KIMIA UDARA

A. FUNGSI ATMOSFER
Sumber CO2

Sumber O2

Komponen penting dalam siklus hidrologi

Pelindung mahluk bumi

Penyeimbang panas bumi

B. KOMPOSISI ATMOSFER
COMPONENT
MAJOR COMPONENTS
Dinitrogen (N2)
Dioxygen (O2)
MINOR COMPONENTS
Argon (Ar)
Carbon Dioxida (CO2)
TRACE COMPONENTS
Neon (Ne)
Helium (He)
Krypton (Kr)
Xenon (Xe)
CO
NOX, N2O, SO2, dll

%/L UDARA
78,09
20,94

780.900
209.400

0,93
0,0318

93.00
318

1,818 x 10-3
5,24 x 10-3
1,14 x 10-4
8,70 x 10-6
1,2 x 10-5
-

18,18
52,4
1,14
0,087
0,12
-

C. KARAKTERISTIK ATMOSFER
HE
I
GT

110

Thermosphere
N2, O+, NO+, O2

ABO
VE 90
SU
R
FACE

Mesosphere

N2, O2, O2+, NO+

50
Stratosphere
N2, O2, O3
10
( km )

Troposphere
200

ppm

N2, O2, H2O, CO2

250
300
o
TEMPERATURE ( K)

D. REAKSI KIMIA DAN FOTOKIMIA

Absorpsi cahaya ( dalam bentuk panas) oleh beberapa jenis senyawa kimia dalam
atmosfer menimbulkan reaksi kimia yang disebut REAKSI FOTOKIMIA
1

Reaksi Oksigen Atmosferik

a. O2 berperan dalam reaksi untuk menghasilkan energi
Reaksi : CH4 (gas alam) + O2

CO2 + H2O

b. O2 masuk ke atmosfer melalui proses fotosintesis

Reaksi : CO2 + H2O + h
c.

( CH2O ) + O2 (g)

Oksigen selain O2 di atmosfer

Atom oksigen (O), merupakan hasil reaksi fotokimia di thermosfer :

Reaksi : O2 + h

O+O

Ion oksigen (O+), merupakan hasil radiasi sinar ultra violet di ionosfer
O+ + e

Reaksi : O + h

* h = radiasi sinar ultra violet

Ozon (O3) merupakan hasil reaksi fotokimia

Reaksi : O2 + h (radiasi sinar ultra violet)
O + O2 + M

O + O ........(1)

M + O3.......................................(2)

M= molekul, dapat berupa N2 atau O2

2

Reaksi Nitrogen Atmosferik

Pada ketinggian 100 km, atom N dihasilkan oleh reaksi fotokimia

Reaksi : N2 + O

N+N

Ion NO+ di daerah ionosfer dihasilkan dari reaksi :

N2 + h

N2+ + e ................(1)

N2+ + O

NO+ + N .............(2)

3. Reaksi karbondioksida atmosferik

CO2 dan uap air yang terdapat di atmosfer juga berfungsi untuk :
* Penyerapan energi infra merah
* Radiasi kembali energi infra merah ke bumi

Reaksi fotodisosiasi CO2 pada bagian atas atmosfer

CO2 + h

CO + O

( sumber terdapat CO pada atmosfer)

4. Partikel Dalam Atmosfer

Pada Troposphere

Partikel Aitken ( < 2 m ), pembentukan

titik-titik air dalam atmosfer yang lewat jenuh.

Contoh : abu / debu gunung berapi, penguapan bahan organik tanaman.

E. SENYAWA KIMIA SEBAGAI BAHAN PENCEMAR

ORGANIK

Gas-gas CO, SO2, NO dan NO2

ANORGANIK

NH3, N2O, H2S, Cl2, HCl

1.

besar
lebih sedikit

Karbon monoksida (CO)

a. Asal :

Secara alamiah :
* Fotodisosiasi CO2 oleh sinar ultraviolet
* Oksidasi metana (CH4) oleh R. Hidroksil.

