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4.3.1 Microcontroller
The microcontrollers played revolutionary role in embedded industry after
the invention of Intel 8051 shown in fig 4.2. The steady and progressive research in
this field gave the industry more efficient, high-performance and low-power
consumption microcontrollers. The AVR, PIC and ARM are the prime examples.
The new age microcontrollers are getting smarter and richer by including latest
communication protocols like USB, I2C, SPI, Ethernet, CAN etc.
one
of the
PIC
Micro
Family
microcontroller which is popular at this moment, start from beginner until all
professionals. Because very easy using PIC16F877A and use FLASH memory
technology so that can be write-erase until thousand times. The superiority this PIC
Microcontroller compared to with other microcontroller 8-bit especially at a speed
of and his code compression. PIC16F877A have 40 pin by 33 path of I/O.
PIC16F877A shown in fig 4.3 perfectly fits many uses, from automotive
industries and controlling home appliances to industrial instruments, remote
sensors, electrical door locks and safety devices. It is also ideal for smart cards as
well as for battery supplied devices because of its low consumption. EEPROM
memory makes it easier to apply microcontrollers to devices where permanent
storage of various parameters is needed (codes for transmitters, motor speed,
receiver frequencies, etc.). Low cost, low consumption, easy handling and
flexibility make PIC16F877A applicable even in areas where microcontrollers had
not previously been considered (example: timer functions, interface replacement in
larger systems, coprocessor applications, etc.).
In System Programmability of this chip (along with using only two pins in
data transfer) makes possible the flexibility of a product, after assembling and
testing have been completed. This capability can be used to create assembly-line
production, to store calibration data available only after final testing, or it can be
used to improve programs on finished products.
4.3.2.4PIN DIAGRAM:
(High) input.
RA4/T0CKI/C1OUT - Digital I/O Open-drain when configured as
output.Timer0 external clock input. Comparator 1 output.
RA5/AN4/SS/C2OUT - Digital I/O. Analog input 4.SPI slave select input.
Comparator 2 output.
RB0/INT - PORTB is a bidirectional I/O port. PORTB can be software
programmed for internal weak pull-up on all inputs. Digital I/O. External
interrupt.
RB1 - Digital I/O.
RB2 - Digital I/O.
RB3/PGM - Digital I/O. Low-voltage ICSP programming enable pin.
RB4 - Digital I/O.
RB5 - Digital I/O.
RB6/PGC - Digital I/O. In-circuit debugger and ICSP programming clock.
RB7/PGD - Digital I/O. In-circuit debugger and ICSP programming data.
Supply
Unit.
The
section
one.
power
is
It
the
should
supply
important
deliver
constant output regulated power supply for successful working of the project. A 012V/1mA transformer is used for this purpose. The primary of this transformer is
connected in to main supply through on/off switch& fuse for protecting from
overload and short circuit protection. The secondary is connected to the diodes to
convert 12V AC to 12V DC voltage. And filtered by the capacitors, which is
further regulated to +5v, by using IC 7805 and +12v by using IC7812.
Regulator ICs
resulting in a constant output voltage shown in fig 4.6. In contrast, the switching
regulator is nothing more than just a simple switch. This switch goes on and off at
a fixed rate usually between 50 kHz to 100 kHz as set by the circuit.
The regulating device is made to act like a variable resistor, continuously adjusting
a voltage divider network to maintain a constant output voltage. The primary
advantage of a switching regulator over linear regulator is very high efficiency, a
lot less heat and smaller size.
Linear regulators exist in two basic forms: series regulators and shunt regulators.
Features
Output current up to 1 amps.
Output voltage 5v.
Thermal overload protection.
Short circuit protection.
Output transistor safe operating area protection.
