GEOLOGY

Geology is the study of the

earth, its processes, its
materials, its history, and its
effects on humans and life in
general.

Crust
Mantle

Crust
Crust

Mantle
Nucleus
core

Internal
parts of
the
Earth.

Mantle

Nucleus core

Concepts:
Rock:
Its a lump or mass of hard
consolidated mineral matter.
Sedimentation:
The phenomenon of sediment or
gravel accumulating.

Sediment:
Particles that form a sedimentary
rock by accumulating.

Erosion:
Is the process by which
material is removed from a one
place to another.

Agent of erosion:
wind, moving water, moving ice
and gravity.

TYPES OF
ROCKS

Igneous rocks:
Are called fire rocks and are
formed either underground or
above the ground.
They are formed when
volcanoes erupt causing the
magma to rise above the
Earth surface, this lava form
them when its cold.

volcano

DIORITE
Light, peppered with
white (Phanerictic
and intrusive)

ANDESITE
Grey, with black
and white flecks

GRANITE
PORPHYRY
Pink and Grey
(Porphyritic and
intrusive)

RHYDILE
Light, sandy and
pinkish (Aphanitic
and extrusive)

IGNEOUS
ROCKS

GRANITE
Light, colored
(Phanerictic and
intrusive)

DUNITE
Green, rock form
of olive
(Phanerictic and
intrusive)

PUMICE
Tan and Gray, small
pores (Vesicular and
extrusive)

SCORIA
Almost back, bubbly
(Vesicular and
extrusive)

GABBRO
Darker, fewer
white spots
(Phanerictic and
intrusive)
PEGMATITE
Large, white
crystals
(Phanerictic and
intrusive)

BASAT
Dark, black

OBSIDIAN
Glassy, red and
black

DIORITE

Metamorphic rocks:
Its the transformation of an
existing rock type, in a
process called metamorphism
which means change in form.
These rocks were once
igneous or sedimentary rocks.

The rocks are under tons of

pressure and this causes them
to change.
They are subjected to high
pressures (about 1,500 bar),
high temperatures (between
150 and 200 C) or a working
fluid that causes changes in
the rock composition,
adding new substances to it.

Metamorphic rocks are

classified according to
their physicochemical properties.
Metamorphic rocks are classified
in two kinds according with their
textures: foliated and non
foliated.

 Foliated texture:
Some of them are
the slate (breaking
are obtained
sheets) the shale
(breaks easily), and
gneiss (composed
of light and
dark minerals).

 Non foliated texture:

Some of them
are marble (crystalline
appearance and are
formed by
metamorphism of
limestone and
dolomite), quartzite
(is white but can be
changed by impurities)

QUARTIZITE
White, tan , or reddishbrown, granny
(Non.foliated).

METACONGLOMERATE
White quartz crystals
handing together gray
particles (Non- foliated)

SLATE
Layered, dark
gray / black ,
flat (Foliated)

METAMORPHIC
ROCKS
TWO TEXTURES
FOLICITED AND
NONFOCILIATED

PHYLLITE
Brown/ orangish
sheen of mica
particles (Foliated)

SCHIST
Glittery mica
(Foliated)

GNEISS
Black and white
layering, slight glitter
(Foliated)

MARBLE
Pink, but not
always (Nonfoliated)

Sedimentary rocks:

Its a type of rock formed by

sedimentation of material at
the Earth surface and within
bodies of water.
They may be formed on the
banks of rivers, deep ravines,
valleys, lakes, seas, and at the
mouths of rivers. Are arranged
in layers or strata.

sedimentary rocks are rocks formed

by accumulation of sediment,
subjected to physical and chemical
processes (diagenesis), result
in more or less consolidated
material of a certain consistency.

FOSSILIFEROU
S LIMESTONE
Full of fossils
(Non- clastic)

QUARTZ- PEBBLE
(Conglomerate)
Milky white pebbles
(Clastic)

CHERT
Multicolor,
possibly swirl
(Non-clastic)

OOLITIC
LIMESTONE
Off color grains
EEW (Noncalstic)

SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
TWO TEXTURES, CLASTIC
AND NON-CLASTIC

ARKOSE
20% pink feldspar
(Clastic)

SANDSTONE
Red , brow, or tan,
sandy looking
(Clastic)

SHALE
Gray and flat
(Clastic)

COAL
Black, akin to
charcoal
(Non.clastic)

DOLOSTONE
Mostly uniform in
color, smooth
(Non-clastic)

COQUINA
Little shell
fragments
(Non clastic)

The fundamental division

of sedimentary rocks is done
taking into account the
predominant form of deposit or
sediment occurs:

1. Detrital: in that
sedimentation takes
place by decreasing
energy transportable
agent. The sediment is
called Detrital or Clastic.

2. Chemicals: the deposition is

produced either by
concentration, such as
evaporation of solvent or super
saturation of the solution or
by precipitation, which occurs
when a chemical reaction with
formation of insoluble. In this
case the deposit is
called chemical.

3. Organic: when they

accumulate in the
sedimentation plant or
animal remains, producing
an organic deposit.

BASALT

Compiled Material by:

Architect
Carlos Eduardo Osorio Villabona