forces in complex engineering structures. One of
the main limitations of the mass and stiffness proportional
damping approximation is that the arbitrary variation of damping factors, with respect to vibration frequency, cannot be
modeled accurately. Experimental results suggest that damping factors can vary with frequency. In this paper, a new generalized proportional damping model is proposed to capture
the frequency-variation of the damping factors accurately.
06-1728
Dimentberg, M.F., and A. Naess. Short-term dynamic instability of a system with randomly varying damping. Journal
of Vibration and Control (United Kingdom) 12(5):527536,
May 2006 (www.sagepublications.com).
535
KEYWORDS: damping, dynamic response, Kryloff-Bogoliuboff method, Monte Carlo method, reliability analysis, single-degree-of-freedom systems
A single-degree-of-freedom system with temporal random
variations of its total apparent damping is considered. It is demonstrated that the dynamic response of the system exhibits
spontaneous transient outbreaks, which are induced by brief
periods when the damping coefficient becomes negative.
The analysis is based on a parabolic approximation for the
random temporal variations of the damping coefficient during these excursions into the domain of dynamic instability,
together with the Krylov-Bogoliubov method of averaging
over the response period.
06-1729
Foss, G.C. Modal damping estimates from static load-deflection curves. Proceedings of the 24th International Modal Analysis Conference, St. Louis, Missouri, United States: 150,
KEYWORDS: damping techniques, dynamic response, excitation, frequency response function, isolators
Wire rope isolators are used extensively in industry for vibration and shock isolation, due to their relatively low cost and
high damping capacity. Vendors offer nominal stiffness properties and average damping values, but they do not publish
damping variations with displacement amplitude, preload, or
cycle rate. An investigation was performed to verify and
extend the vendors data on several large isolators. Because
of the high spring rates, measuring the dynamic behavior
directly was difficult, requiring large masses and high excitation forces. An alternative method was used to measure
damping from quasi-static load deflection curves. The results
were compared with damping estimates obtained from frequency response functions.
06-1730
Foss, G.C., and B. Glenne. Reducing vibration of skis and
snowboards. Proceedings of the 24th International Modal
KEYWORDS: impact response, sports equipment, vibration
control
A ski or snowboard begins to lose contact with the snow surface when its rider reaches his or her speed limit, and the
repetitive impacts cause vibration. Frequently, this vibration
is severe enough to affect the rider's control and balance.
The authors examine on-snow vibrations of skis and snowboards and show how they developed laboratory tests to correlate with field behavior.
06-1731
Hgsberg, J.R., and S. Krenk. Linear control strategies for
damping of flexible structures. Journal of Sound and Vibration (United Kingdom) 293(1,2):5977, May 30, 2006 (www.
idealibrary.com).
KEYWORDS: active control techniques, actuators, damping, mode shapes, natural frequencies, sensors, vibration control

536
The objective of this paper is to discuss and illustrate the possible increase in damping efficiency that can be obtained by
active control with a damper force that operates ahead of
velocity. The analysis is based on the modal properties of the
damped system. The damper characteristics are represented
by a frequency dependent transfer function and a damper gain.
The simple two-component representation of the damped
vibration mode leads to simple solutions for the natural frequency. It is demonstrated that this representation is very
accurate, even for large damping effects.
06-1732
Varanasi, K.K., and S.A. Nayfeh. Damping of flexural
vibration using low-density, low-wave-speed media. Journal
414, April 25, 2006 (www.idealibrary.com).
KEYWORDS: beams, damping, experimental tests, flexural
vibrations, granular materials, vibration control
Significant damping of structural vibration can be attained
by adding to the structure a low-density medium, such as powder or foam, in which the speed of sound propagation is relatively low. A set of experiments is described in which flexural
vibration of aluminum beams over a broad frequency range
is damped by the introduction of a layer of lossy low-wave
speed foam. By modeling the foam as an isotropic continuum, the response of the beam-foam system is predicted. A
simpler approximation for the loss factor associated with
flexural vibration of such systems is developed.
06-1733
Vaina, M., et al. PUR based waste utilization in technical
acoustics. Proceedings of the 34th International Conference
Brazil: 1435, August 710, 2005 (vasina@ft.utb.cz).
KEYWORDS: absorbers, composites, noise reduction
The possible utilization of recycled waste materials in technical
acoustics; e.g., as sound absorbers, is the subject of this paper.
The aim is to investigate the properties of polyurethanebased waste materials, namely the sound absorption coefficient, the complex modulus of elasticity, the loss factor, and
the transfer function of the materials.
06-1734
Viana, F.A., et al. Multimodal passive vibration suppression
by using shunted piezoelectrics. Proceedings of the 34th International Conference and Exposition on Noise Control Engineering, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: 1546, August 710, 2005
(fchegury@mecanica.ufu.br).
KEYWORDS: damping, design, piezoelectricity, resonance,
vibration control
Piezoelectric elements connected to shunt circuits and bonded
to a mechanical structure form a dissipation device that can
be designed to add damping to the mechanical system. Due
to the piezoelectric effect, part of the vibration energy can
be transformed into electrical energy that is dissipated conveniently. Therefore, by using appropriate electrical circuits,
it is possible to dissipate strain energy and, therefore, attenuate
vibration. The dissipation mechanism can be tuned to attenuate vibration of a single mode, or multiple modes, accord-
ing to the design of the shunt circuit and the frequency band
of interest. The present contribution discusses the modeling
of piezoelectric patches coupled to shunt circuits, where the
basic parallel resonant shunt circuit is presented.
06-1735
Zheng, H., et al. Optimal constrained layer damping placement on a planar structure for minimization of radiated
sound power and vibratory energy. Proceedings of the 34th
(zhengh@ihpc.a-star.edu.sg).
KEYWORDS: algorithms, beams, damping, frequency
response function, noise reduction, vibration control
An optimization study of a constrained layer damping (CLD)
treatment for noise control is presented. The energy-based
approach and assumed-mode method are used to derive the
equations governing the displacement responses of a simply
supported beam with a partial CLD patch to formulate the
objective function of the optimization problem. The vibration response of the damped structure is calculated in a frequency range of interest by employing the direct frequency
response method; the results are used to obtain the baffled
structures radiated sound power by Rayleighs integral formulae.
06-1736
Zindeluk, M., P. Lisb, and P. Dias. Phase requirements for
non-null energy flow in one-dimensional domain. Proceedings of the 34th International Conference and Exposition on
August 710, 2005 (moyses@serv.com.ufrj.br).
KEYWORDS: beams, damping, vibration analysis
Mechanical intensity, defined as the time-averaged energy
flow in a structural member, has become very effective for
vibration analysis. Determination of energy transmission paths
and localization of energy sources and sinks are some special features of mechanical intensity estimation and measurement. The purpose of this article is to show the necessity
of a non-null spatial phase shift for the existence of an energy
density spatial variation function.
Isolation Techniques
06-1737
Camino, J.F., L.V. Donadon, and J.R. Arruda. Comparing
feedforward and feedback compensators for active structural
acoustic isolation. Proceedings of the 34th International
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: 1943, August 710, 2005 (camino@
fem.unicamp.br).
KEYWORDS: active control techniques, actuators, controllers, feedback control, feedforward control, panels, vibration control
This paper compares the limitations of optimal feedforward
and feedback strategies for active structural acoustic control,
in which the emphasis is on controlling structural vibration
that is responsible for sound radiation. The aim is to attenuate
the sound pressure transmitted through a double panel sys-