Man made

* Pembakaran tidak sempurna dari zat karbon

* Transportasi , industri kertas, kayu, dll

Sifat : Afinitasnya 200 x

15 ppm selama 10 jam

Penurunan kesadaran, kontral syaraf.

US. EPA

syaraf pusat

% CO Hb in blood = 0,16 x (ppm CO) + 0,5

Aproximate Equation

2.

Senyawa sulfur (belerang)

Pencemar utama SO2, H2S, sulfit dan sulfat
*SO2
a. Asal SO2 :

Letusan gunung berapi

H2S dengan banuan mikroorganisme aerobik

H2S + 3\2 O2

SO2 + H2O

Pabrik peleburan baja/ logam dan industri asam sulfat

Mengganggu pernafasan dan iritasi mata

> 500 ppm dapat menyebabkan kematian

Klorosis pada tanaman

Hujan asam, korosifitas

b. Efek :

c. Sifat :

Tidak berwarna

Berbau pada ambang 0,5 ppm

Hujan asam (Acid rain)

Penyebab : Senyawa sulfur dan nitrogen oksida yang masuk

atmosfer (H2SO4 dan HNO3). Senyawa alam yang
terbentuk bergabung dengan hidrogen chlorida
dan turun sebagai hujan.

Gambar terjadinya hujan asam

H2SO4
HNO3

SO2 & NO2

2H + SO4
H + NO3

pH asam

DESPOSISI

Tambang
Industri
Danau /laut

Tumbuhan

Transport

Akibat :
* Kerusakan pada kehidupan air
* Penurunan produktifitas tanaman
* Kerusakan pada bangunan

b. * Memacu kecepatan korosi logam

Tak berwarna

Tak berasa

Tak berbau

Tidak larut dalam air

c. Efek :
Penurunan kapasitas darah (Hb) untuk mengikat oksigen.
O2Hb + CO

COHb + O2
CO > O2

3.

Oksida nitrogen
Di atsmosfer : N2O (Nitrous Oksida), NO (Nitrit Oksida) dan NO2
(Nitrogen Dioksida)
Konsentrasi N2O

dengan naiknya ketinggian terjadi reaksi foto kimia

N2O + h V

N2 + O

Sifat : NO2 berwarna merah cokelat, bau (0,12 - 0,22 ppm )

Efek : Sama dengan sulfur
Senyawa NO2 reaktif
NO2 + h V
4.

menyerap U V
NO + O

Amonia
Sumber :

Industri batu bara

Pengolah limbah

Kebocoran sistem pendingin yang menggunakan amonia

Amonia + Aerosol nitrat

Garam amonium yang korosif

NH3 + HNO3
NH3 + H2SO4
5.

NH4NO3
NH4HSO4

Gas rumah kaca, gas chlor dan fluor

Gas rumah kaca adalah gas-gas yang menyerap sinar infra merah.
Contoh pentingnya adalah CO2 dan uap air.
Efek rumah kaca adalah pemanasan global sebagai akibat meningkatnya suhu
atsmosfer dan suhu bumi.
Proses :

O3

pendek (ultra violet)

Radiasi ke bumi

1/3 sinar direfleksikan kembali ke bumi dengan tinggi dan

diarbsorbsi CO2 di atmosfer.

visibel (infra merah)

Gas Chlor dan Fluor Cl2CF2 (CFC 12); Cl3CF (CFC 11)
Yang penting adalah CFC/(CFCl3)

Freon

Ozone Depletting Source (ODS)

Senyawa Chlorofluorometan mengkatalis kerusakan Ozon.
CFC dapat melakukan Fotodekomposisi dengan adanya radiasi sinar U V
Cl2CF2 + h V

Cl + ClCF2

Radical Cl dapat merusak Ozon

Cl +O3

ClO + O2

Akibat :

