Hindawi Publishing Corporation

Advances in Power Electronics

Volume 2012, Article ID 676010, 12 pages
doi:10.1155/2012/676010

Research Article
Integrating STATCOM and Battery Energy Storage System for
Power System Transient Stability: A Review and Application
Arindam Chakraborty,1 Shravana K. Musunuri,2
Anurag K. Srivastava,3 and Anil K. Kondabathini4
1 Philips

Electronics NA, Chicago, IL 60656, USA

System Division, Eaton Technologies, Pune 411014, India
3 School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99163, USA
4 ABB Inc., Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
2 Control

Correspondence should be addressed to Anurag K. Srivastava, srivanu@gmail.com

Received 31 May 2012; Revised 1 October 2012; Accepted 17 October 2012
Academic Editor: Don Mahinda Vilathgamuwa
Copyright 2012 Arindam Chakraborty et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution
License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly
cited.
Integration of STATCOM with energy storage devices plays an imperative role in improving the power system operation and
control. Significant research has been done in this area for practical realization of benefits of the integration. This paper, however,
pays particular importance to the performance improvement for the transients as is achievable by STATCOM with battery-powered
storage systems. Application of STATCOM with storage in regard to intermittent renewable energy sources such as wind power
generation is also discussed in the paper. At the beginning of this paper, an overall review of the STATCOM and energy storage
systems are elaborated. A brief overview of the advantages of using STATCOM in conjunction to energy storage systems in
achieving power system stability is presented. In the second part of the paper, a typical transient stability model of a STATCOM is
presented. The dynamics of real and reactive power responses of the integrated system to transients is studied. The study is aimed
at showing that the combination of STATCOM and battery energy storage significantly improves the performance of the system.
The final results show that the STATCOM reactive power/voltage control helps in transient stability enhancement.

1. Introduction
The principal benefit of the STATCOM for transient stability
enhancement is direct through rapid bus voltage control. In
particular, the STATCOM may be used to enhance power
transfer during low-voltage conditions, which typically predominate during faults, decreasing the acceleration of local
generators. An additional benefit is the reduction of the
demagnetizing eects of faults on local generation. STATCOMs behave analogously to synchronous compensators,
except that STATCOMs have no mechanical inertia and
are therefore capable of responding much more rapidly
to changing system conditions. When compared to synchronous machines, they do not contribute to short circuit
currents and have no moving parts. However, the system has
a symmetric lead-lag capability and can theoretically go from
full lag to full lead in fraction of cycles [1, 2].

In Many research papers, it has been shown that an

energy storage system (ESS) plays an important role in
power system control. In practice, by integrating an ESS with
STATCOM (STATCOM + ESS) significant improvements
over traditional STATCOM performance are achievable.
Some of the advantages of battery technologies are of higher
energy storage densities, greater cycling capabilities, better
reliability, and lower cost. This combined system is capable
of mitigating majority of the stability and voltage fluctuation
problems in the power system as discussed in detail in
Section 2, with comprehensive literature review.
A STATCOM, connected in shunt, with the system is
capable of improving transient stability by compensating the
reactive power at the point of common connection. The
ultimate objective of applying reactive shunt compensation
in a transmission system is to increase the transmittable
power during transients. This is achieved by increasing

2
(decreasing) the power transfer capability when the machine
angle increases (decreases). In Figure 1, which shows the
single line diagram of a STATCOM, if the DC capacitor
voltage, Vdc , is increased from its nominal value, the
STATCOM is overexcited (capacitive mode) and generates
reactive power. If the voltage of the DC capacitor bank is
decreased below the nominal value, the STATCOM is under
excited (inductive mode) and absorbs reactive power from
the system. This is completely analogous to increasing or
decreasing the field voltage of a synchronous compensator
[2].
In this paper, review and application of using STATCOM
in network with BESS are presented. Next section provides
review in greater details and Sections 35 provide application
demonstration of STATCOM + BESS. For test cases, a
power transmission system with a single machine generator
connected to an infinite bus is considered. For simplification
purpose the classical model of a generator is assumed
with an infinite bus as a constant voltage source. The
model is implemented in MATLAB/Simulink and computer
simulation results under dierent fault (3-phase to ground
fault) clearing times are analyzed for transient stability.
The results are then compared with STATCOM placed in
the system. The analysis is then extended by adding an
energy storage device (battery) to the STATCOM. The final
results show that the addition of energy storage allows the
STATCOM to inject and/or absorb active and reactive power
simultaneously and, therefore, provides additional benefits
and improvements in the system.
The paper is organized as follows. Section 2 gives a
comprehensive review and brief introduction of STATCOM
and battery, applications as well as financial aspects. Sections
3, 4, and 5 provide modeling and a practical case study
of STATCOM being used in interface with BESS and the
corresponding results based on the transient analysis of such
system are discussed. Finally, in Section 6 conclusions are
drawn.

