EXPERIMENT 1: LOGIC GATES

Major groups of logic circuits

EXPERIMENT 2: EXCLUSIVE-OR GATE AND APPLICATIONS

Combinational Logic Circuits

Decision Making Logic Circuits

Electronic circuits that can perform specific

operation on its input/s and become its output

Memory Circuits

Special Logic Gates

Binary Adders

Its output usually a function of the present state

of its input

TYPES OF LOGIC GATES

Basic Logic Gates

Perform basic logic gates

Universal Logic Gates

Formed by using two basic logic gates

connected in a series manner

7404

7432
7408
7402
7400

7476
74195

Half Adder
o Performs addition of two binary bits
(Augend, Addend)
o Its outputs are Sum and Carry terminals
Full Adder
o Performs addition of three binary bits
o Carry Input+ Augend + Addend as its
inputs
o Sum and Carry output terminals
Half Subtractor
o Performs subtraction process of two
binary bits designated as Minuend and
Subtrahend
Full Adder
o Performs subtraction process for three
binary bits Minuend, Borrow Input,
Subtrahend
o Difference and Borrow outputs

Parity Generator

7448
7411

Made up of two or more logic gates and perform

a certain operation on its input/s

Used to generate parity bit at the source of data or

information

Parity Chechker

Detects if the data or information receive is correct

or corrupted

Checks the number of 1s in each data or

information received

Useful for chasing lights application when

connected to a BCD or decade counter circuit

Logic gates that perform special operations on its inputs

3-to-8 Decoder

Performs the arithmetic sum of its inputs

Produces only one low output equivalent to a unique binary

combination applied to its input

Perfomrs the sum of true addition process

0+0=0, 0+1=1, 1+0=1, 1+1=0
Equivalence function is being performed
0+0=1, 0+1=0, 1+0=0, 1+1=1

EXPERIMENT 3: COMBINATIONAL LOGIC CIRCUITS

Encoder

BCD to 7-Segment Decoder

Multiplexer

Combinational logic circuits that have one or

more inputs and produce a binary output code
Function: to convert the input into a specific
binary code at its output
Example: computer keyboard

Decoder

Combinational logic circuit that detects the

presence of a unique binary number, character,
or a code in its input.
AND gate is a basic decoder since its output will
be high only if all its inputs are logic high

Binary Code Decimal (BCD)

Produces only one high output equivalent to one

unique combination present or applied to its
input

Yields an output driving the 7-segment LED to

form decimal character equivalent to the binary
number at the inputs
Widely used as display outputs of digital
systems like digital clocks, digital meters

Combinational circuit used to select one input to

be connected to a single output
Its function is very similar to a selector switch,
form which it has more than one input terminals
to be switched to a single pole output
Can be used as parallel to serial converter, as
Boolean function generator, Binary cord
generator and other functions

EXPERIMENT 4: MEMORY ELEMENTS

Memory Elements

Can store only one bit of binary data

Meets the requirement for storing zero or binary
one, since it has two stable states
Its stored data stays in the memory element for
as long as the power is maintain to the circuit

Sometimes called the latch

Can be implemented using NAND or NOR gates

Triggering Circuits

Inputs: Set and Reset

Ouputs: Q and Q

Disadvantage: the occurrence of the indeterminate state in

one of its input combination

Clocked RS

Also reffered as Gated Latch

Made up of a control gate followed by the latch
circuit
RS flip flop produce one indeterminate state

D type flip

Can also be group into level activated and

clocked activated
Inputs: D(data) , E(enable), clock input
Output: follows the data applied to the D input
after being enabled or clocked

JK Flip flop

Most versatile and widely used flip flop

Capable of performing the function of the RS flip
flop, the D-flip flop and other mode of operation

T flip flop

Types of Multivibrator Circuits

Monostable

Output: complements every time a clock pulse is applied to

its input

EXPERIMENT 5: TRIGGERING CIRCUITS

Produce rectangular waveform which is used for

testing the frequency response of amplifiers
Used to timing purposes or shifting pulses in shift
registers in order to store data
Used to actuate binary counters either to increment or
decrement the output binary value

Bistable multivibrator

Similar to JK flip flop configured in the toggling

mode operation.

Required in most digital circuit operations to

operate properly
Used to store data or shift/transfer the data to
the other element within the shift register
Used to increment or decrement the binary
value of the counter output
Basically rectangular or square wave
generators, which are multivibrator circuits
Needed to produce a clean square or
rectangular waveform which will be used for
timing or control purposes
Requirement for logic circuit in order to operate
properly as expected

Reffered to as the flip-flops, binary and Eccles-jordan

circuit
Has two stable states
Remains in one state unless a trigger is applied to its
input/s
A pulse at one input sets the circuit to one stable and a
pulse at the other input shifts the circuits to the other
stable state

Monostable multivibrator

The one-shot multivibrator circuit

Produces a single output pulse when a trigger input
pulse is applied
Has one stable state and one unstable state
Remains in the stable state when no trigger is applied
to its input
Shifts to the unstable state for a period of time when
an input trigger pulse is applied to its input
Used to generate a clean rectangular pulse with a
delay time equal to its pulse width value

Astable multivibrator

Free running multivibrator because it had no stable

state
Has no input terminal and has two outputs
Normal and the complement output
The ouput continuously shifts from one unstable state
to the other unstable state which produces rectangular
type waveforms

Astable multivibrator

Clock oscillator belongs to this group since the output

is a periodic signal continuously shifting from one state
to the other state
EXPERIMENT 6: SHIFT REGISTER

Sequential logic

Logic circuits that are used for storage, sequencing

and timing functions
Capability to store bits of data
The output depends not only in the present state of
the input but also the previous value/s

Shift Register

Sequential logic circuit which is used as a temporary

storage medium
Elements are cascaded in such a way that bits stored
in one element can be shifted to the next adjacent
element

Shift left

data will be shifted to the left, which is opposite to the

movement in a shift right register
A to D

Shift Right

Data will be transferred in such a way that the

movement of these data is going to the right
D to A

Parallel shift

transfer of data is simultaneous

number of inputs is equal to the number of outputs
all data are applied simultaneously to its input, and
then a single clock pulse is needed to store these data
to the outputs

useful in Random Access Memory (RAM) and Read Only

Memory (ROM)
4 bit shift register IC capable of doing any of the three modes
of operation

EXPERIMENT 7: SHIFT REGISTER APPLICAITONS

EXPERIMENT 8: BINARY AND SPECIAL COUNTERS
Binary counter

Sequential circuit used to count the number of binary

pulses applied to its input
Made up of flip-flops connected in cascade
follows the 8421 binary weighted code output
sequence

Number is incremented when a clock pulse is applied to its

input
Number is decremented when a clock pulse is applied to