U V yang sampai di bumi banyak dengan intensitas yang tinggi

Ikut andil dalam pemanasan global

Sinar U V dapat merusak kulit, dan protein serta merangsang

tumbuhnya kanker pada kulit
Profil Pemakaian dan Emisi Zat kimia Perusak Ozon

Zat Kimia
CFC 12

Waktu di
Atmosfer (tahun)
139

Kontribusi
penipisan
45 %

Aplikasi
Pendingin, Busa, Aerosol

CFC 11

76

26 %

Pendingin, Busa, Aerosol

CFC 13

92

12 %

Pelarut

Karbon Tetra
Clorida (CCl3)

67

8%

Pelarut

Metilcloroform

5%

Pelarut

Halon 1301

101

4%

Pemadam Kebakaran

halon 1211
Sumber : U.S. EPA

22

0%

Pendingin

6. BAKU MUTU UDARA EMISI

Sumber tak bergerak ( SK. Men. KLh No. 02 / MEN. KLH/ I/1988)
No
PARAMETER
1 Kabut Asam sulfat / SO3
atau keduanya.
2 Oksida Nitrogen (NOx)
3 Karbon Monoksida (CO)
4 Partikel Padat
5 Hidrogen sulfat (H2S)
6 Metil Merkaptan (CHC4 SH)
7 Amonia (NH3)
8 Gas Chlorin
9 Hidrogen Chlorida (HCl)
10 Fluor,Asam Hidrofluorida
atau senyawa inorganik fluor
11 Timah hitam (Pb)
12 Gas-gas asam
13 Seng (Zn)
14 Air Raksa (Hg)
15 Kadmium (Cd)
16 Arsen (Ar)
17 Antimon
18 Radio Nuklida
19 Asap
2. BAKU MUTU UDARA AMBIEN
No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Parameter
Sulfur dioksida (SO2)
Karbonmonoksida (CO)
Oksida Nitrogen (Nox)
Oksidan (O3)
Debu
Timah Hitam (Pb)
Hidrogen Sulfida (H2S)
Ammonia (NH3)
Hidrokarbon

BAKU MUTU EMISI

A
B
C
0,20
1,7
1
0,4
5
0,002
1
0,2
0,4

0,25
4,6
1
0,5
5
0,25
0,5

0,30
4,6
1
0,6
6,25
0,01
5
0,30
0,6

0,02
0,025
3,5
0,1
0,01
0,015
0,025
0,025

0,02
0,025
8
0,1
0,01
0,015
0,025
0,025

0,02
0,04
7,5
0,15
0,02
0,025
0,04
0,04

Baku Mutu
0,1 ppm (260 pg/m3)
20 ppm (2260 pg/m3)
0,05 ppm (92,5 pg/m3)
0,1 ppm (200 pg/m3)
0,26 mg/m3
0,06 mg/m3
0,03 ppm
2 ppm
0,24 ppm (160 pg/m3)

KETERANGAN
A=Baku mutu ketat
B=Baku mutu sedang
C=Baku mutu ringan

Peralatan Uji Lab.

Spectrofotometer
NDIR Analyzer
Spectrofotometer
Spectrofotometer
Hi-Vol sampler
Hi-Vol
Spectrofotometer
Spectrofotometer
GC

5. RUJUKAN
Moore & Moore, Environmental Chemistry
Ryadi, Slamet, 1982, Pencemaran Udara, Usaha Nasional, Surabaya
Pandia, Setijati, 1992, Kimia Lingkungan, Dirjen Dikti Depdikbud, Jakarta

Artikel tentang hujan asam

Air Pollution and Acid Rain

Rainwater once was the purest form of water available but now is often
contaminated by pollutants in the air. Acid rain is caused when industrial
emissions mix with atmospheric moisture. Pollutants may be carried in clouds
for long distances before falling, which means that forests and lakes far away
from factories may be damaged by acid rain. In the near vicinity of the
factories, additional damage is caused by deposition, a kind of dry rain in
which the larger pollutant particles fall to the ground. Air pollution has been
increasing since the Industrial Revolution but only recently have side effects
such as acid rain become severe and widespread enough to evoke international
concern.