2. STATCOM, BESS, and FACTS

2.1. Basics of FACTS. In power transmission and distribution
systems, power electronics-based controllers are commonly
named as flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) devices.
By facilitating bulk power transfers, these FACTS networks
help to build more transmission lines and power generation
plants and thereby enhance neighboring utilities and regions
to economically and reliably exchange power.
Continual advancements in power electronic technologies are acting to improve the stature of FACTS devices
within the bulk power system. This in turn is restructuring
the electric utility industry by moving steadily towards a
more competitive scenario, in which power is bought and
sold as a commodity. However, usually due to cost and lack
of systematic control, although several FACTS topologies
have been proposed to mitigate these potential problems,
transmission service providers are reluctant to install them.
The utility providers need to incorporate means of local
control to address a number of potential utility problems
such as uneven power flow through the system, transient and

Advances in Power Electronics

V -bus
Coupling
transformer
V -VSC
Voltage
sourced
converter

+
DC source
V -DC

Figure 1: STATCOM connected to a transmission line.

dynamic instability, subsynchronous oscillations, dynamic

overvoltages, and undervoltages [3].
There are numerous topologies of FACTS devices that
are discussed in the literature [46]. All of them have
certain advantages as well as disadvantages. Among them
multilevel-converter-based FACTS has an added advantage
of oering improved power quality, decreased switching
frequencies, decreased power losses, and minimized stress on
individual power-electronics devices. In addition, multilevelconverter-based FACTS enable more eective use of BESS.
Several multilevel power-electronics topologies have been
proposed for FACTS devices [6]. FACTS control scheme
for several dierent types of applications and evaluation
has been proposed in the literature [7, 8]. Comparison of
several FACTS devices for stability enhancement has been
discussed in [9]. Applications of STATCOM for voltage
regulation/control [1012] and stability [1316] have been
discussed in several papers.
2.2. Integration of Energy Storage Systems into FACTS Devices.
An energy storage system (ESS) can play an important
role in power system control [17] and provide significant
improvements over traditional STATCOM performance.
Battery energy storage systems (BESS) in conjunction with
STATCOM have recently emerged as one of the most promising near-term storage technologies for power applications
[18, 19]. By the addition of an energy storage system to the
STATCOM it has been possible to control the active power
flow between the STATCOM and the point of common
coupling (PCC). Thus, the STATCOM compensates the
reactive power and, in addition, stores energy in the storagesystem when the generated power exceeds the power limits
that could be injected to the distribution grid. In addition,
this solution provides promotes control of the power flow at
the PCC, by adjusting the direction of power injection, such
as downwards or upwards.
Recently, a considerable amount of attention has been
given to developing control strategies for a variety of
FACTS devices, such as static synchronous compensator

Advances in Power Electronics

Energy
storage
system
(ESS)

Power
electronic
interface

Power
regulation
network

Voltage
source
inverter (VSI)
DC bus

Utility grid
Isolation tr.

Figure 2: STATCOM + ESS connected to power utility system.