tem filled with absorption material. The controller must

attenuate the noise radiated through the back panel when the
front panel is excited by an external force that causes structural vibration. The actuators are piezoelectric patches
attached to the back panel.
06-1738
Kanda, H., et al. Field measurement and its analysis of
hybrid vibration isolation wall using gas cushions. Proceedings of the 34th International Conference and Exposition on Noise Control Engineering, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil:
1594, August 710, 2005 (h-kanda@jr-central.co.jp).
KEYWORDS: ground vibration, isolation techniques, vibration control, walls
Although many efforts have been made to mitigate the ground
vibration from roads, highways, and railroads, measures that
are more effective are still needed. In this paper, a three-layered, hybrid-type vibration isolation wall using gas cushions
was developed. To confirm the vibration isolation performance of this hybrid wall, field experiments were conducted.
Results show that the hybrid wall is as effective as open
trenches especially in lower frequencies, such as 5 to 10
hertz.
06-1739
Lee, C.-M., et al. Position control of seat suspension with
minimum stiffness. Journal of Sound and Vibration (United
Kingdom) 292(1,2):435442, April 25, 2006 (www.idealibrary.com).
KEYWORDS: automobile seats, dampers, isolation systems,
springs, suspension systems (vehicles), vibration control
An approach is outlined for position control for automotive
seat suspensions with a focus on the vibration isolation of
vehicle drivers in the infra-frequency range in which the
standard controlled devices are ineffective in normal gravitation. The approach is based on stiffness minimization by
coupling a mechanism containing the spring with adjustable
negative stiffness and reorganizing the air damping control.
A test of the approach indicates that a standard pneumatically controlled seat suspension redesigned according to the
approach ensures stabilization and shock-free motion under
impulsive excitation.
EXPERIMENTAL TESTS
Modal Tests
06-1740
Blelloch, P. Cross-orthogonality of closely spaced modes.
KEYWORDS: experimental tests, modal tests, mode shapes
A common method of comparing test and analysis mode
shapes is to use the cross-orthogonality (CO) with respect to
a reduced mass matrix. When two or more modal frequencies are very closely spaced, any linear combination of the
corresponding mode shapes is also a mode shape. In these
537
situations, it can be difficult to achieve good CO, and it is

common practice to use the root sum square with the CO values for a group of closely spaced modes. This method, however, can sometimes result in CO values greater than one. In
this paper, a formula is derived for combining the CO values of closely spaced modes. The formula addresses the
question: What linear combination of closely spaced analysis modes best fits a single test mode?
06-1741
Gade, S., et al. Frequency domain techniques for operational
modal analysis. Proceedings of the 24th International Modal
KEYWORDS: excitation, frequency domain method, modal
tests, wind turbines
Operational modal analysis has been used for determination
of modal parameters of civil engineering structures and is
now becoming widely used for mechanical structures. Advantages are that no artificial excitation needs to be applied to
the structure, nor do force signals need to be measured. In this
paper, the non-parametric based technique, called frequency
domain decomposition (FDD), as well as the enhanced FDD
identification technique, is discussed. The methods are illustrated by measurements on a wing from a wind turbine
excited acoustically by a loudspeaker.
06-1742
Snyder, V. Eigenvalue modification: Why, when and where?
and Vibration, Lisbon, Portugal: 353, July 1114, 2005
(www.iiav.org).
KEYWORDS: dynamic analysis, experimental data, modal
tests
This paper examines the authors involvement in the development of eigenvalue modification and answers the questions of why, when, and where regarding its development.
The author reflects on the advancement in technology over
the past 40 years both analytically and experimentally and
attempts to answer if eigenvalue modification is still needed
in todays society.
06-1743
Verboven, P., et al. Assessment of nonlinear distortions in
modal testing and analysis of vibrating automotive structures.
KEYWORDS: automobiles, excitation, Fourier transformation, frequency response function, modal tests, nonlinear analysis
New developments for the nonparametric processing of modal
test data are reported. Classically, random noise signals are
applied to treat possible nonlinear distortions during frequency response function (FRF) measurements of linear
dynamic systems. However, the use of multisine excitation
signals allows the engineer much more control over the
experiments. First, the nonparametric estimation of multivariable FRFs can be based easily on an errors-in-variables
stochastic framework. Second, the application of a well-cho-

538
sen multisine excitation permits improvement of the data

quality, as well as the detection, qualification, and quantification of nonlinear distortions during FRF measurements.
Nondestructive Tests
06-1744
Cernadas, D., et al. Non-destructive testing of plates based
on the visualisation of Lamb waves by double-pulsed TV
holography. Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing
(United Kingdom) 20(6):13381349, August 2006 (mssp@
harcourt.com).
KEYWORDS: crack detection, holographic techniques, mapping techniques, nondestructive tests, plates, wave propagation
A new technique is currently under development for detecting flaws such as cracks and holes in thin-walled mechanical components. The technique combines ultrasonics with
optics, both at a low power density, which allows tests to be
performed in the nondestructive range. Lamb waves are
generated to explore metallic samples, while double-pulsed
television holography is used to detect the waves. This scheme
provides maps of the instantaneous surface displacements
produced by the waves, where the effects of the flaws can
be visualized by contrast against the smooth propagation of
the wavefront in defect-free plates.
Shock Tests
06-1745
Smith, L., J. Duris, and A. Nathan. The dependence of bat
performance on ball properties. Proceedings of the 24th International Modal Analysis Conference, St. Louis, Missouri,
KEYWORDS: impact tests, measurement techniques, sports
equipment
The performance of baseball and softball bats can depend
strongly on the properties of the ball. Standard test methods
exist to measure the ball weight, hardness, and coefficient of
restitution (COR). Ball hardness is measured in a quasi-static
compression test; the COR is measured by impacting the ball
against a rigid plate. Little has been done to determine how
these properties relate to the measurement of high-speed batball impacts. This study considers the rate dependence of ball
compression and the normalization of bat performance with
ball weight. A dynamic stiffness test, where the ball impacts
a rigidly mounted load cell, was used to compare the quasistatic and dynamic ball hardness. A method to determine the
appropriate rigid wall impact speed representative of ball-bat
impact conditions is presented. Bat performance is shown to
correlate more reliably with the dynamic ball stiffness.
Vibration Tests
06-1746
Alfano, M., and L. Pagnotta. Determining the elastic constants of isotropic materials by modal vibration testing of
rectangular thin plates. Journal of Sound and Vibration (United

