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mills
18 years later, they started to build textile machinery
France is a late-comer to industrialization
Raw materials were far apart and labor was very cheap so no
than elsewhere
The German states begin to industrialize quite a bit later
Governments are not shy to industrialize
Governments invest in a vastly improved transportation network
in 1834
There is massive expansion in railroads which dramatically
extremely scared
Germans were pioneers in electrical engineering, chemicals, and
other industries
The Austrian Empire remained very heavily agrarian aside from
Bohemia
Southern Europe experienced very slow growth
Spain had little agricultural revolution and no coal and Italy was
not unified
Piedmont lost to Austria and was an eye-opening experience that
production
Germany unified in 1871
The Second Industrial revolution sees new technologies in
metals, chemicals, electricity, steel (with Bessemer process)
production
You begin to see the practical applications of electricity
By the 1880s there is the production of the alternating current
Electric motors begin to be invented, which allow for subways,
dominated by agriculture
Countries that didnt industrialize didnt have the natural
resources or the transportation methods to transport the
resources
2/3 of the Austrian Empire was mountainous
Many countries implement protectionist policies which produced
drawn by horses
It Italy, railroads connected the palaces to the cities
Railroads were being built in the states that didnt industrialize,
of European competition
The two most iconic symbols of industrialization are the railroad
resources
Cities predominate in the North and the West
At the start of the 19th century, London was the only city with 1
million people
Paris had 500,000 and only 5 other cities had over 200,000
people
London would grow to over 2 million and Paris would surpass a
million
Statistics was being borne in this period in order to measure
people
Berlin grew rapidly
Britain contained more large cities than all of Europe combined
The extraordinary European growth came almost entirely from in-
migration
Almost all of the growth came from new people coming into the
cities
Population growth was driven by immigrants
There are no modern governments, urban administrators, and
growth rates
There was overcrowding, slums, and pollution, but nothing on a
population
Growing lower classes bring crime, immorality, the threat of
revolution
It is not until the emergence of public transportation, in the
1870s, did these cities truly improve
German States
Urban renovation and urban planning begin to take place, mainly