(STATCOM), the static synchronous series compensator

(SSSC), and the unified power flow controller (UPFC), to be
able to address and mitigate a wide range of potential bulk
power transmission problems [2022].
In the absence of energy storage, FACTS devices are
limited in the degree of freedom and sustained action in
which they can help the power grid. By the method of
integration of energy storage system (ESS) into FACTS
devices, an independent real and reactive power absorption
or injection into and from the grid is possible. This
integrated system leads to a more economical and flexible power transmission controller for the power system.
When a transmission line experiences significant power
transfer variations in an intermittent manner, a FACTS +
BESS combination can be installed to regulate and adjust
the power flow within the loaded transmission line. The
enhanced superior performance of combined FACTS + ESS
will have greater appeal to transmission service providers.
Performance indices were proposed for FACTS dynamic
performance with energy storage in [23] and control schemes
have been discussed in [2426].
Power system deregulation, along with transmission
limitations and generation shortage, has changed the power
of grid conditions by creating situations where energy storage
technology can play a very vital role in maintaining system
reliability and power quality. There are multiple benefits of
energy storage devices such as the ability to rapidly damp
oscillations, respond to sudden load transients, and continue
to supply the load during transmission or distribution
interruptions. In addition, this system can correct load
voltage profiles with rapid reactive power control, and still
allow the generators to balance with the system load at
their normal speed. Figure 2 presents typical architecture of
connected STATCOM with ESS to electric utility system.
The static synchronous compensator, or STATCOM, is
a shunt-connected power electronic converter-based FACTS
device. Unlike static var compensator (SVC), the STATCOM
does not employ capacitor or reactor banks to produce
reactive power. The major disadvantage of a traditional
STATCOM (with no energy storage) is that it has only
two possible steady-state operating modes, namely, inductive
(lagging) and capacitive (leading). Even though both the
traditional STATCOM output voltage magnitude and phase
angle can be controlled, they cannot be independently
adjusted in steady state due to the lack of significant active
power capability of STATCOM. Typically, the STATCOM
converter voltage is maintained in phase with the PCC
voltage, thus ensuring that only reactive power flows from

the STATCOM to the system. However, owing to some losses

in the coupling transformer and converter, the converter
voltage is generally maintained with a small phase shift with
the PCC voltage. Thus, practically, a small amount of real
power flows through the system from PCC to DC bus, to
compensate for the losses. However, the real power capability
of the STATCOM is very limited due to the absence of any
energy storage the DC bus. Compared with the traditional
STATCOM, the STATCOM + BESS oer more flexibility.
In case of STATCOM + BESS, the number of steady-state
operating modes is extended to various situations such as
inductive mode with DC charge and DC discharge, capacitive
mode with DC charge and discharge. Thus, in steady state,
the STATCOM + BESS has four operating modes and can
operate at every point in the steady-state characteristic circle.
In addition, depending on the energy output of the battery or
other ESS, the discharge/charge profile is generally sucient
to provide enough energy to stabilize the power regulation
in the system and maintain operation until other long-term
energy sources are brought into operation. Architecture of
connecting BESS with STACOM and control architecture
have been shown in Figures 3 and 4.
One of the drawbacks of FACTS + ESS is that for
FACTS integration, the size of the storage systems, particularly battery energy storage (BESS), may be too large for
practical use in large-scale transmission-level applications.
On certain occasions, large battery systems tend to exhibit
voltage instability when numerous cells are placed in series.
However, typically it is seen that even large oscillations can
be mitigated with modest power injection from a storage
system. The ability to independently control both active and
reactive powers in STATCOM + BESS makes them ideal
controllers for various types of power regulation system
applications, including voltage fluctuation mitigation and
oscillation damping. Among them, the most important use
of the STATCOM + BESS is to stabilize any disturbances
occurring in the power system.
2.3. Application of STATCOM with BESS. STATCOM with
storage have several advantages for operation and control of
power system [17]. Some of these applications include reactive and active power control, stability enhancement, system
security enhancement, integration of renewable generation,
avoidance of new transmission line construction, power flow
congestion management, and providing control mechanism
for remedial action schemes.
Wind power generation is one of the important renewable energy, which need to be controlled given inherent

Advances in Power Electronics

STATCOM +
BESS

RT1

LT1

RTL1

LTL1

RT2

LT2

RTL2

LTL2

RT3

LT3

RTL3

LTL3

PS1
Utility
PS2 power
system
PS3

Transformer
parameters

Transmission
line parameters

Feeder lines

Figure 3: STATCOM + BESS connected to power transmission system.