plates, resonance, vibration tests
A procedure is explained that allows the well-known resonance method for the elastic characterization of homogeneous
isotropic materials to be extended to rectangular thin plates.
The method requires the measurement of two of the first four
natural frequencies in thin, rectangular plates and sometimes
the determination of the corresponding mode shapes. Poissons ratio can be determined by using graphs or numerical
tables, and Youngs modulus can be calculated.
06-1747
de Barros, E., et al. Vibration testing of the first stage booster
adapter for the first VSB-30 sounding rocket vehicle test
flight. Proceedings of the 34th International Conference and
Brazil: 1750, August 710, 2005 (everaldo@iae.cta.br).
KEYWORDS: dynamic response, excitation, random vibrations, rockets, vibration tests
This work presents the evaluation of the dynamic response
under random vibration of the first-stage booster adapter of
the VSB-30 sounding rocket vehicle. The VSB-30 is a twostage sounding rocket developed to launch payloads for scientific and technological experiments. The methodology proposed for the qualification of the first vehicle involves the
evaluation of acceleration transmissibility, random vibration
levels, and power spectrum density at different locations
around three vibration axes of the first-stage booster adapter.
A single-axis vibration test system and a closed-loop control
system were employed to generate the vibration corresponding to the excitation spectra. The experimental results suggest that the module is qualified for the first VSB-30 test
flight.
06-1748
Le, T.-P., et al. Modal identification based on ambient excitation tests. Proceedings of the 24th International Modal
KEYWORDS: autoregressive moving average models, excitation, experimental tests, trusses, vibration tests, wavelet
transform
Ambient excitation tests are popular because they require
only simple equipment, they are low in cost, and they
can be performed under service conditions. However, the
excitation level is often low, and the recorded signals are
nonstationary and disturbed by noise. Thus, robust signal
processing tools are needed to obtain reliable modal parameters. Several methods for ambient excitation tests are available in the literature, such as autoregressive moving average,
frequency domain decomposition, and wavelet transform.
In this article, these three methods are compared and tested.
06-1749
McConnell, K.G. The elusive free-free boundary condition.
Proceedings of the 24th International Modal Analysis Conference, St. Louis, Missouri, United States: 369, Jan. 30
Feb. 2, 2006 (mclken@msn.com).

KEYWORDS: beams, experimental tests, frequency response

function, simulation, springs, substructuring techniques, vibration tests
The application of substructuring concepts requires the use
of free-free frequency response functions to describe the test
item. Although the free-free test environment is achieved
easily in theoretical calculations, it is usually compromised
when simulated experimentally due to the requirement to
support the structure against gravity forces. This paper looks
at some interesting testing issues through an analysis of a
free-free beam mounted on end springs as well as through
experimental results from an actual beam.
06-1750
Pickrel, C.R., et al. New concepts GVT. Proceedings of the
sem.org).
KEYWORDS: aircraft, computer hardware, computer programs, data processing, instrumentation, modal tests, sensors,
vibration tests
A collaborative demonstration and development test was
performed on a 737200 transport airplane. The objective
was to explore several concepts that offer promise of breakthrough efficiencies in the modal testing of airplanes. The
test was conducted by participants from an aircraft manufacturer, a university, and measurement hardware and software vendors. Concepts were explored in instrumentation,
sensor setup, excitation, and data processing. The results show
potential for significant time savings in situations where test
requirements permit.
06-1751
Sodano, H.A. Non-contact eddy current excitation method
for vibration testing. Proceedings of the 24th International
KEYWORDS: eddy current probes, excitation, vibration tests
When a conductive material is subjected to a time-changing
magnetic field, eddy currents are induced in that structure. The
eddy currents circulate inside the conductor causing a magnetic
field to be formed that interacts with the applied magnetic field.
The polarity of the magnetic field induced by the eddy currents
is such that it opposes the change in the field, thus resulting in
a force between the source and the conductor. The time-changing magnetic field can be applied through several methods;
however, this study investigates a simple method of modifying an electromagnetic shaker to apply non-contact forces.
06-1752
Varoto, P.S., et al. Moment mobility FRF measurement
techniques. Proceedings of the 24th International Modal Analysis Conference, St. Louis, Missouri, United States: 371, Jan.
KEYWORDS: excitation, frequency response function, measurement techniques, modal tests, vibration tests
The measurement of frequency response functions (FRFs)
involving rotational degrees of freedom has been important
539
in modal and vibration testing. An angular FRF may be defined

in terms of an input/output relationship where at least one
variable, input or output, is an angular quantity. Although
reasonable progress has been achieved in the experimental
determination of angular accelerations, either directly or indirectly using linear accelerations, the measurement of angular input moments is still a challenge. This paper presents a
review of some techniques for the estimation of angular FRFs
in modal and vibration testing and provides some guidelines
that can be used when estimating rotational FRFs.
COMPUTATIONAL TECHNIQUES
Algorithms
06-1753
Barrault, G., J.C. Bermudez, and A. Lenzi. A new analytical
model for the FXLMS algorithm verified through an ANC
experiment. Proceedings of the 34th International Conference and Exposition on Noise Control Engineering, Rio de
Janeiro, Brazil: 1459, August 710, 2005 (guillaume@
lva.ufsc.br).
KEYWORDS: active control techniques, algorithms, ducts,
Monte Carlo method
A new analytical model for the behavior of the filtered-X
LMS (least mean squares) adaptive algorithm when applied
to active noise control in a finite duct is provided. The new
model is derived using a stochastic differential equation
approach. The theoretical predictions are verified through
experimental results. The real-time system has been implemented using only I/O cards and a general-purpose computer.
Automation of the experimental setup allows the practical
verification of the theoretical statistical model using Monte
Carlo techniques.
06-1754
Johnson, P. Frequency analysis techniques from Fourier to
Gabor and time series to wavelet. Proceedings of the 60th
329338, April 36, 2006 (preston.johnson@ni.com).
KEYWORDS: algorithms, Fourier analysis, rotating machinery, signal processing techniques, strain gages, transducers,
vibration measurement
Many signal processing algorithms are available for analyzing signatures acquired from machinery. These include Gabor,
Fourier, wavelet, and time series analysis techniques. Each
of these techniques has applications in predictive maintenance, and each result in a level measurement that when
trended over time yields an indication of advancing wear in
a rotating machine. This paper provides a comparison of the
techniques using application examples.
06-1755
Josefsson, A., M. Magnevall, and K. Ahlin. Control algorithm for sine excitation on nonlinear systems. Proceedings
of the 24th International Modal Analysis Conference, St.
Louis, Missouri, United States: 148, Jan. 30Feb. 2, 2006
(www.sem.org).

