Bending Response of FGM Plate Under Sinusoidal Line Load.

IPASJ International Journal of Mechanical Engineering (IIJME)
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ISSN 2321-6441
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Volume 4, Issue 3, March 2016
Bending response of FGM plate under sinusoidal

Line Load.
Rahul Kumar1, Dhaneshwar Mahto1, Jeeoot Singh1*
1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, B.I.T., Mesra, Ranchi

*Corresponding Author
ABSTRACT
Functionally graded materials plate made of alumina and aluminum is considered for the analysis. The governing differ
equation of the plate is obtained using energy principle. Multiquadric radial basic function is applied for discreatization of the
equation. The MATLAB code is developed to find out the solution. Effect of gradation index, span to thickness ratio on
deflection moments and stresses are carried out under sinusoidal line load .The present results are new and may be used for
validation in future.
Keywords: FGM, plates, Meshless method, MQ RBF, bending, line load.
1. INTRODUCTION
The increasing importance of functionally graded material (FGM) composite structures in many industries and
engineering applications has resulted in the demand for more information on their behaviour. Studies involving the
flexure response of FGMs structures have received the central attention for many researches in last few years. FGMs
the non homogenous materials, which are commonly made of metal and ceramic, possess two main properties strength
and thermal resistance. These unique characteristics make FGM more emerging composite materials in the field of
engineering applications. Over the last few decades many researchers lighted on the flexural response of functionally
graded materials (FGM) plates by applying different plate theories and many solving technique. Praveen et al. [1]
investigated the static and dynamic responses of the common FG ceramic-metal plate considering the transverse shear
deformation and rotary inertia in the Von-Karman. The finite element method was used and effect of imposed
temperature field on the response of the FG plate was mentioned in detail. Ferreira [2] used meshless method with first
order shear deformation theory (FSDT) for a global collocation method for Natural frequencies of FG plates. Finite
element formulation for the dynamic thermoelastic responses of functionally graded cylinders and plates was
introduced by Reddy [3] applying the first-order shear deformation plate theory. Tran et al. [4] introduced a
formulation based on the isogeometric approach and using the HDST to examine the behavior of FGM plates. Static,
dynamic and buckling behaviour of rectangular and circular plates considering different boundary conditions was
examined by him Reddy[5] carried a theoretical formulation based on Navier's solutions of rectangular plates using
third-order shear deformation theory (TSDT) assuming the dual-phase materials isotropic and. The RBF methods
depend on the geometrical distance between two points with user-defined shape parameter. The value of this parameter
not only defines the RBFs but also may make the resulting algebraic problem with good quality solutions. The
numerical solution of partial differential equations (PDEs) is traditionally found by finite element methods, finite
volume methods or finite difference methods. The radial based functions (RBFs) were first used by Hardy [6] for the
interpolation of geographical scattered data and then Kansa [7] applied for the solution of solutions to parabolic,
hyperbolic and elliptic partial differential equations. (PDEs). Fasshauer, G. E [8] carried partial differential equations
by collocation (RBFs) and multiresolution methods. Ferreira [9] carried the analysis of laminated composite plates
using multiquadric radial basis function. In the present paper, the flexural response of functionally graded plates using
multiquadric radial basis function is presented. Functionally graded plates with simply supported boundary conditions
and line load subjected to sinusoidal transverse pressure are analyzed.
2. MATHEMATICAL FORMULATION
A rectangular shape plate of edge length a, b along x, y axes respectively and thickness h is the thickness along z axis
whose mid plane is coinciding with x-y plane of the coordinate system is considered. The diagram of rectangular
shaped functionally graded material (FGM) plate in rectangular coordinate system is shown in Figure 1.
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ISSN 2321-6441
Fig 1. Geometry of rectangular FGM plate in rectangular coordinate system

The homogenization technique considered in this work is the law of mixtures, which provides the following elastic
properties at each material layer. The top surface of the plate is ceramic rich and the bottom surface is metal rich.
2z h
Vc ( z )
2h
(1)
Where n is exponent governing the material properties along the thickness direction known as volume fraction
exponent or grading index,
The volume fraction of the metal phase is obtained by
Vm ( z) 1 Vc ( z )
(2)
The material property gradation through the thickness of the plate is assumed to have the following form
The displacement field at any point in the plate made up of uniform thickness is expressed as:
u z ( x, y ) z
5

z3 x ( x, y)
ux ( x, y ) z
2
x
4
3
h
U x
u z ( x, y ) z
5

3
U
u
(
x
,
y
)
(
x
,
y
)
y y
4 3 h 2
y
U z u x , y
(3)
The constitutive stress-strain relations for any FGM plate are expressed as:
n
2z h
E ( z ) Ec Em
Em
2h
(4)
Here E denote the modulus of elasticity of FGM structure, while these parameters come with subscript m or c represent
the material properties for pure metal and pure ceramic plate respectively., h is the thickness of the plate, Em and Ec are
the corresponding Youngs modulus of elasticity of metal and ceramic and z is the thickness coordinate.
xx Q
0
0
0 xx
11 Q12