Artikel tentang pemanasan global

Humans are bringing about another global-scale change in the atmosphere: the
increase in what are called greenhouse gases. Like glass in a greenhouse, these gases
admit the Suns light but tend to reflect back downward the heat that is radiated from
the ground below, trapping heat in the Earths atmosphere. This process is known as
the greenhouse effect. Carbon dioxide is the most significant of these gasesthere is
31 percent more carbon dioxide in the atmosphere today than there was in 1750, the
result of our burning coal and fuels derived from oil. Methane, nitrous oxide, and
CFCs are greenhouse gases as well.
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is an international group of
scientists that evaluates scientific and technical information related to climate change
and global warming (an increase in Earths surface temperature). The IPCC publishes
an assessment of the latest scientific data related to climate change about every five
years. In its Third Assessment Report, released in January 2001 and summarized here,
the IPCC sharply increased its projections, predicting a global average surface

temperature rise of 1.4 to 5.8C (2.5 to 10.4F) over the period 1990 to 2100
compared to a previous assessment of 1.0 to 3.5C (1.8 to 6.3F) for the same period.
This IPCC report also for the first time identified human activity as the primary cause
for global warming.
Scientists predict that increases in these gases in the atmosphere will make the Earth a
warmer place. They expect a global rise in average temperature of 1.4 to 5.8 Celsius
degrees (2.5 to 10.4 Fahrenheit degrees) in the next century. Average temperatures
have in fact been rising, and the 1990s were the warmest decade on record. Some
scientists are reluctant to say that global warming has actually begun because climate
naturally varies from year to year and decade to decade, and it takes many years of
records to be sure of a fundamental change. There is little disagreement, though, that
global warming is on its way.
Global warming will have different effects in different regions. A warmed world is
expected to have more extreme weather, with more rain during wet periods, longer
droughts, and more powerful storms. Although the effects of future climate change are
unknown, some predict that exaggerated weather conditions may translate into better
agricultural yields in areas such as the western United States, where temperature and
rainfall are expected to increase, while dramatic decreases in rainfall may lead to
severe drought and plunging agricultural yields in parts of Africa, for example.
Warmer temperatures are expected to partially melt the polar ice caps, leading to a
projected sea level rise of 9 to 100 cm (4 to 40 in) by the year 2100. A sea level rise at
the upper end of this range would flood coastal cities, force people to abandon lowlying islands, and completely inundate coastal wetlands. If sea levels rise at projected
rates, the Florida Everglades could be completely under salt water in the next century.
Diseases like malaria, which at present are primarily found in the tropics, may become
more common in the regions of the globe between the tropics and the polar regions,
called the temperate zones. For many of the worlds plant species, and for animal
species that are not easily able to shift their territories as their habitat grows warmer,
climate change may bring extinction.
Several pollutants attack the ozone layer. Chief among them is the class of
chemicals known as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), formerly used as refrigerants
(notably in air conditioners), as agents in several manufacturing processes, and as
propellants in spray cans. CFC molecules are virtually indestructible until they reach
the stratosphere. Here, intense ultraviolet radiation breaks the CFC molecules apart,
releasing the chlorine atoms they contain. These chlorine atoms begin reacting with
ozone, breaking it down into ordinary oxygen molecules that do not absorb UV-B.
The chlorine acts as a catalystthat is, it takes part in several chemical reactionsyet
at the end emerges unchanged and able to react again. A single chlorine atom can
destroy up to 100,000 ozone molecules in the stratosphere. Other pollutants, including
nitrous oxide from fertilizers and the pesticide methyl bromide, also attack
atmospheric ozone.
Scientists are finding that under this assault the protective ozone layer in the
stratosphere is thinning. In the Antarctic region, it vanishes almost entirely for a few
weeks every year. Although CFC use has been greatly reduced in recent years and will
soon be prohibited worldwide, CFC molecules already released into the lower
atmosphere will be making their way to the stratosphere for decades, and further
ozone loss is expected. As a result, experts anticipate an increase in skin cancers, more
cataracts (clouding of the lens of the eye), and reduced yields of some food crops.