540
KEYWORDS: algorithms, excitation, experimental tests,

nonlinear systems, resonance
A non-distorted force signal can be difficult to obtain when
measuring nonlinear structures or weak linear structures at
resonances; thus, a control algorithm is necessary. This work
presents theoretical methods that can be used to reduce the
distortion in the force signal. This can be achieved by creating
a multi-harmonic voltage signal with phase and amplitude
designed to decrease all higher harmonics or sub-harmonics
in the force signal. A control algorithm based on NewtonRaphsons method is applied; i.e., an iterative process is
used to find the correct voltage signal.
06-1756
Magnevall, M., A. Josefsson, and K. Ahlin. Experimental
verification of a control algorithm for nonlinear systems.
iiav.org).
KEYWORDS: algorithms, design, excitation, experimental
tests, nonlinear response
When using stepped-sine excitation in a conventional measurement setup, the actual force signal will be harmonically
distorted due to the nonlinearities. Therefore, a forced control algorithm was developed earlier in which the actual
voltage signal is designed to compensate for the nonlinearities in the force signal. This present work takes the first step
to verify that the control algorithm can be used in practical
applications.
06-1757
Qin, S., et al. Research of algorithm to compute rotating
speed spectral map of rotating machinery based on VWMFT.
and Vibration, Lisbon, Portugal: 85, July 1114, 2005
(jzwy97@163.com).
KEYWORDS: algorithms, Fourier transformation, mapping
techniques, rotating machinery
Based on the time-frequency analysis of the short-time Fourier
transformation, a new algorithm called the variable windowmove Fourier transformation (VWMFT) is put forward. The
variable rule relates to the rotating speed; therefore, this
algorithm is used to compute a spectral map of the rotating
machinery vibration signal. The principle and process of
this algorithm are narrated in detail.
Modal Analysis
06-1758
Allen, M.S., and J.H. Ginsberg. Floquet modal analysis to
detect cracks in a rotating shaft on anisotropic supports. Proceedings of the 24th International Modal Analysis Conference, St. Louis, Missouri, United States: 172, Jan. 30Feb. 2,
2006 (msalle@sandia.gov).
KEYWORDS: algorithms, bearings, crack detection, modal
analysis, rotors, shafts
Many systems can be approximated as linear with coefficients that vary periodically with time. However, the vast
majority of modal analysis algorithms and techniques apply

only to linear time invariant (LTI) systems. In this paper, two
methods are demonstrated by which the free response of a
periodically time varying system can be parameterized exactly
by an LTI system. The parameters of the LTI representation
can then be identified using standard techniques. The analysis techniques are demonstrated on a system representing a
rotor mounted on an anisotropic, flexible shaft, supported
by anisotropic bearings.
Nonlinear Analysis
06-1759
Hickey, D., et al. Bispectral analysis of a wing-pylon model
in order to identify nonlinear coupling. Proceedings of the
sem.org).
KEYWORDS: aircraft wings, modeling techniques, system
identification techniques
One of the main problems in nonlinear system identification
is that of high modal density. Many modeling schemes involve
making some expansion of the nonlinear restoring force in
terms of polynomial or other terms. If more than one degree of
freedom (DOF) is involved, this becomes a multivariate problem, and the number of candidate terms in the expansion grows
explosively with the order of nonlinearity and the number of
DOF. The object of this paper is to identify which modes couple in a nonlinear manner in order to reduce the number of
candidate coupling terms as much as possible. The method has
been applied previously to simple DOF systems with high
symmetry and has been shown to work well in this limited
case. The current paper considers a model of a continuous
wing-pylon model with reduced symmetry to assess the utility of the method in a more general situation.
06-1760
Pai, P.F., and J. Hu. Nonlinear vibration characterization by
signal decomposition. Proceedings of the 24th International
KEYWORDS: dynamic response, Hilbert transforms, nonlinear response, resonance
Methods are set forth for nonlinear vibration characterization
by decomposing dynamic responses using the Hilbert-Huang
transform (HHT) and a sliding-window fitting technique.
Numerical results show that HHT can be used for decomposing
nonlinear and nonstationary signals to reveal and estimate
nonlinear effects. Major nonlinear phenomena that can be
extracted from transient and/or steady-state dynamic responses
include quadratic, cubic, and higher-order nonlinearities, softening and hardening effects, intrawave amplitude- and phasemodulated motions, distorted harmonic responses under a
single-frequency harmonic excitation, interwave amplitudeand phase-modulated motions, and multiple-mode vibrations
caused by internal and external resonances.
06-1761
Prazenica, R.J., and A.J. Kurdila. Multiwavelet constructions and Volterra kernel identification. Nonlinear Dynamics

(The Netherlands) 43(3):277310, Feb. 2006 (www.kluweronline.nl).

KEYWORDS: nonlinear analysis, system identification techniques, Volterra series
The Volterra series is used commonly for the modeling
of nonlinear dynamic systems. In general, however, a large
number of terms are needed to represent Volterra kernels,
with the number of required terms increasing exponentially with the order of the kernel. Therefore, reducedorder kernel representations are needed to employ the Volterra series in engineering practice. This paper presents an
approach whereby multiwavelets are used to obtain loworder estimates of first-, second-, and third-order Volterra
kernels.
Numerical Methods
06-1762
Hanss, M., et al. Fuzzy analysis of actively damped piezoelectric structures with uncertainties. Proceedings of the 24th
KEYWORDS: damping, fuzzy logic, Kalman filter technique,
piezoelectricity
Undesired vibrations of flexible structures can be reduced by
actuating piezoelectric patches under closed-loop control.
Therefore, a linear quadratic regulator feedback concept in
combination with a Kalman filter for estimating the modal
states might be considered. A serious problem of this
approach, however, is the occurrence of control and observer
spillover, induced by non-modeled or uncertain dynamics. In
this paper, a special methodology based on fuzzy arithmetic
is applied to analyze and to quantify the effects of control
and observer spillover due to uncertainties, such as material
properties or patch location.
Parameter Identification Techniques
06-1763
Brincker, R., and P. Andersen. Understanding stochastic
subspace identification. Proceedings of the 24th International Modal Analysis Conference, St. Louis, Missouri,
KEYWORDS: mathematical models, modal analysis, subspace method
Data-driven stochastic subspace identification (SSI) techniques are the most efficient of the known identification
techniques for natural input modal analysis in the time
domain. However, the techniques involve several difficult
mathematical steps that are hard to understand even for people with a classical background in structural dynamics. In
addition, the connection to the classical correlation-driven
time domain techniques is not well established. The purpose
of this paper is to explain the different steps in the SSI techniques of importance for modal identification and to show
that most of the elements in the identification techniques
have simple counterparts in classical time domain techniques.
541
06-1764
Spottswood, S.M., and R.J. Allemang. Identifying nonlinear
parameters for reduced order models. Part I: An analytical
comparison. Proceedings of the 24th International Modal
KEYWORDS: aircraft, dynamic response, experimental data,
parameter identification techniques
Decades have been spent investigating the dynamic response
and untimely failures of aircraft structures, yet little work
has been accomplished towards developing practical nonlinear prediction tools. The aim of this paper and a companion
one is to present a novel means of assembling nonlinear
reduced order models using experimental data and an analytical basis. This Part I outlines a unique extension of the recently
introduced Nonlinear Identification through Feedback of the
Outputs method. The extension allows for a ready means of
identifying nonlinear parameters in reduced order space
using measured data. The nonlinear parameters are then used
in the assembly of reduced order models.
Sensitivity Analysis
06-1765
Helton, J.C. Uncertainty and sensitivity analysis for models
of complex systems. Proceedings of the 24th International
States: 182, Jan. 30Feb. 2, 2006 (jchelto@sandia.gov).
KEYWORDS: Monte Carlo method, nonlinear response,
sensitivity analysis
Sampling-based methods for uncertainty and sensitivity analysis are reviewed. The following topics are considered: definition of probability distributions to characterize epistemic
(Type B) uncertainty in analysis inputs, generation of samples from uncertain analysis inputs, propagation of sampled
inputs through an analysis, presentation of uncertainty analysis results, and determination of sensitivity analysis results.
06-1766
Rutherford, A.C., R.D. Maupin, and F.M. Hemez. Latin
hypercube sampling vs. metamodel Monte Carlo for propagating uncertainty through transient dynamics simulations.
KEYWORDS: finite element method, Monte Carlo method,
simulation
Two approaches are compared to propagate uncertainty
through the finite element simulation of transient dynamic
tests. The first approach is to generate a Latin hypercube sample of 55 computer runs, perform the numerical analyses,
and estimate the probability density functions (PDFs) directly
from the finite element results. The second approach is to
perform a design of computer experiments based on the same
number of runs, develop polynomial meta-models to fit the
55 predictions for each response feature as a function of the
11 inputs, and propagate Monte Carlo samples through the
meta-models, from which the PDFs can be estimated.

