Professional Documents
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School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
School of Civil Engineering and Transportation, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
a r t i c l e i n f o
a b s t r a c t
Article history:
Received 16 September 2013
Received in revised form
12 February 2014
Accepted 15 February 2014
Available online 1 March 2014
In this paper, effects of elevated temperatures on the compressive behaviour of rubber crumb and steel
bre reinforced recycled aggregate concrete (RSRAC) are presented. RSRAC is a new concrete material
proposed by the authors. In the RSRAC, steel bre is used to improve the performances of concrete before
exposure (e.g. ductility, cracking) and after exposure (explosive spalling) to evaluated temperature, and
the inclusion of rubber particles is mainly for the consideration of environment protection and reducing
the risk of spalling after exposure to high temperatures. A series of concrete mixes were prepared with
Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC), recycled concrete coarse aggregates (RCA) or natural coarse aggregates
(NCA), 1% steel bre (by volume) and rubber particles with different ne aggregate (sand) replacement
ratios. The compressive properties, including compressive strength, Youngs modulus (stiffness), stress
estrain curves and energy absorption capacity (toughness) of the different concrete mixes subjected to
elevated temperatures (25 C, 200 C, 400 C and 600 C), were obtained in accordance to ASTM standards. The results of weight loss and failure modes were recorded and presented in this study. The results
showed that both the compressive strength and stiffness of concrete mixes decreased after exposure to
elevated temperature, with higher replacement of ne aggregate by rubber leading to lower compressive
strength and stiffness magnitude. Nevertheless, rubber crumbs signicantly enhanced the energy absorption capacity and explosive spalling resistance.
2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords:
Rubber crumb
Steel bre
Recycled concrete aggregate
Compressive properties
High temperature
1. Introduction
Waste concrete, often referred to recycled concrete aggregate
(RCA), has been reused as a replacement of the natural aggregate
for new concrete mainly for the consideration of environmental
benet and effective utilization of resources. Various authors have
studied the properties of concrete prepared with RCA. However, the
incorporation of RCA leads to a signicant loss of uidity of the
mixture (Mefteh et al., 2013) caused by the attached mortar content
of the RCA. This reduction certainly can be compensated by waterreducing admixtures (Barbudo et al., 2013). It is also known that the
use of recycled aggregates in concrete decreases its strength and
Youngs modulus compared to those of natural aggregate concrete
(Miguel and de Brito, 2012). Poon et al. (2002) reported that the
replacement of coarse and ne natural aggregates by RCA (Recycled
Concrete Aggregate) at higher levels (e.g. 50% or above) signicantly reduced the compressive strength; while an air-dried
aggregate that contained not more than 50% of RCA was optimal
for producing the Recycled Aggregate Concrete (RAC) with normal
strength (less than 60 MPa) (Poon et al., 2004a,b). It is worth noting
that various methods have been attempted to compensate for the
lower quality (e.g. lower strength, less durability) of concrete
products with recycled aggregates and good results have been
achieved. Kou and Poon (2009) pointed out that the properties
(mainly the compressive strength and tensile splitting strength) of
the self-compacting concretes made from river sand and crushed
ne recycled concrete aggregates (with 0, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%
replacement rates) showed only slight difference with the inclusion
of y ash, demonstrating the feasibility of utilizing ne and coarse
recycled concrete aggregates together with y ash for selfcompacting concretes. It has also been shown that the negative
effect of RCA on durability properties of mixes can be mitigated by
incorporating a certain amount of mineral admixtures, such as y
ash and volcanic ash (Kou and Poon, 2012). These research results
194
195
196
Table 1
Mix proportions.
Mix
NC-R0
RC-R0
RC-R4
RC-R8
RC-R12
RC-R16
OPC
NCA
RCA
AW
SF
WRA
0.35
0.35
0.35
0.35
0.35
0.35
170
170
170
170
170
170
485
485
485
485
485
485
645
645
625
605
585
565
1052
e
e
e
e
e
e
954
954
954
954
954
e
37
37
37
37
37
78
78
78
78
78
78
e
e
7.9
15.7
23.6
31.5
4.85
4.85
4.85
4.85
4.85
4.85
Note: NC natural concrete, RC recycled concrete, R0, R4, R8, R12 and R16 for
volume substitution ratio of rubber is 0%, 4%, 8%, 12% and16%, W/C water/cement
ratio (mass), W water, OPC ordinary Portland cement, S sand, NCA natural
coarse aggregate, RCA recycled concrete aggregate, AW additional water,
SF steel bre, R crumb rubber, WRA naphthalene-based high-range waterreducing admixture.