Sensors
and
regulation
power
unit
+

VS

P S1
P S2
P S3

Cb

Feedback
V, I

VS

Cb

Driver signal for

the switches
Synchronizing port 1

Mother control board 1

Control system and

signal processing unit

PC monitor and control

interface

Synchronizing port 2

Mother control board 2

Figure 4: Structure of a BESS connected FACTS in a complete control interface for maintaining stability.

intermittency [27]. Power electronic interface have proven

an important facilitator in integrating renewable energy [28,
29]. Due to the high wind power generation penetration
into the grid network, the power quality of the wind generator and their continuous long-term operation becomes
significantly important. The pulsating nature of the wind
turbine torque produces oscillatory active and reactive power
outputs at blade-passing frequencies. This oscillatory nature

worsens the power quality of the wind farm in terms of

voltage fluctuation at the PCC and sometimes causes damage
the generators connected to the network.
During sudden severe disturbances, such as line sag or
other fault situations, turbine would transmit less power to
the grid. However, due to the imbalance created between the
mechanical and electrical power, the speed of the turbine
would eventually increase. This increase in speed of the

Advances in Power Electronics

induction generator would result in consumption of more
reactive power, which causes the voltage to dip. In such
situations, stability can only be retained if the increased
generator speed is below the prescribed critical speed limit.
Thus, in order to sustain stable operation in the event of such
fault conditions of the wind farm, reactive power must be
supplied externally [30]. Also, with the increasing amount of
wind power generation, the wind systems cannot disconnect
from the power system in case of any faults but needs to
support the grid in case of faults. As a result, many countries
are developing grid code requirements to have fault ride
through of the wind power systems.
The benefit of using a battery in parallel to the wind
turbine is that it gives the chance to produce always as much
power as possible and store the energy that cannot be injected
to the grid. A battery connected to the STATCOM can be
the best solution to maximize the power that can be injected
in a weak network in a distributed generator (DG) system
[31]. The generator can be sized to produce more power
than the maximum power because the excessive power can
be absorbed by the battery. For a case where this situation
will be possible but not probable, the BESS can be used as a
dump load to absorb the power.
STATCOM can be used for stability enhancement even
in oshore wind farms as they are weakly connected [32].
If there is an excess of DG power than the maximum power
that can be injected to the power system, then the battery will
act to absorb the extra surplus power. On the other hand, if
the power consumption is excessive as well, the battery will
provide the necessary power. If the battery is fully charged,
then a dump load can be used to absorb this excessive
power production, while the only solution for excessive
consumption will be the limitation of the power. STACOM
with storage can be used for low voltage ridethrough
capability [33] and reactive power compensation [34]. There
are number of additional examples for using STATCOM with
storage for stability enhancement in [35].
Generally BESS units are designed and installed in
existing systems for the purposes of load leveling, stabilizing,
and load frequency control. Depending upon the specific
application in conjunction with the power system, the optimal installation site and capacity of BESS can be determined.
This is widely implemented for load-leveling applications.
In addition, the integration of battery energy storage with a
FACTS power flow controller can improve the power system
operation, regulation, and control. It is quite natural that due
to the intermittent nature of wind the active power P-wind
generated by the wind power generator always fluctuates.
Since active and reactive power is directly related hence
the reactive power Q-wind absorbed by the wind power
generator unit also fluctuates.
In the aftermath of disturbance, low-frequency oscillations in the AC system can be damped by either real
or reactive power injection/absorption. In certain cases,
the reactive power injected to the system is dependent on
the STATCOM terminal voltage while the ESS is ordered
according to the variation in the real power flow in the
system. The approach of damping power oscillations with
real power is more eective than reactive power since it

