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Pipeline.....
Pipeline
Pipeline, line of pipes equipped with pumps and valves
and other control devices for moving liquids, gases, and
slurries (fine particles suspended in liquid).
Pipeline sizes usually vary from the 2 inch (5
centimetres) to 48 inch (122 centimetres) diameter lines
used in oil-well systems from 20 feet (6 metre) to 30
feet (9 metres) lines across in high-volume water and
sewage networks.
Pipelines usually consist of sections of pipe made of
metal (e.g., steel, cast iron and aluminium), though
some are constructed of concrete, clay products, and
occasionally plastics. The sections are welded together
and, in most cases, laid underground.
Most countries have an extensive network of pipelines.
Because they are usually out of sight, their contribution
to freight transport and their importance to the economy
are often unrecognized by the general public. Yet,
virtually all the water transported from treatment plants
to individual households, all the natural gas from
wellheads to individual users, and practically all the
long-distance transportation of oil overland goes by
pipeline.
Pipelines
have
been
the
preferred
mode
of
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History
For thousands of years, pipelines have been constructed in
various parts of the world to convey water for drinking and
irrigation.
The most ancient type of pipeline used by humans was made
of hollow bamboos and later the construction of aqueducts &
canals by Aryans at Indus Valley civilization to Romans and
Persians.
A significant improvement of pipeline technology took place
in the 18th century, when cast-iron pipes were used
commercially. Another major milestone was the advent in the
19th century of steel pipe, which greatly increased the
strength of pipes of all sizes. The development of highstrength steel pipes made it possible to transport natural
gas and oil over long distances.
Initially, all steel pipes had to be threaded together. This was
difficult to do for large pipes, and they were apt to leak under
high pressure. The application of welding to join pipes in the
1920s made it possible to construct leak-proof, highpressure, large-diameter pipelines. Today, most high-pressure
piping consists of steel pipe with welded joints.
Major innovations since 1950 include introduction of Ductile
Iron and large-diameter Concrete Pressure pipes for water;
use of Poly-Vinyl Chloride (PVC) pipe for sewers.
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produces
70,807,000
barrels
of
Oil
or
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Pipeline.....
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[http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-R2WPY63S8gE/ULLpeNLttI/AAAAAAAAAF4/zevK-o9_Df8/s1600/1.png]
Types of Pipelines
Pipelines can be categorized in different ways.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
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Crude Oil
Product Pipeline
a. Gasoline
b. Diesel
c. Jet fuel
2. Gas Pipeline
a. Natural Gas
b. Propane, Ethane & Butane
3. Water & Sewer Pipelines
4. Slurry Pipeline
5. Pneumatic Pipelines
6. Capsule Pipelines
A. Type of Geographical Location & Range
[http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-PKwDeiOAOq0/ULLsqUn02ZI/A
AAAAAAAAGI/Sl-UxVNXfkY/s1600/Gas+Pipelines.gif]
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[http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-kBIbu7BfSmo/ULLssq6BVJI/AA
AAAAAAAGQ/olVyX2HIDac/s1600/Liquid+Pipelines.gif]
in
different
batches.
Mixing
between
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used
drag-reducing
additives
are
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Pipeline.....
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plants
to
individual
households
or
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use
relatively
fine
slurry.
Existing coal-
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for
most
cargoes
wherever
the
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pneumatically.
Prevention
of
such
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Capsule
Pipeline
Research
Center
at
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pipelines
(mostly
PCPs)
have
been
and
damage
to
highway
and
rail
2.
2. The mixture of Oil and Natural Gas coming out of
a well must be transported as two-phase flow by
pipelines to processing facilities before the oil
can be separated from the gas.
3.
3. Liquefied natural gas (LNG) transported by ships
(tankers) also requires short pipelines to connect
the ships to onshore storage tanks.
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Pipeline.....
4.
4.
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the
United
States
to
transport carbon
Components of Pipeline
equipment
a communication
including
system that
computers,
uses
and
microwaves,
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by
the
pipe,
determination
of
the
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Operation
Modern long-distance pipelines are operated mainly
automatically by a computer at the headquarters of
the pipeline company. The computer monitors the
pressure, flow rates, and other parameters at
various locations along the pipe, performs many online computations, and sends commands to the field
to control the operation of the valves and pumps.
Manual intervention is frequently needed to modify
the automatic operation, as when different batches
of fuels are directed to different temporary storage
tanks, or when the system must be shut down or
restarted.
Safety
[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/5
16063/safety]
The safety of pipelines depends to a large extent on the
materials transported. Pipelines that transport water
or use water to transport coarse solids, such as
hydraulic capsule pipelines, do not explode or
pollute the environment in the event of pipe rupture
or spill. They pose few safety or environmental
hazards. Crude-oil pipelines, when ruptured, do not
explode but may pollute waters and soil. Natural gas
pipelines and product pipelines that contain highly
volatile liquids such as gasoline may explode in a
spill;
they
deserve
the
greatest
safety
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second
leading
cause
of
pipeline
failure
internal
corrosion.
Hydrazine
(N2H4)
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mode,
products
that
meet
common
For example, a
Pipeline,
for
instance,
publishes
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[http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-N6vmMbDOSc/ULLv2sx7QEI/AAAAAAAAAGg/7dJz4Sjactw/s16
00/images.jpg]
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