Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Water Treatment
WaterTreatment
EENV4331
Lecture1: Introduction
Dr.Fahid Rabah
10
11
12
1.6 Impurities
p
in Water
Constituent
Turbidity
Chemical Formula
-----------
Difficulties Caused
Means of Treatment
imparts
p
unsightly
g y appearance
pp
to water; deposits in water
lines, process equipment, coagulation, settling, and filtration
etc.; interferes with most
process uses
chief source of scale in heat
exchange equipment, boilers,
pipe lines, etc.; forms curds
with soap, interferes with
dyeing, etc.
Hardness
calcium and
magnesium salts,
expressed as CaCO3
Alkalinity
softening; demineralization
13
Impurities
p
in Water
Constituent
Chemical Formula
Difficulties Caused
Means of Treatment
Free Mineral
Acid
corrosion
Carbon Dioxide
CO2
PH
hydrogen ion
concentration defined
as:
PH= log[H+]
14
Impurities
p
in Water
Constituent
Sulfate
Chloride
Nitrate
Chemical Formula
Difficulties Caused
Means of Treatment
SO42-
demineralization, reverse
osmosis, electrodialysis,
evaporation
Cl -
demineralization, reverse
osmosis, electrodialysis,
evaporation
NO3
demineralization, reverse
osmosis, Electodialysis,
evaporation
15
Impurities
p
in Water
Constituent
Fluoride
Sodium
Silica
Chemical Formula
F-
Difficulties Caused
Means of Treatment
Na+
demineralization, reverse
osmosis, Electodialysis,
evaporation
SiO2
adsorption, demineralization
adsorption
demineralization,
reverse osmosis, evaporation
16
Impurities
p
in Water
Constituent
Chemical Formula
Difficulties Caused
Means of Treatment
Iron
Fe2+ (ferrous)
Fe3+ (ferric)
d
it in
i water
t
source off deposits
lines, boilers. etc.; interferes
with dyeing, tanning,
papermaking,
p
p
g, etc.
Manganese
Mn2+
same as iron
same as iron
AI3+
Aluminum
17
Impurities
p
in Water
Constituent
Chemical Formula
Difficulties Caused
Means of Treatment
Oxygen
O2
Hydrogen
Sulfide
H2S
cause of "rotten
rotten egg
egg" odor;
corrosion
NH3
Ammonia
18
Impurities in Water
Constituent
Chemical Formula
Dissolved Solids
none
Difficulties Caused
Means of Treatment
refers to total amount of
dissolved matter, determined
lime softening and cation
by evaporation; high
exchange by hydrogen zeolite;
concentrations are
demineralization, reverse
objectionable because of
osmosis, electrodialysis,
process interference and as a
evaporation
cause of foaming in boilers
Suspended
S
d d
Solids
none
Total Solids
none
filtration,
filt
ti
usually
ll preceded
d db
by
coagulation and settling
19
1 7 Water
1.7
W t quality
lit characteristics
h
t i ti
a. Physical characteristics:
Turbidity
Color
Taste and odor
Temperature
b Chemical characteristics:
b.
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22
p
Level ((mg/l)
g )
Acceptable
MCL ((mg/l)
g )
TDS
500
1500
TH (CaCO3)
100
500
Detergents
ABS
05
0.5
Aluminum
Al
0.2
0.3
Iron
Fe
0.3
M
Manganese
M
Mn
01
0.1
02
0.2
Copper
Cu
1.5
Zinc
Zn
15
Sodium
Na
200
400
Nickel
Ni
0.05
0.1
Chloride
Cl
200
400
Fluoride
1.5
Sulfate
SO4
200
500
Nitrate
NO3
45
70
Silver
Ag
0.01
0.05
Magnesium
Mg
50
120
Calcium
Ca
100
200
Potassium
10
12
Element/Compound
p
Total Disolves Solids
Total Hardness
23
Symbol
MCL (mg/l)
Lead
Pb
0.01
Selenium
Se
0.01
Arsenic
As
0 05
0.05
Chromium
Cr
0.05
Cyanide
Cn
0 05
0.05
Cadmium
Cd
0.005
Mercury
Hg
0.001
Antimony
Sb
0.005
Nickel
Ni
0.05
24
Symbol
MCL (mg/l)
TDS
1500
TH (CaCO
(C CO3)
600
Alkalinity
g
Detergents
400
ABS
0.5
Sodium
Na
200
Chloride
Cl
600
Fluoride
1.5
Sulfate
SO4
400
Nitrate
NO3
70
Nitrite
NO2
0.1
Ammonium
NH4
0.5
Magnesium
Mg
150
Calcium
Ca
100- 200
12
Potassium
Residual chlorine
0.2- 0.8
25
26
Ground
Water
well
Disinfection
Storage
Distribution
27
S
Screen
Surface
water
Coagulation
Filtration
Disinfection
Flocculation
Storage
Sedimentation
Distribution
28
S
Screen
Surface
water
Filtration
Coagulation
Disinfection
Storage
Distribution
29
Ground
Water
Rapid Mixing
Filtration
Flocculation
Disinfection
Sedimentation
Storage
Recarbonation
Distribution
30
Ground
Water
well
Aeration
Disinfection
Filtration
Storage
Distribution