5
does not compromise the voltage quality of the system. In
terms of dynamic performance for damping oscillations, it
is observed in practical cases that if ESS is connected to the
AC system, it would provide better performance for a seriesconnected voltage source inverter (static synchronous series
compensator) compared to a shunt-connected voltage source
inverter. However, this is not a pragmatic solution due to the
additional cost involved.
The pulsating torque at blade-passing frequency varies
the slip of the wind power generator about the normal
operating point. Terminal voltage of the wind turbine varies
significantly with its slip. There is also a variation in the
terminal voltage with active power output of the wind
turbine. The large variation is due to the power flow, causing
a change in voltage drop in the distribution circuit. The
voltage drop can be separated into a horizontal and a
vertical component of the voltage drop across the grid
impedance. These voltages are the components in phase and
in quadrature with the network voltage, respectively.
In summary, STATCOM + BESS unit can be applied
to load leveling, saving energy at peak demand, minimizing subsynchronous oscillations, enhancing transient and
dynamic stability. Another advantage of using STATCOM
+ BESS is that the DC link capacitor value can be reduced
enormously. For certain applications, only a small capacitor
would be sucient to smooth the battery DC current which
is an eminent feature of integrating battery energy storage
system (BESS) with STATCOM.
2.4. Economic Aspect of the ESS System Connected to STATCOM. The cost of such an integrated system can be broken
down into three major segments, namely, the energy storage
system, the supporting systems such as refrigeration for
SMES, and the power conversion system. The amount of
energy to be stored primarily determines the cost of the
energy storage system. For the high-power low-energy storage applications, the configuration and the size of the power
conversion system may become a dominant component.
In order to establish a realistic cost estimate, the following
steps must be considered.
(i) Identification of the system issue(s) to be addressed.
(ii) Study of preliminary system characteristics.
(iii) Define basic energy storage, power, voltage, and
current requirements.
(iv) Define utility financial benefits from the integration
of the systems to determine adequacy of utilitys
return on investment.
(v) Model system performance in response to system
demands to establish eectiveness of the BESS.
(vi) Optimize integrated system specifications and determine system cost.
(vii) Study and compare various energy storage systems
performance and costs.
In terms of per unit active or reactive power, the cost of
energy storage in feasible range is possible to be achieved by

Advances in Power Electronics

Feedback
voltages, V

Synchronizing
signal

PLL

t++

t++

q +

Instantaneous
power theory

Switching
logic

Driving signal
for the switches

Lead/lag
voltage controller

PI
controller

Feedback
currents, I

Figure 5: STATCOM control design.

Re

These measured signals are worked in two ways as shown

in Figure 2. In one way, the voltages are fed to the PLL
(phase-locked loop) block in order to detect the frequency
and phase angle and to generate the synchronizing signal to
the switching logic. Control scheme is shown in Figure 5.

+
Eeq

Vt

3.1.1. Battery Modeling. The governing equation for a simple

battery model as shown in Figure 6 is given by [36] as follows:
Vt = Eeq iR.

Figure 6: Equivalent model of battery.

a FACTS + BESS system. While each system will be tailored to

individual utility needs, target costs for a basic energy storage
system on a per-kilowatt basis are less than the costs on a
per-kilowatt basis of the lowest cost generation units. With
advancement in utility scale battery storage system, cost has
been going down and bigger battery size is practical.

3. System Modeling
3.1. STATCOM Modeling. A STATCOM regulates voltage
on a three-bus system. It is modeled as 48-pulse power
converter which uses a voltage-sourced converter (VSC) built
of four 12-pulse three-level GTO inverters. During steadystate operation the STATCOM control system keeps the
fundamental component of the VSC voltage in phase with
the system voltage. If the voltage generated by the VSC is
higher (or lower) than the system voltage, the STATCOM
generates (or absorbs) reactive power. The amount of
reactive power depends on the VSC voltage magnitude and
on the transformer leakage reactance.
The fundamental component of VSC voltage is controlled by varying the DC bus voltage. In order to vary
the DC voltage, and therefore the reactive power, the VSC
voltage angle (alpha) which is normally kept close to zero
is temporarily phase shifted. This VSC voltage lag or lead
produces a temporary flow of active power which results in
an increase or decrease of capacitor voltages. The control
used for this model of STATCOM is a very simple one. It uses
measurements of voltages and currents at the point where the
STATCOM is connected to the AC system bus.

(1)

Here the equilibrium potential of the battery is a function

of the state of charge (SOC) of the battery and can be fitted
directly from the experimental data
Eeq = f (SOC).

(2)

If the following assumptions are valid: (i) the Nernst

equation is a valid description of the equilibrium potential
of the relevant electrochemical reactions; (ii) the main
electrochemical reactions on positive and negative electrodes
have fast kinetics; (iii) the capacity of the positive electrode
roughly matches that of the negative electrode, we have


Eeq = E0 +

SOC
RT
.
ln
nF
1 SOC

(3)

Assuming no side reactions, then the relationship between

SOC and charge/discharge rate is given by
i
dSOC
=
.
dt
3600Cbat

(4)

4. Test Case
The test case system is considered as two-area system, area1 and area-2 as shown in Figure 7. The two areas are
connected by two parallel connected long transmission lines.
The direction of real power flow is from area-1 to area-2. The
STATCOM is placed on one of the transmission lines and
near to the generator being analyzed (area-1).
For a long transmission line, having a series impedance
of z ohm/km and shunt admittance of y mho/km, the
relationship between the sending end and the receiving end

Advances in Power Electronics

Sending end

VS

VM

VR

Receiving end
Area-2

Area-1
Section 1

Section 2
STATCOM

Figure 7: Two-area system with STATCOM device.

quantities with A, B, C, and D constants of the line can be

written as follows:
VS = AVR + BIR ,
IS = CVR + DIR .