542
06-1767
Sallaberry, C.J., and J.C. Helton. An introduction to complete variance decomposition. Proceedings of the 24th International Modal Analysis Conference, St. Louis, Missouri,
United States: 183, Jan. 30Feb. 2, 2006 (cnsalla@sandia.gov).
KEYWORDS: computer programs, Fourier transformation,
sensitivity analysis
An introductory discussion of procedures for complete variance decomposition is given. Techniques based on the Sobol
variance decomposition and the Fourier Amplitude Sensitivity Test (FAST) are described and illustrated with a simple
highly nonmonotonic function. The variance decomposition
procedures are shown to perform successfully on the example function. In contrast, more traditional regression-based
procedures fail to identify adequately the effect of the individual arguments of this function.
Statistical Energy Analysis
06-1768
Botteon Rodrigues, A. SEA modeling for sound package
design: A correlation study for a morphed automotive SEA
model. Proceedings of the 34th International Conference
Brazil: 1903, August 710, 2005 (abotteon@gmail.com).
KEYWORDS: automobiles, design, experimental tests, noise
reduction, statistical energy analysis
The vehicle model in this work was built with the intent of
analyzing sound package design with engine, tailpipe, and
induction noise applied as load cases. For each load case,
measurements were performed in a similar vehicle, providing input data to the model. The results are compared to the
sound power level measured at the driver's outer ear during
the same experiment. The objective is to meet the targets for
interior noise, combining cost and efficiency. This paper
presents results from a vehicle statistical energy analysis
model morphed to a B-sized car by updating dimensions,
connections, and changing sound package parameters. A
good correlation level was achieved.
06-1769
Culla, A., and A. Sestieri. Is it possible to treat confidentially SEA the wolf in sheeps clothing? Mechanical Systems
and Signal Processing (United Kingdom) 20(6):13721399,
August 2006 (mssp@harcourt.com).
KEYWORDS: noise reduction, statistical energy analysis,
vibration control
The question of whether a particular vibroacoustic problem
can be solved efficiently with statistical energy analysis
(SEA) is addressed in this paper. Two cases are analyzed: a
simple vibroacoustic problem and a more complex system.
The measured energies are compared with the energies of an
equivalent SEA virtual prototype. It is shown that the mathematical hypotheses of SEA provide a significant a priori
evaluation of the SEA efficiency.
06-1770
Libardi, A.L., and P.S. Varoto. Determination of internal
and coupling loss factors of a box type structure using the
power injection method. Proceedings of the 34th International Conference and Exposition on Noise Control Engineering, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: 1894, August 710, 2005 (alibardi
@scusp.br).
KEYWORDS: plates, statistical energy analysis, vibration
analysis
Statistical energy analysis (SEA) is an efficient method for
investigating the transmission of noise and vibration at high
frequencies in coupled structures. This paper is focused on
the application of the power injection method (PIM), which
is the basis of experimental SEA. The PIM is applied to a boxtype structure, which consists of five plates, constituting five
subsystems. The method requires the excitation of all subsystems and the measurement of the corresponding power
input and energies. A statistical analysis of the experimentally obtained results is presented.
06-1771
Mori, A., et al. Noise reduction of laser printer using SEA
and FEM. Proceedings of the Twelfth International Congress
KEYWORDS: electronic equipment, finite element method,
noise reduction, printing, statistical energy analysis
High printing quality and fast printing speed are essential for
todays office machines. Recently, noise reduction has also
become important. In this study, statistical energy analysis is
applied to a laser beam printer to address the problem of
noise. A reduction of 4.1 decibels of the sound pressure level
is achieved.
System Identification Techniques
06-1772
Kerschen, G., et al. Toward a fundamental understanding of
the Hilbert-Huang transform in nonlinear structural dynamics. Proceedings of the 24th International Modal Analysis
Feb. 2, 2006 (g.kerschen@ulg.ac.be).
KEYWORDS: Hilbert transforms, nonlinear response, single-degree-of-freedom systems
The Hilbert-Huang transform (HHT) has been shown effective
for characterizing a wide range of nonstationary signals in
terms of elemental components through what has been called
the empirical mode decomposition (EMD). The HHT has been
utilized extensively despite the absence of a serious analytical
foundation, as it provides a concise basis for the analysis of
strongly nonlinear systems. This paper represents an attempt
to provide the missing link by showing the relationship
between the EMD and the slow-flow equations of the system.
06-1773
Mevel, L., and M. Goursat. Model validation by using a
damage detection test. Proceedings of the Twelfth International Congress on Sound and Vibration, Lisbon, Portugal:
107, July 1114, 2005 (www.iiav.org).
KEYWORDS: diagnostic tests, subspace method, system
identification techniques

In previous work, the authors showed how to derive damage

detection methods based on the subspace approach to monitor a slight deviation of the modal structure. In this current
paper, an innovative way to use the damage detection method
to assess information on the associated identification approach
is provided. The damage detection index allows one to obtain
a criterion whose minimum is an estimate of the true value.
MODELING TECHNIQUES
Finite Element Method
06-1774
Carvaho, J., et al. Finite element model updating: A closelook at the computational aspects of direct methods. Proceedings of the 24th International Modal Analysis Conference, St. Louis, Missouri, United States: 352, Jan. 30Feb.
KEYWORDS: beams, case histories, finite element method
This paper provides a close look at some of the computational
and engineering difficulties of the existing direct methods
for the finite element matrix model updating problem. Two
new methods for this problem are described, which seem to
overcome some of the drawbacks of the existing methods.
Examples and the results of a case study on a free-free rectangular beam are reported to demonstrate the advantages
and disadvantages of some of the methods under consideration.
06-1775
De Clerck, J.P., et al. Application of a statistical model validation approach to a sheet metal stamping. Proceedings of the
sem.org).
KEYWORDS: computer programs, design, finite element
method, natural frequencies
A statistical approach to the model validation process was
used in this study to determine predictive confidence bounds
for mass and natural frequency predictions from a finite element (FE) model of a sheet metal stamping. A computer
design of experiments, based on a set of 121 FE model runs
and field tests of six hardware samples, was designed and
conducted to capture performance measure sensitivity to the
variation parameters. Statistical measures were used to compare distributions of computer model and field outputs. Ultimately, confidence bounds for the specified performance
parameters were computed.
543
Detecting acoustic hot spots in closed interiors is a difficult