0
0 yy
yy Q12 Q22 0

0 Q66 0
0 xy
xy 0
0
0
0 Q44 0 yz
yz

0
0
0
0
Q
55 zx
zx
Where, the parameters
Q ij are the stiffness coefficients and are expressed in terms of elastics constants as:
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ISSN 2321-6441
Q11 Q22
1 2
Q12
1 2
, Q 44 Q55 Q66 G
The governing differential equations of plate are obtained using energy equation, in mathematical form it is expressed
as:
t2
U V dt 0
(5)
t1
Where,, U = Strain energy

V = workdone due to transverse load
The strain energy of the plate due to internal stress resultants is expressed as:
1
xx xx yy yy xy xy yz yz xz xz dxdydz
2 Volume
u z q z dxdy
(6)
(7)
Area
The governing differential equations of plate are obtained using Hamiltons principle and expressed as :
N xx N xy
0
x
y
N xy N yy
0
x
y
2
2 M xy
2 M xx M yy
2
qz 0
x 2
y 2
xy
M xyf
M xxf
Q xf 0
x
y
M xyf
x
f
yy
(8)
Q yf 0
The force and moment resultants in the plate and plate stiffness coefficients are expressed as:
h/2
Nij , Mij , M ijf
5
1
(i j , zi j , z. 2 z 2 i j ) dz
4 3h
h/2
(9)
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ISSN 2321-6441

h/2
Q fx , Q fy
xz ,
yz
h/2
z
5 3
4 2 z
3h
dz

z
(10)
1 5 2
1 5 2 1 5 2
2
Q
(
z
)
1,
z
,
z
,z.
z
,
z
z.
z
,z.
4 3h2
4 3h2 4 3h2 dz

h/2
h/2
Aij , Bij , Dij , Eij , Fij , Hij
(11)
i, j = 1, 2, 6
2
z
5 3
z
h /2

2

4 3h
dz
Aij
Q
(
z
)
z
h /2
i, j = 4, 5
(12)
2z h
m
where, Q ( z ) Qijc Qijm
Qij
2
h
The boundary conditions for an arbitrary edge with simply supported conditions are as follows:
x 0, a : u y 0; y 0; uz 0; M xx 0; N xx 0
y 0, b : ux 0; x 0; uz 0; M yy 0; N yy 0
3. SOLUTION METHODOLOGY
The governing differential equations (8) are expressed in terms of displacement functions. Radial basis function based
formulation works on the principle of interpolation of scattered data over entire domain. A 2D rectangular domain
having NB boundary nodes and ND interior nodes is shown in Figure-2.
1
Interior Domain Nodes (NI)
Boundary Nodes(NB)
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
Fig 2. An arbitrary two dimensional domains

The variable u x , u y , u z , x , y can be interpolated in form of radial distance between nodes. The solution of the linear
governing differential equations (8) is assumed in terms of multiquadric radial basis function for nodes 1:N, as;
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ISSN 2321-6441

N
ux , u y , u z , x , y ( uj x , j y , uj z , j x , j y ) g X X j , m, c
j 1
Where, N is total numbers of nodes which is equal to summation of boundary nodes NB and domain interior nodes
ND. g
XX
, m, c
is
multiquadric
radial
basis
function
expressed
as g r c
, ( j x , j y , j z , j x , j y ) are unknown coefficients. X X j is the radial distance between two nodes.