Fig. 3. Test setup and location of LVDTs and hoop strain gauges in a specimen.
197
Fig. 4. Concrete samples weight loss percentages vs. treatment temperature and their
content of the rubber.
198
199
200
Table 2
The results of compressive strength and Youngs modulus of concretes.
Mix
NC-R0
RC-R0
RC-R4
RC-R8
RC-R12
RC-R16
Volume of crumb
rubber
Slump constant
(mm)
0%
0%
4%
8%
12%
16%
132
125
125
122
123
122
25 C
200 C
400 C
600 C
25 C
200 C
400 C
600 C
56.52
51.41
49.06
39.41
37.61
35.88
45.66
43.55
40.44
34.54
32.15
31.18
24.71
28.64
26.21
19.70
17.61
17.17
16.28
10.98
12.79
10.21
8.30
8.28
34.91
26.58
25.20
21.25
20.88
19.15
18.38
13.82
13.66
12.82
11.60
11.21
6.19
5.42
4.51
3.98
3.60
3.32
1.35
1.03
1.29
1.11
0.93
0.91
to (e.g. RC-R8) or even higher (e.g. RC-R4) than that of the concrete
without rubber (RC- R0) (Table 2). It should be noted that the increase of rubber content from 4% to 8% or above just results in a
slight decrease in the rate of concrete strength loss after exposure
to elevated temperature, but leads to a signicant concrete strength
reduction for the unheated specimens as mentioned above,
implying that to achieve a balanced compressive strength for both
unheated specimens and heated specimens, an appropriate amount
of rubber content should be included. It should also be noted that
the concrete mixes suffered the highest loss in compressive
strength in the temperature range of 200e400 C. This might be
attributed to that calcium silicate hydrate (CeSeH), the main
source of concrete strength, usually decomposes at about 400 C
(Janotka and Nrnbergerov, 2005). NC-R0 mix suffered a quicker
loss in compressive strength after exposure to elevated temperatures, especially in the temperature range of 200e400 C. This can
be attributed to the relatively dense microstructures of concrete
with natural concrete aggregate, which results in a quicker accumulation of high internal pressure during heating, as compared
with concrete mixes with RCA (with and without crumb rubber)
(Behnood and Ziari, 2008).
The strength degradation mechanism of the rubberized concrete after exposure to elevated temperatures and how the inclusion of crumb rubber alleviates the strength degradation should be
further studied by examining the microstructure of concrete in the
future, as in Li et al. (2011).
201
202
4. Conclusions
Fig. 10. Specic toughness of mix unheated and exposed to elevated temperatures.
where a stress reduction of 20% from the peak stress is achieved (i.e.
at 0.80fc0 of the descending branch). Obviously, the closer to using
100% reduction rate, the better; nevertheless, the above reduction
rate was chosen to be applicable for most of the specimens
compared, as shown in Fig. 6. For the group of the specimens
exposed to 600 C, the descending branch of the stressestrain
curves terminated before they decrease to 0.8fc0 , which is a damage
critical point of concrete structure, due to the larger deformation of
specimens subjected to a high temperature and the limited data
acquisition capacity of the test machine. As a result, the group of the
specimens after exposure to 600 C were not included in the
toughness evaluation.
Table 3
Effects of temperatures on deformability and ductility of concrete mixes subjected to elevated temperatures.
Mix
NC-R0
RC-R0
RC-R4
RC-R8
RC-R12
RC-R16
Volume of crumb
rubber
0%
0%
4%
8%
12%
16%
25 C
200 C
400 C
600 C
25 C
200 C
400 C
25 C
200 C
400 C
0.30
0.34
0.33
0.28
0.27
0.25
0.39
0.45
0.43
0.36
0.44
0.38
1.01
0.78
0.97
1.02
0.89
0.70
1.65
1.77
1.74
1.56
1.32
1.21
23.98
21.32
18.77
17.02
21.55
12.42
27.10
23.20
24.96
23.13
24.49
17.98
22.66
19.18
19.43
22.21
19.61
15.68
0.42
0.41
0.40
0.43
0.57
0.35
0.59
0.53
0.62
0.67
0.76
0.58
0.79
0.67
0.74
1.13
1.11
0.91
Acknowledgements
The authors gratefully acknowledge the nancial support provided by the National Natural Science Foundation (Project Nos.
51278132, 11372076), and Science and Technology Planning Project
of Guangdong Province (2011B010400024), Technology Planning
Project of Huangpu District (201356) and Foundation of Guangdong
Provincial Department of Transport (Project Nos. 2013-02-017,
2013-04-006).
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