procedure. Current sound intensity measurements are conducted over the complete surface to detect hot spots where
sound is transmitted into the cabin. Since this method is highly
ineffective, different solution approaches have been proposed, for example acoustic holography, the inverse boundary element method, and the inverse finite element method.
As all these methods use mathematical tools for the reconstruction of the sound field, the problem is ill posed. These
methods need regularization techniques to find an acceptable solution, and more information is needed about the calculated system. In this paper, the additional information for
the regularization is achieved by smoothing the measurement
data before starting the inverse calculation.
06-1777
Hernandez, E.M., and D. Bernal. An observer-based approach
for model updating. Proceedings of the 24th International
KEYWORDS: damping, dynamic response, finite element
method
An iterative technique for finite element model updating is
reported. The technique operates under the assumptions that
the system is linear, discrepancies between measurements and
model predictions are mainly due to errors in the parameters
defining the stiffness and damping characteristics, and the
stiffness and damping matrices can be defined as linear combinations of scaled elemental matrices. The method is shown
to produce correct values for all stiffness parameters in a tendegree-of-freedom structure where only three degrees of
freedom are instrumented.
06-1778
Horta, L.G., M.C. Reaves, and J.-S. Lew. A procedure for
static and dynamic model update of finite element models:
Application to an inflated/rigidized torus. Proceedings of the
sem.org).
KEYWORDS: algorithms, finite element method, least squares
method
A model updating procedure that uses parameter uncertainty
propagation to evaluate the likelihood that a parameter set
exists is presented. To provide the data to demonstrate the
updating procedure, static and dynamic tests are conducted
using an inflated/rigid torus structure. Details on testing,
analysis, computational tools, uncertainty bounds, and updating results are all presented.
06-1776
Drenckhan, J., and D. Sachau. Influence of smoothing to the
inverse finite element method for acoustic hot-spot identification. Proceedings of the 34th International Conference
and Exposition on Noise Control Engineering, Rio de
Janeiro, Brazil: 2082, August 710, 2005 (drenckhan@hsuhh.de).
06-1779
Kaczmarczyk, L., and Z. Waszczyszyn. Neural procedures
for the hybrid FEM/NN analysis of elastoplastic plates. Computer Assisted Mechanics and Engineering Sciences (Poland)
12(23):379391, 2005 (cames@ippt.gov.pl).
KEYWORDS: data acquisition, finite element method, numerical methods
A neural procedure was formulated previously as a back

propagation neural network (BPNN) for the simulation of a
KEYWORDS: algorithms, artificial neural networks, finite

element method, plates, simulation

544
generalized return-mapping algorithm. This procedure was

found to be too large to make a corresponding hybrid finite
element method/BPNN efficient numerically. Therefore, two
new procedures are formulated. Their efficiency as related
to the number of computer operations and CPU time is presented.
nated structures, whose sensitivity to detect damage is far

greater than can be obtained by linear treatment. An inverse
method based on the numerical simulation of nonlinear resonant vibrations of delaminated structures is addressed to
provide a reliable technique for nondestructive damage assessment involving the global character.
06-1780
Magluta, C., et al. Model updating through errors minimization between frequency response functions. Proceedings of
06-1783
Pirka, R., et al. FEM/FEM versus FEM/BEM vibro-acoustic
coupling techniques applied to the Brazilian Vehicle Satellite Launcher (VLS) fairing problem: Advantages and drawbacks. Proceedings of the 34th International Conference and
Brazil: 1372, August 710, 2005 (rogerio.pirk@iae.cta.br).
KEYWORDS: algorithms, finite element method, frequency

response function
To analyze operating structures, it is essential to have numerical models that faithfully represent the structural behavior.
This work presents a methodology for structural model
updating by minimizing the errors between experimental
and numerical frequency response functions. The developed
system is based on the genetic algorithm optimization technique. To illustrate the techniques efficiency, the method is
applied to a simple structure.
06-1781
McNelis, M.E., et al. NASA modal model correlation of the
ISS combustion integrated rack. Proceedings of the 24th
org).
KEYWORDS: experimental data, finite element method,
simulation, space structures
To increase confidence in finite element (FE) models and
the results from FE simulations, the analytical models that are
used for static and dynamic analysis are often verified by
test data. Often there are differences between the physical
structure and the analytical model, and a correlation effort is
undertaken to update properties of the FEM to match the
test responses better. This paper is a presentation of the correlation of the Combustion Integrated Rack, which is a science laboratory on the International Space Station.
06-1782
Mller, I., J. Schmidt, and P. Vielsack. Parametric updating
of non-smooth FE-models for nonlinear vibration-based
damage identification. Proceedings of the Twelfth International Congress on Sound and Vibration, Lisbon, Portugal:
139, July 1114, 2005 (imueller@ifm.uni-karlsruhe.de).
KEYWORDS: beams, diagnostic techniques, finite element
method, nonlinear response, oscillation, simulation, vibration
analysis
Oscillation properties of delaminated structures are dominated
by strongly nonlinear phenomena arising from unilateral constraints and impact-like contacts along the interface of the
debonded zone. The aim of this contribution is to establish
nonlinear experimental analysis as a framework for nondestructive vibration-based detection of delamination. The
emphasis lies on the phenomenology of the damage behavior
as it relates to the measurable nonlinear response of delami-
KEYWORDS: boundary element method, finite element

method, launchers, satellites
Low-frequency coupling techniques, or deterministic coupling
techniques, were used to calculate the Brazilian Satellite
Launcher Vehicle (VLS) fairing behavior. The finite element
(FEM)/fluid FEM technique and structural FEM/fluid boundary element method were applied to model the fairing body
and its acoustic cavity. Calculations were done, which yielded
the low-frequency acoustic cavity as well as the skin responses.
This paper describes the applied procedures to build up the
vibro-acoustic models of the VLS. The obtained results are
described; a comparison between the techniques is presented.
06-1784
Salvini, P., and F. Vivio. Master D.O.F.s choice for new
approaches to condense mass matrix. Proceedings of the
Twelfth International Congress on Sound and Vibration, Lisbon, Portugal: 135, July 1114, 2005 (salvini@uniroma2.
it).
KEYWORDS: dynamic analysis, finite element method,
Guyan reduction method
Minimizing the total number of degrees of freedom (DOF)
in a dynamic analysis is often essential to reduce the computation time. The authors have developed a new criterion based
on two actions: the conservation of global inertia properties
of the structure after condensation and the use of spread
stiffness matrices to compute mass condensation. It is demonstrated that this new reduction can be very efficient for
brick modeled finite element structures, but the optimal
choice may not coincide with the simple criterion generally
used in Guyan reduction. Moreover, any criterion for sequence
choice of DOF should take into consideration the difficulties
of applying it to the whole model. The question is discussed
with examples.
06-1785
Santana, D.C., et al. Finite element analysis of shunted piezoceramics for passive vibration control. Proceedings of the
34th International Conference and Exposition on Noise Control Engineering, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: 1546, August 710,
2005 (dcsantana@mecanica.ufu.br).
KEYWORDS: finite element method, piezoelectricity, plates,
simulation, vibration analysis, vibration control