Where, r X X j
x xj y y j
and m ,c are shape parameter. The value of 'm' and 'c' taken here is 0.5
and 1.3/(N)0.25.
4. COMPUTATION AND DISCUSSION OF RESULTS:

The study here has been focused on the flexural response of simply supported square functionally graded plates under
line transverse loads. A RBF based meshless code in MATLAB 2013 is developed. Several examples have been
analyzed and the computed results are compared. Based on convergence study, a 1515 node is used throughout the
study. The material properties of FGMs have been taken as follows:
Ceramic Ec 151GPa, c 0.3 Aluminum (Al) Em 70 GPa, m 0.3
In order to show the accuracy and efficiency of the present solution methodology, detailed convergence studies for
simply supported FGM plate (a/h=20) is carried out. The convergences of the deflection are shown in Fig. 3. It can be
seen that convergence achieved is within 1 % at 1515 nodes.
0.05
0.04
0.03
w
0.02
Present
Jeeoot Singh[10]
0.01
0.00
5x5
7x7
9x9
11x11
13x13
15x15
Number of Nodes
Fig. 3 Convergence study for deflection w of a simply supported FGM plate (a/h = 20, n=2)
Table1 Effect of span to thickness ratio on deflection, stresses and Moments of a simply supported FGM Plate (n=5)
a/h
5
10
20
30
40
50
100
0.039282
0.0340
0.0328
0.0326
0.0325
0.0325
0.0324
xx
7.117017
3.5731
1.7924
1.1959
0.8972
0.7178
0.3590
yy
9.206115
4.6442
2.3299
1.5544
1.1661
0.9330
0.4666
xy
2.935043
1.4548
0.7262
0.4836
0.3626
0.2900
0.1449
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xz
1.325961
0.3346
0.1768
0.2182
0.2327
0.2394
0.2484
M xx
0.091624
0.0461
0.0232
0.0154
0.0116
0.0093
0.0046
M yy
0.118627
0.0597
0.0299
0.0199
0.0149
0.0120
0.0060
M xy
0.039374
0.0186
0.0092
0.0062
0.0047
0.0037
0.0019
f
xx
0.091624
0.0461
0.0232
0.0154
0.0116
0.0093
0.0046
f
yy
0.118627
0.0597
0.0299
0.0199
0.0149
0.0120
0.0060
f
xy
0.039374
0.0186
0.0092
0.0062
0.0047
0.0037
0.0019
Table2 Effect of gradation index 'n' on deflection, stresses and Moments of a simply supported FGM Plate(a/h=5)
'n'
w
xx
0
0.0310
0.25
0.0357
0.5
0.0393
0.75
0.0420
1
0.0440
2
0.0484
5
0.0529
10
0.0565
100000
0.0669
6.0875
6.6829
7.1170
7.4309
7.6620
8.1998
9.0737
10.0401
13.1255
yy
7.8914
8.6529
9.2061
9.6044
9.8967
10.5760
11.7060
12.9736
17.0149
xy
2.5084
2.7557
2.9350
3.0642
3.1592
3.3801
3.7417
4.1419
5.4085
xz
1.0975
1.2197
1.3260
1.4140
1.4881
1.6954
1.9694
2.1252
2.3483
M xx
0.0733
0.0842
0.0916
0.0967
0.1003
0.1082
0.1189
0.1290
0.1581
M yy
0.0950
0.1091
0.1186
0.1251
0.1297
0.1399
0.1538
0.1669
0.2049
M xy
0.0316
0.0362
0.0394
0.0416
0.0431
0.0467
0.0516
0.0560
0.0681
f
xx
0.0733
0.0842
0.0916
0.0967
0.1003
0.1082
0.1189
0.1290
0.1581
M yyf
0.0950
0.1091
0.1186
0.1251
0.1297
0.1399
0.1538
0.1669
0.2049
M xyf
0.0316
0.0362
0.0394
0.0416
0.0431
0.0467
0.0516
0.0560
0.0681
10
0.060
0.055
0.050
0.045
w
0.040
0.035
0.030
-1
Effect of volume exponent 'n'
11
Fig 4. Effect of grading index 'n' on deflection of a square FGM plate (a/h=5)
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7
10
yy 11
12
13
14
11
12
13
14
10
'n'
4
10
xx
Fig 5. Effect of grading index 'n' on stresses of a square FGM plate (a/h=5)
0.13
0.12
xx
0.11
0.10
0.09
0.08
0.07
0
10
'n'
Fig 6 Effect of grading index 'n' on Mxx of a square FGM plate (a/h=5)
0 .0 4 0
0 .0 3 9
0 .0 3 8
0 .0 3 7
0 .0 3 6
0 .0 3 5
0 .0 3 4
0 .0 3 3
0 .0 3 2
-1 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
a /h
Fig 7 Effect of span to thickness ratio on deflection of a square FGM plate (n=5)
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0 .4
z/h
0 .2
0 .0
'n ' = 0
'n ' = 0 . 5
'n ' = 1
'n ' = 1 . 5
'n ' = 2
'n ' = 5
-0 .2
-0 .4
-2
-1
xx
Fig 8 Effect of grading index 'n' on normalized stress xx of simply supported square FGM plate along the thickness
0 .4
0 .2
z/h
0 .0
-0 .2
'n
'n
'n
'n
'n
'n
-0 .4
-3
-2
-1
'=
'=
'=
'=
'=
'=
0
0 .5
1
1 .5
2
5
yy