(5)

For the simplified model, where the line resistance and

capacitance are neglected, both sending end power (PS )
and receiving end power (PR ) become maximum at power
angle = 90 . When a STATCOM is connected to a long
line to increase the power transfer capability, the above
simplifications may provide erroneous results.
The active power flows at the sending end and the
receiving end for a long transmission line with distributed
parameters can be written as follows:
PS = K1 cos(B A ) K2 cos(B + ),
PR = K2 cos(B ) K3 cos(B A ),

(6)

where K1 = AVS2 /B, K2 = AVS VR /B, K3 = AVR /B, A =

|A|A , B = |B |B , VR = |VR |0, VS = |VS |.
Parameters for MatLab/Simulink Model. Figure 8 shows the
MatLab/Simulink [37] model for the test case described
above. The generator controller will provide the mechanical
input Pm , and the field voltage V f , depending on the
electrical load of the system. The controller will also provide
damping to the rotor angle during transient condition of
the system. The data for various components used in the
simulation are as follows (the values are in pu unless stated).
Synchronous generator parameters: 200 MVA, V =
13.8 KV, f = 60 Hz, Xd = 1.305, Xd1 = 0.296, Xd = 0.255,
Xq = 0.474, Xq = 0.243, X1 = 0.18.
Transformer parameters: 210 MVA 13.8 kV/500 kV, R2 =
0.0027, L2 = 0.08, Rm = 500, Xm = 500.
Transmission line parameters (per km): R1 = 0.01273,
R0 = 0.3864, L1 = 0.9337 mH, L0 = 4.1263 mH, C1 =
12.74 nF, C0 = 7.751 nF.
STATCOM parameters: 500 KV, 100 MVAR, Vds = 9 KV,
Cdc = 600 mF, Vref = 1.0, K p = 12, Ki = 40.
Loads: generator side load5 MW, 13.8 KV, 60 Hz; infinite bus side load10 MW, 500 KV, 60 Hz.
Receiving end source (infinite bus): 500 KV, 5000 MVA,
L = 0.0140 H, R = 0.529 ohms.

5. Simulation Analysis
5.1. Wind Energy Integration. Simulation analysis is performed in order to investigate the impact of STATCOM on

the performance of a wind farm connected to the grid when

a two-phase-to-line ground fault is applied to the system at
time t = 12 seconds and the fault is cleared at time t = 12.2
seconds. Figure 9 shows the results of bus voltage, active and
reactive power at the bus where wind farm is connected
and Figure 10 shows the results with STATCOM connected
to the bus. It can be clearly seen from results, that when
the STATCOM is not used, the bus voltage drops to 0.5 pu.
However, with STATCOM the bus voltage returns to 1 pu
after the fault is cleared.
STATCOM + BESS are suggested to be the prominent
device, which responds quickly during these fault conditions
while improving the power quality and the stability of the
wind farms. So far, the studies on this were limited to only
the control of the reactive power. However, with the addition
of energy storage systems (ESS), STATCOM can provide
added benefit to the wind farm and the power generator
systems. Among the ESS, battery-based storage systems,
BESS is a highly recommended storage technology due to the
advantage of having lower losses and cost.
During the occurrence of voltage fluctuations, BESS units
act to balance the power fluctuation by alternately doing
charging and discharging operations. In the instance of line
sag or other fault situations, BESS can be used to enhance
the stability margin by absorbing the active power from
the wind farm. For the improvement of stability, very large
amount of energy absorption may be needed intermittently.
The terminal voltage and the current of the wind farm are
measured and recorded to the control circuit. A simple and
fast responding real as well as reactive power control is used
to sense the error signal and STATCOM + BESS is used
to inject real and reactive power to nullify the disturbances
or oscillations created, in order to recommence normal
operation of the farm.
The combined STATCOM + BESS inject fluctuating real
power and the full reactive power absorbed by the wind
turbine together with the bus capacitor bank as shown in
Figure 11. This in turn results in the elimination of the
voltage fluctuation while minimizing the reactive power flow
in the grid by STATCOM + BESS.
5.2. Stability Enhancement. In order to demonstrate the
eectiveness of the STATCOM-battery combination for stability enhancement, several cases are simulated. These cases
are given as subsections here. To simulate dynamic oscillations in each case, a 3-phase fault is introduced at time =
27 sec and dierent fault-clearing times were generated at
bus-B2. The plot step is 1E-5 sec for all the figures given in
these cases.
Case I (system with no compensators). A two-machine AC
system is simulated. When there is no STATCOM-battery
combination connected to the system, the system response
is depicted in Figure 12.
The system response for fault-clearing times 0.23 sec,
0.235 sec is plotted and compared with faultless system. For
the fault clearing time 0.23 sec, which is less than the critical
clearing time 0.2315 sec, the rotor angle of the generator will