The finite element (FE) modeling of vibrating structures

combined with piezoelectric materials and passive electric
circuits (shunt circuits) is addressed, with emphasis on the
analysis of two circuit topologies: resistive shunts and resistive inductive shunts. The underlying formulation is presented
and some numerical simulations using commercial FE software are performed considering a free-free square plate and
a complex piezoelectric vibrating beam accelerometer cell
for which some target vibration modes must be attenuated.
Results are presented and evaluated in terms of the vibration
attenuation attained in each case analyzed.
06-1786
Schwarz, B., and M. Richardson. Using FEA modes to scale
experimental mode shapes. Proceedings of the 24th International Modal Analysis Conference, St. Louis, Missouri, United
KEYWORDS: finite element method, modal tests, mode
shapes, scaling techniques
It is shown how analytical mode shapes obtained from finite
element analysis can be used to scale experimental mode
shapes. It is also shown that analytical models having relatively few finite elements can yield mode shapes that correlate well with experimental shapes and are therefore adequate
for scaling the experimental shapes. A straightforward least
squared error method is introduced for scaling the experimental shapes.
545
number of design parameters is less than the number of

modes to be measured. When the number of design parameters is much greater than the number of tested modes, a
combination of natural frequencies and the information of
eigenvectors on DOF is significantly helpful for model updating. These examples indicate the feasibility of applications
in large FE model updating using natural frequencies and a
large number of DOF simultaneously.
06-1789
Zang, C., G. Chen, and D.J. Ewins. A review of advances in
developments in FE model validation. Proceedings of the
Twelfth International Congress on Sound and Vibration, Lisbon, Portugal: 112, July 1114, 2005 (c.zang@imperial.ac.uk).
KEYWORDS: experimental tests, finite element method,
modal tests
A review of current developments of the finite element (FE)
model validation process, especially on the virtual testing
and model updating stages, is provided. Virtual testing for
structural dynamics uses a representative mathematical model
to conduct a rehearsal of test configuration, test setup, and
corresponding modal test and analysis in a numerical simulation of a proposed test before any actual testing is carried
out. Test strategy and test planning are two major steps in
virtual testing and are reviewed in this paper.
General Modeling
06-1787
Yardimoglu, B. Vibration analysis of rotating tapered
Timoshenko beams by a new finite element model. Shock
and Vibration (United States) 13(2):117126, 2006 (dinman
@vt.edu).
06-1790
El-Raheb, M. Transient waves in a compliant cylindrical
cavity enclosing comminuted material. Journal of Sound and
Vibration (United Kingdom) 293(1,2):320334, May 30,
KEYWORDS: beams, computer programs, finite element

method, vibration analysis
KEYWORDS: ceramics, crack propagation, finite difference

technique, impact response, modeling techniques, superposition method
A new finite element (FE) model is developed and used for

the transverse vibrations of tapered Timoshenko beams with
a rectangular cross section. The new model can also be used
for uniform beams. The new FE method is based on the coupled displacement field incorporating the taper functions of
breadth and depth of the rectangular cross-sectioned Timoshenko beams. This procedure reduces the number of nodal
variables.
06-1788
Zang, C., G. Chen, and D.J. Ewins. Finite element model
updating with modal data. Proceedings of the Twelfth International Congress on Sound and Vibration, Lisbon, Portugal:
113, July 1114, 2005 (c.zang@imperial.ac.uk).
KEYWORDS: design, experimental data, finite element
method, natural frequencies, plates
The optimum selection of measurement degrees of freedom
(DOF) for model updating with multiple design parameters
is addressed. Cases in which the number of design parameters is either less than, or greater than, the number of modes
tested in the measurements is simulated using a finite element (FE) model of a plate structure. Results show that the
discrepancies between the FE model to be updated and the
experimental data can be reduced dramatically when the
In ballistic events of metal projectiles striking ceramic tiles,

the shock generated at the interface of the projectile and tile
yields the projectile and starts the propagation of cracks
into the brittle ceramic material. In this study, an acoustic
model is presented for analyzing transient waves from
impact on a mass of confined comminuted material. Two
approaches are considered: a modal approach utilizing the
static-dynamic superposition method and a finite difference
approach.
06-1791
Napolitano, K., and R. Rietz. Using FRF interpolation to
help separate closely spaced modes. Proceedings of the 24th
KEYWORDS: frequency response function, modeling techniques, space structures
Multiple reference mode indicator functions are used often
to identify the number of closely spaced modes within a narrow frequency range. However, in some instances modes are
spaced so tightly that it becomes difficult to interpret the
mode indicator functions to determine the true number of
modes. This paper shows that by calculating the multivariate

546
mode indicator function (MMIF) using interpolated frequency

response functions (FRF) that estimate the FRF between
measured frequencies, the MMIF can be interpreted more
easily. Furthermore, this paper describes the use of mode
enhancement and spatial filtering to extract closely spaced
modal parameters.
06-1792
Pei, J.-S., and E.C. Mai. Neural network initialization for
modeling nonlinear functions in engineering mechanics.
KEYWORDS: artificial neural networks, design, feedforward control, modeling techniques
A heuristic methodology is introduced for designing multilayer feedforward neural networks to be used in modeling
nonlinear functions in engineering mechanics applications.
A perfect way to decide an appropriate architecture and assign
initial values to start neural network training has yet to be
established. This might be because such a challenging issue
can only be properly addressed by looking into the features
of the function to be approximated. In this paper, the focus
is given to several significant domain function approximation problems to illustrate the usefulness and efficiency of
the proposed methodology.
06-1793
Rizos, D.C., and S. Zhou. An advanced direct time domain
BEM for 3-D wave propagation in acoustic media. Journal
KEYWORDS: boundary element method, excitation, time
domain method, wave propagation
A new boundary element method in the direct time domain
is reported for the solution of the wave propagation problem
in three-dimensional homogeneous inviscid acoustic media.
The methodology is based on the impulse response technique. To this end, the fundamental solutions associated with
the boundary integral equation are derived for concentrated
sources of higher order B-spline time modulation. High-order
spatial discretization is adopted. The solution is obtained in
two major steps. The method is shown to be stable regardless of the selection of the analysis time step as opposed to
techniques reported in the literature.
06-1794
Santos, P., M.D. Magalhaes, and A. Tadeu. Predicting direct
sound transmission between two acoustic spaces at low
frequencies. Proceedings of the 34th International Conference and Exposition on Noise Control Engineering, Rio
de Janeiro, Brazil: 1453, August 710, 2005 (pfsantos@dec.
uc.pt).
KEYWORDS: boundary element method, component mode
synthesis, frequency response, noise prediction, noise reduction
A two-dimensional boundary element method (BEM) model

was developed to investigate the sound transmission characteristics of two acoustic-structural coupled volumes. The
model was developed to predict the sound pressure in each
acoustic space as well as to reduce noise. The paper compares
the results obtained using the BEM model with those using
other methods; e.g., component mode synthesis, which can
replicate the boundary conditions at the interface between
acoustic volumes. The BEM model shows fair agreement when
compared with previously published results. The results also
show the effect of the structural and acoustic modes included
in the calculated frequency response and the coupling effect
between the acoustic volumes.
06-1795
Urbina, A., T.L. Paez, and D.O. Smallwood. A hierarchy of
validation measures for structural dynamics. Proceedings of
the 24th International Modal Analysis Conference, St. Louis,
sem.org).
KEYWORDS: frequency response function, Karhunen-Love
method, mathematical models, shock response, wavelet transform
In recent years, several methods have been developed for
validating mathematical models of physical systems. In this
paper, some of the standard measures of structural dynamic
response are studied and compared. Specifically considered
are the shock response spectrum, the frequency response function, the harmonic wavelet transform, and the KarhunenLove method. The hierarchy is demonstrated for a specific
physical system.
Substructuring Techniques
06-1796
Carne, T.G., and C.R. Dohrmann. Improving experimental
frequency response function matrices for admittance modeling. Proceedings of the 24th International Modal Analysis
Conference, St. Louis, Missouri, United States: 316, Jan.
KEYWORDS: frequency response function, modeling techniques, substructuring techniques
Admittance modeling is a process of coupling substructures
using the frequency response function (FRF) matrices associated with the individual substructures. These FRF matrices
describe the structural dynamic character of the substructures
at their interfaces and other points of interest. One desirable
feature of admittance modeling is that the FRFs can be derived
from either measured data or analytical models. In this paper,
it is shown that measurement-based FRF matrices can have
small hidden anomalies. Although they are not observable
until coupled to another system, they can affect the FRFs of
the combined system drastically. These anomalies arise due to
measurement noise and subsequent mathematical processing
of the FRFs. A filter has been developed that removes these
hidden anomalies automatically, creating a well-behaved
system, while minimally affecting the FRF matrices.