Fig 9 Effect of grading index 'n' on normalized stress yy of simply supported square FGM plate along the
thickness
.
4
'
'
'
'
'
'
n
n
n
n
n
n
'
'
'
'
'
'
=
=
=
=
=
=
0
0
1
1
2
5
z/h
Fig 10: Effect of grading index 'n' on normalized stress xy of simply supported square FGM plate along the thickness
The result obtained for deflection, stresses and moments due to different span ratio for simply supported FGM plates
with gradation index 5 is shown in table 1 and table 2 shows the effect of gradation index n for a thick simply
supported FGM plates. It is observed from Fig 4, Fig 5 and Fig 6 that the effect of grading index is more prominent
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ISSN 2321-6441
when the value of n is less than 2 for deflection stresses and moments respectively. Fig 7 shows the variation in
deflection become almost negligible as plates become thinner (i.e a/h > 30). However it is more prominent for thick
plate. Fig 8, 9 and10 represent the through thickness variation of stresses for different values of gradation index n.
5. CONCLUSION
Bending response of functionally graded material plate (FGM) is presented using shear deformation theory. The effect
of span to thickness ratio decreases for a/h 30.Theeffectofgradation index 'n' is prominent for lesser values of 'n'
and decreases as 'n' increases. The present results can be used for validation purpose. Present solution mythology is
good for obtaining the result and the concentrated load. The same can be extended for other types of concentrated load
like sinusoidal varying line load, point load, patch load etc.
REFERENCES
[1] Praveen, G.N. and J.N. Reddy,. Nonlinear transient thermoelastic analysis of functionally graded ceramic-metal
plates, Int. J. Solids Struct, 35(33), 4457-4476, 1998.
[2] Ferreira, A.J.M., R.C. Batra, C.M.C. Roque, L.F. Qian, R.M.N. Jorge, 2006. Natural frequencies of functionally
graded plates by a meshless method, Comp Struct, 75, 593-600.
[3] Reddy JN, Chin CD. Thermomechanical analysis of functionally graded cylinders and plates, J Therm Stresses
1998, 21:593626.
[4] Tran LV, Ferreira AJM, Nguyen-Xuan H. Isometric analysis of functionally graded plate using higher-order
shear deformation theory, Composites:Part B 51;368-383, 2013.
[5] Reddy JN. Analysis of functionally graded plates, International Journal for Numerical Methods in
Engineering;47, 663-684, 2000.
[6] Hardy, R. L., Multiquadric equations of topography and other irregular surfaces, Geophys. Res. 176, 19051915
(1971).
[7] Kansa, E. J., Multiquadrics- a scattered data approximation scheme with applications to computational fluid
dynamics. ii: Solutions to parabolic, hyperbolic and elliptic partial differential equations, Comput. Math. Appl.
19(8/9), 147161,1990.
[8] Fasshauer, G. E., Solving partial differential equations by collocation with radial basis functions, Surface fitting
and multiresolution methods, Vol. 2 Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on curves and surfaces 2,
131138 (1997).
[9] Ferreira AJM, A formulation of the multiquadric radial basis function method for the analysis of laminated
composite plates, Composite Structures, 59: 385392, 2003.
[10] Jeeoot Singh Some studies on Linear and Nonlinear analysis of rectangular plates using RBF based meshfree
method, PHD thesis, page 82, 2012.
AUTHOR
Jeeoot Singh, graduated in Mechanical Engineering from MNREC, Allahabad in 1999, M.Tech from
IIT Delhi in 2001 and PhD from MNNIT Allahabad in 2012. Presently working as Associate Professor in
BIT Mesra, Ranchi and carrying out his research in field of Computational Mechanics and Meshfree
Methods.
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IPASJ International Journal of Mechanical Engineering (IIJME)

Web Site: http://www.ipasj.org/IIJME/IIJME.htm

A Publisher for Research Motivation........

Volume 4, Issue 3, March 2016