Advances in Power Electronics

Stator voltage vq (pu)
Stator voltage vd (pu)
Rotor speed wm (pu)
Rotor speed deviation dw (pu)
Output active power Peo (pu)

Gate

Vq
Vstab

Cm

B1

STATCOM
500 kV, 5000 MVA
100 MVA

Vf

200 MVA
13.8 kV

Y9 c

C
Transmission line 1

B2

210 MVA
13.8 kV/500 kV

Vf

5000 MVA
500 kV

B3

Transmission line 2
A
B
C

Vref
Vd

Cp

m
Pm

HTG

Pulses VdcP
A
N
B
VdcM
C

Pulses

VdcPN

Pm

Pref
we
dw

Iabc

STATCOM
controller

wref

Peo

Vabc

Iabc B1

A
B
C

1
0.7516

Vabc B1

A
B
C
3-phase fault

5 MW

Excitation
system

10 MW

P bus (pu)

10
5

O STATCOM

1
0
1

O bus

Figure 8: MATLAB/SIMULINK simulation model for test case system with STATCOM.

15
10
5
0

Real power at bus

10

12

14

16

18

20

14

16

18

20

14

16

18

20

12

14

16

18

20

12

14

16

18

20

STATCOM reactive power

10

12

V STATCOM

1
0
1

V bus

Bus reactive power

1.5
1
0.5
0

10

12

STATCOM voltage

10
Bus voltage

10

Time (seconds)

Figure 9: Wind Farm simulation without STATCOM connected to power transmission system.

remain stable after the fault is cleared. For the fault clearing
time 0.235 sec, which is greater than the critical clearing time
0.2315 sec, the rotor angle of the generator becomes unstable
after the fault is cleared. Since this case does not have any
compensator attached to the AC system, STATCOM real and
reactive powers are zero.
Case II (system with STATCOM). Now, the 500 KV,
100 MVAR STATCOM is connected to bus-B2. When only
the STATCOM is connected, the response of the system is
given in Figures 13 and 14.
Figure 13 shows the plots for the fault clearing of 0.23 sec
with and without STATCOM. It is observed that the system

with STATCOM will have faster rotor angle damping than

compared to the system without STATCOM.
Figure 14 shows the plots for the fault clearing of
0.235 sec, which is more than the original critical clearing
time, with and without STATCOM. It is observed that
the generator rotor angle with STATCOM becomes stable.
Whereas the generator rotor angle without STATCOM is
unstable.
Case III (system with STATCOM-battery combination).
Now a battery model attached to the STATCOM and this
STATCOM-battery combination is then attached to busB2. The dynamic response of the combined device to AC

Advances in Power Electronics

10
5
0

10

12

14

16

18

20

14

16

18

20

14

16

18

20

12

14

16

18

20

12

14

16

18

20

O STATCOM
O bus (pu)

10

V STATCOM

STATCOM reactive power

1
0.8
0.6

V bus (pu)

P bus (pu)

Bus real power

2
0

10

12

Bus reactive power

5
0

10

12

STATCOM reactive voltage

10
Bus voltage

1
0

10

Time (seconds)

Figure 10: Wind Farm simulation with STATCOM connected to power transmission system.
Z-grid-1
S1