DESIGN
06-1797
Shi, J. Impact response simulation using transient analysis.
KEYWORDS: design, finite element method, noise reduction
To reduce impact noise in a complex and multibody system,
the conventional design-build-test process is costly and slows
identifying, evaluating, and developing design solutions.
This paper presents a numerical prediction methodology based
on transient structural and acoustic analyses. It is a costeffective and fast turnaround alternative to minimize impact
noise. An example is shown to correlate with test measurement, and then the example is applied to evaluate several
design iterations. Improvements for mitigating impact noise
are also discussed.
06-1798
Sun, Z., et al. Manufacturing tolerances and axle system
NVH performance. S/V, Sound and Vibration (United States)
40(4):1219, April 2006 (sv@mindspring.com).
KEYWORDS: computer programs, design, finite element
method, noise reduction, simulation, vehicles, vibration control
A study of axle system noise, vibration, and harshness performance using Design for Six Sigma methods is presented.
The focus is on system robustness to typical product variations, such as manufacturing-based tolerances. Instead of
using finite element analysis for the simulation, a lumped
parameter system dynamics model developed in MATLAB/
Simulink is used. This provides an efficient way to conduct
large analytical design of experiment and stochastic studies.
547
CRITERIA, STANDARDS, AND

SPECIFICATIONS
06-1799
Fodiman, P., and M. Staiger. Improvement of the noise
technical specifications for interoperability: The input of the
NOEMIE Project. Journal of Sound and Vibration (United
Kingdom) 293(35):475484, June 13, 2006 (www.idealibrary.com).
KEYWORDS: acoustic emission, measurement techniques,
rail vehicles, standards and codes, tracks, vibration response
The NOEMIE (Noise Emission Measurements for High-Speed
Interoperability in Europe) test campaign was launched to
provide trackside noise emission values for several highspeed trains at speeds up to 320 kilometers per hour. Several
existing tracks in five European countries were used for the
study and were compared with the reference-track definitions. A new measurement method, based on rail roughness
and track vibration response, has been developed, leading to
an improved common reference-track definition.
06-1800
Ohta, A., et al. Development of primary calibration system
for vibration acceleration standard extending to higher frequency range. Proceedings of the Twelfth International
July 1114, 2005 (www.iiav.org).
KEYWORDS: accelerometers, calibrating, instrumentation,
shakers, standards and codes
A new primary calibration system for extending the vibration acceleration standard at the National Metrology Institute
of Japan to the calibration frequency range up to 10 kilohertz
is outlined. Two types of shakers and two types of interferometers with a multifold optical path are discussed as fundamental components for extending the frequency range.


Shock and Vibration Digest

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Shock and Vibration Digest

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

The Shock and Vibration Digest

Abstracts from the Current Literature

Downloaded from http://svd.sagepub.com by on November 26, 2007

Abstracts from the Current Literature

into account the three different output signals available; i.e.,

KEYWORDS: computer programs, modeling techniques,

KEYWORDS: bars, diagnostic techniques, failure detection,

A model for the vibration analysis of a drum-type washing

Downloaded from http://svd.sagepub.com by on November 26, 2007

The Shock and Vibration Digest / November 2006

Downloaded from http://svd.sagepub.com by on November 26, 2007

ABSTRACTS FROM THE CURRENT LITERATURE

Virginia, United States: 425434, April 36, 2006 (fmdiscenzo@ra.rockwell.com).

dynamic forces transmitted through the resilient mounts and

Downloaded from http://svd.sagepub.com by on November 26, 2007

The Shock and Vibration Digest / November 2006

with a basic review and proceeds to the details necessary to

nostics. Proceedings of the 60th Meeting of the Society for

KEYWORDS: algorithms, excitation, modal analysis, resonance

KEYWORDS: dynamic analysis, reciprocating machinery,

A new order-based method, which has been developed to

When analyzing the behavior of rotating or reciprocating

Downloaded from http://svd.sagepub.com by on November 26, 2007

ABSTRACTS FROM THE CURRENT LITERATURE

Downloaded from http://svd.sagepub.com by on November 26, 2007

The Shock and Vibration Digest / November 2006

The dynamic-based assessment of four reinforced concrete

It has been recognized recently that ground vibration occurs

KEYWORDS: bridges, dampers, natural frequencies, roads,

KEYWORDS: bridges, cable-stayed structures, excitation,

Downloaded from http://svd.sagepub.com by on November 26, 2007

ABSTRACTS FROM THE CURRENT LITERATURE

large number of cables typical on each bridge, this process

KEYWORDS: boundary element method, buildings, noise

KEYWORDS: accelerometers, buildings, modal analysis,

The prediction of the sound field in cavities surrounded by

During a concert at the City of Manchester Stadium in the

Downloaded from http://svd.sagepub.com by on November 26, 2007

The Shock and Vibration Digest / November 2006

stochastic subspace method, and special attention is paid to

The application of three output-only modal identification

Downloaded from http://svd.sagepub.com by on November 26, 2007

ABSTRACTS FROM THE CURRENT LITERATURE

Downloaded from http://svd.sagepub.com by on November 26, 2007

The Shock and Vibration Digest / November 2006

abnormal conditions by producing an error log. This paper

Downloaded from http://svd.sagepub.com by on November 26, 2007

ABSTRACTS FROM THE CURRENT LITERATURE

It is demonstrated that MCS is effective in improving the

tics are presented. The algorithms were developed based on

Downloaded from http://svd.sagepub.com by on November 26, 2007

The Shock and Vibration Digest / November 2006

mass transit sites. Reductions in A-weighted noise ranging

Downloaded from http://svd.sagepub.com by on November 26, 2007

ABSTRACTS FROM THE CURRENT LITERATURE

taneous train speeds are compared to corresponding constant train speeds.

Modal Analysis Conference, St. Louis, Missouri, United

This is the second of a series of three papers dealing with

KEYWORDS: damping, microphones, noise reduction, rail

Downloaded from http://svd.sagepub.com by on November 26, 2007

The Shock and Vibration Digest / November 2006

and Vibration (United Kingdom) 293(35):691700, June 13,

KEYWORDS: friction, seals, squeal, vehicles, wave propagation, windows

KEYWORDS: axial force, noise reduction, roads, tires, vibration characteristics