Parameter
Value
Unit
Operating temperature
-40 to 125
Output voltage
Drop voltage
Output resistance
15
Peak current
2.2
mA
The IR2110/IR2113 are high voltage, high speed power MOSFET and IGBT
drivers with independent high and low side referenced output channels. Proprietary
HVIC and latch immune CMOS technologies enable ruggedized monolithic
construction. Logic inputs are compatible with standard CMOS or LSTTL output,
down to 3.3V logic. The output drivers feature a high pulse current buffer stage
designed for minimum driver cross-conduction.
Propagation delays are matched to simplify use in high frequency
applications. The floating channel can be used to drive an N-channel power
MOSFET or IGBT in the high side configuration which operates up to 500 or 600
volts.
4.3.4.1 FEATURES:
High noise immunities characterized by 35 Kv/us minimum common
mode rejection.
4.3.4.2 DESCRIPTION :
The FOD3120 is a 2.5A output current gate drive opto coupler, capable of
driving most 1200v/20A IGBT/MOSFET. It is ideally suited for fast switching
driving of power IGBT and MOSFETs used in motor control inverter applications,
and high performance power system.It consists of a gallium aluminum arsenide
(Alga As) light emitting diode optically coupled to an integrated circuit with a
high-speed driver for Push pull MOSFET output stage.
4.3.4.3 PIN DIAGRAM
4.3.5.POWER MOSFET:
The MOSFET, or Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor, Field-Effect Transistor is by far the most
common field effect transistor in both digital and analog circuits. The MOSFET is composed of a
channel of n-type or p-type semiconductor material, and is accordingly called an NMOSFET or a
PMOSFET. Unfortunately, many semiconductors with better electrical properties than silicon,
such as gallium arsenide, do not form good gate oxides and thus are not suitable for MOSFETs.
Power MOSFET has lower switching losses but its on-resistance and conduction
losses are more.
2.
3.
4.
In MOSFET secondary break down does not occur, because it has positive
temperature co-efficient.
5.
6.
The state of the art MOSFETs are available with ratings up to 500V, 140A.
D R A I N
N +
V
d s
G A T E
V
g s
P
N +
L O A D
S O U R C E
OFF. It is obvious that faster switching speeds can be obtained with well designed gate driver
circuits.
1.Cut-off:When VGS<Vth where Vth is the threshold voltage of the device. Here the switch is
turned off, and there is no conduction between drain and source. While the current between drain
and source should ideally be 0 since the switch is turned off, there is a weak-inversion current or
sub threshold leakage.
2.Triode:When VGS>Vthand VDS<VGS-Vth, the switch is turned on, and a channel has been
created which allows current to flow between the drain and source. The MOSFET operates like a
resistor.
3.Saturation:When VGS>Vthand VDS>VGS-Vth, the switch is turned on, and a channel has been
created which allows current to flow between the drain and source, but the current is not a
function of the voltage difference in the channel, and thus the MOSFET does not operate as a
resistor, but instead it operates as an amplifier.
Trench technology.
Fast switching.
4.3.6 Capacitor
The forms of
practical capacitors vary widely, but all contain at least two electrical conductors
separated by a dielectric. The conductors can be thin films, foils or sintered beads
of metal or conductive electrolyte. The non conducting dielectric acts to increase
the capacitor's charge capacity. An ideal capacitor is characterized by a single
constant value for its capacitance. Capacitance is expressed as the ratio of the
electric charge Q on each conductor to the potential difference V between them.
4.3.7 Resistor
Resistor is an electrical component that reduces the electric current. The resistor's
ability to reduce the current is called resistance and is measured in units of ohms
(symbol: ).If we make an analogy to water flow through pipes, the resistor is a
thin pipe that reduces the water flow shown in fig 4.14.
-IRF840
Microcontroller
- PIC 16f887A
Mosfet driver
PN junction diodes
-1N4007
Transformer
-230v/15v
Regulated IC
-7805,7812
Capacitors
-470,1000microfrad
Resisters
-100,220,500 kiloohm
Inductors
-20,50 mH
(Note: capacitor, resister, inductor values are common values which used in many
circuit. Depend upon specification of each project .it may varied)