CB1

CB11
Filter
network

S2
S3

CB22

CB2

Wind power
generator

Z-grid-2

Z1

BESS

STATCOM
Z2

Figure 11: STACOM + BESS connected to wind power generator.

system oscillations is depicted in Figure 15. Figure shows

the plots for the fault clearing of 0.235 sec, which is more
than the original critical clearing time, with STATCOM and
with STATCOM-battery combination. It is observed that the
system with STATCOM-battery combination will have faster
rotor angle damping than compared to the system with only
STATCOM and the system is stable.
Figures 16 and 17 show comparison of the real and the
reactive power injected or absorbed by the STATCOM and

STATCOM-battery combination. In these figures, negative

real and/or reactive power values represent the injected
power from the device to the AC system. In this case study
the reactive power injected to the system is dependent on
the STATCOM terminal voltage, which is the voltage at
bus-B1. During the fault, the real power injection into
the system with STATCOM-battery combination is higher
in magnitude when compared to the system with only
STATCOM which can be observed in Figure 10. Damping

10

Advances in Power Electronics

100

100

50
Rotor angle (degrees)

Rotor angle (degrees)

50
0
50
100

26.5

50
100
150

150
200

200

27

27.5

28

28.5

29

29.5

26.5

30

27

27.5

Time (s)
Tcr = 0.235
Tcr = 0.23

28
28.5
Time (s)

29

29.5

30

With STATCOM Tcr = 0.235

W/o STATCOM Tcr = 0.235

W/o fault

Figure 12: Rotor angle response for dierent values of faultclearing time (fault applied at t = 27 sec).

Figure 14: Rotor angle response with and without STATCOM at

fault clearing time Tcr = 0.235 sec.
200

100

150
50
Rotor angle (degrees)

Rotor angle (degrees)

100
0
50

100

26.5

0
50
100

150

200

50

150
200

27

27.5

28
28.5
Time (s)

29

29.5

30

W/o STATCOM Tcr = 0.23

With STATCOM Tcr = 0.23

26.5

27

27.5

28
28.5
Time (s)

29

29.5

30

With battery and STATCOM Tcr = 0.235

With STATCOM Tcr = 0.235
W/o STATCOM Tcr = 0.235

Figure 13: Rotor angle response with and without STATCOM at

fault clearing time Tcr = 0.23 sec.

Figure 15: Rotor angle response with STATCOM and battery at

fault clearing time Tcr = 0.235 sec.

rotor angle oscillations with increase of real power is more

eective than reactive power since it does not compromise
the voltage quality of the system.

minimizing the transient dynamics of the power system

with practical application is discussed in the latter half
of the paper. Detailed MATLAB/Simulink modeling and
control of the integration of a STATCOM with a battery, and
its dynamic response to generator rotor angle oscillations
caused by a 3-phase fault as well as for integration of
renewable energy are presented and discussed. It has been
observed that the STATCOM-battery combination can be
very eective in compensating generator rotor angle oscillations and thus well suited for improving transient stability
and the dynamic behavior of the power system. It should also
be noted that in this study the STATCOM provides a real

6. Conclusions
This paper is majorly divided into two sections. In the first
section, thorough reviews of the benefits of using STATCOM
in conjunction with battery energy storage systems are
discussed. The importance and technical significance of BESS
with STATCOM is elaborated here. Advantages of using
BESS in connection to STATCOM in the power system for

Real power with STATCOM

Advances in Power Electronics

11

2
0
2
4

26.5

27

27.5

28

28.5

29

29.5

30

29

29.5

30

Real power with

STATCOM and battery

Time (s)
2
0
2
4

26.5

27

27.5

28
28.5
Time (s)

Reactive power with

STATCOM and battery

Reactive power with STATCOM

Figure 16: Real power comparison with STATCOM and STATCOM

with a battery at Tcr = 0.235 sec.

4
2
0
2

26.5

27

27.5

28

28.5

29

29.5

30

29

29.5

30

Time (s)
3
2
1
0
1
2

26.5

27

27.5

28

28.5

Time (s)

Figure 17: Reactive power comparison with STATCOM and

STATCOM with a battery at Tcr = 0.235 sec.

power flow path for battery, but the operation of the battery
is independent of the STATCOM controller. While the
STATCOM is controlled to absorb or inject reactive power,
the battery is controlled to absorb or inject real power.

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