Old Dominion University

Mechanical Engineering Technology

MET 387 Power and Energy
Laboratory Course Pack

Contents

Axial Flow Turbofan

Conduction Heat Transfer
Four-Stroke Cycle Gasoline Engine Analysis
Heat Exchanger Performance
Hilton Air Conditioning Unit
Reaction Turbine
Subsonic Ramjet Performance
Steam Power Plant

Old Dominion University

Mechanical Engineering Technology
MET 387 Power and Energy Laboratory
Title: Axial Flow Turbofan (Rev. June 2011, NJL)
Purpose: To determine the flow characteristics of a small axial flow turbofan.
Apparatus: The apparatus consists of a small, variable speed turbofan with discharge
ducting. The discharge ducting contains a flow straightener and a location that can be
used for the insertion of a variety of orifice plates in order to vary the flow rate. At the
end of the ducting, there is a venturi (Cv= 0.95) which can be used to measure the flow
rate. Extending from the side of the cradle-mounted motor is an arm with a sliding
weight and a leveling spring. The torque of the fan can be calculated by initially leveling
the motor with the spring and then measuring the movement required of the weight to relevel the motor at a test condition. The torque can be determined by multiplying the
distance the weight is moved from the initial position by the amount the weight actually
weighs (23.0 grams or supplied by the instructor). A digital manometer is also
provided for measuring the pressure rise across the fan and the pressure rise in the
venturi. A tachometer is used to determine the fan motor speed.

LEVEL
MOTOR

FAN
BLADES

ORIFICE CLAMP
FLOW
STRAIGHTENER

ARM

TO
MANOMETER

WEIGHT

Figure 1: Apparatus

TO
MANOMETER

Theory:
Centrifugal machinery (pumps, fans, turbines) have several inherent
characteristics that are primarily a function of the units design. Manufacturers provide
these characteristics (in the form of curves) to aid in the proper placement of these units
in the systems for which they operate. The most widely used performance curves for
centrifugal machinery are the following three characteristics plotted versus the flow rate
through the fan:
1. Rise in pressure head across the fan
2. Horsepower required (brake horsepowerbhp)
3. Fan efficiency
Fan speed should remain constant for each curve.
The rise in pressure head across the fan is simply obtained by using the manometer that is
connected across the fan and is given by the following equation:

H hF m 1
air
Where: hF = manometer reading across the fan
Note, the digital manometer is reading in inches of water

m = specific weight of the manometer fluid which is water

air = specific weight of flowing air

Note:

air

Patm
g

RTatm g c

where: Patm = atmospheric pressure (lbf/ft2)

Tatm = atmospheric temperature (oR)
R = air gas constant, 53.3 (lbf-ft)/(lbmoR)
g = acceleration of gravity, 32,2 ft/s2
gc = gravitational constant, 32.2 lbm-ft/lbf-s2
Brake horsepower can be determined using the following equation:
BHP 2 NT

Where: N = fan speed (rpm)

T = fan torque which is the slide weight times measured slide distance
2

The fan efficiency is the ratio of the power delivered to the air to the power
provided to the fan unit (BHP). From Bernoullis equation and some assumptions, it has
been shown that the power delivered to the air can be determined from the following
equation:

PDelivered air QH
Where Q = volumetric flow rate
H = rise in pressure head across fan
The efficiency can then be determined from the following equation:

PDelivered
BHP

WATCH UNITS!

The flow rate can be calculated from the venturi equation:

Q CV AV

2 ghV m 1
air
4
DV
1

DT

Where: AV = area of the venturi throat

DV = diameter of the venture throat
DT = diameter of the duct
CV = 0.95

Procedure:

WARNINGS:
1. This lab involves the use of machinery rotating at high angular velocity; do
not wear loose clothing or jewelry that could become caught in the rotating
shaft!
2. When changing orifices, be careful to support both ends of the tube to prevent
damage to laboratory equipment.

ACTION:
1. Record room temperature and pressure
2. Turn on and then zero the digital manometer and tachometer by pressing the
tare button and note which reading corresponds to the orifice plate and
which corresponds to the fan.
3. Place the sliding weight at the outermost point on the scale and level the
motor using the spring adjustment.
4. With the blank orifice installed (the one without a hole), set the fan speed at
6,000 rpm using the variac to control the motor speed.
5. Slide the weight along the arm until the motor is balanced. Record the
distance the weight was moved from its initial position.
6. Record the manometer readings for pressure head across the fan and the
venturi.
7. Install the next smallest orifice.
8. Repeat steps 3 - 5 for the remaining orifices ending with no orifice.

Report Requirements:
1. Calculate head, BHP, volumetric flow rate (Q), and for each test condition.
2. Plot head, BHP, and (all three on the ordinate(s)) versus Q (on the abscissa)
on a single graph and discuss the resulting curves.

Raw Data Sheet

Ambient Temperature:
Barometric Pressure:

___________
___________

Speed:_______rpm
Mass: _______grams
Tube Diameter (DT):
Venturi Diameter (DV):

Orifice number

___________
___________

Slide Distance
d
Units = ______

Fan Manometer
hF
(inches of water)

blank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
none

Venturi Manometer
hV
(inches of water)

Old Dominion University

Mechanical Engineering Technology
MET 387 Power and Energy Laboratory
Title: Conduction Heat Transfer Unit (Rev. July 2011, NJL)
Purpose: In technical calculations it is important to be able to determine the amount of
heat that is transferred between two mediums of different temperatures per unit time,
when the two mediums are separated by a wall. The transfer of energy due to a
temperature difference is called heat transfer and occurs in tree main forms:

Thermal conduction in a solid body, in a moving liquid body, or in a

gaseous body
Convection between a solid medium and flowing liquid of gaseous
medium
Thermal radiation which occurs between two bodies in sight of each
other and does not require a material between

Heat is mostly transferred simultaneously by conduction, convection and radiation. Since

the individual types of heat transfer are governed by different laws, they must be
addresses separately. This experiment will determine the characteristics of thermal
conduction in solid bodies experimentally.

Apparatus: The WL 372 Heat Conduction Unit is a tabletop unit with two
experimental arrangements, linear conduction (1) and radial conduction (2). The
control and display unit (3) is placed near the study unit. The two units are connected via
two cables, a data cable (4) and a power cable (5). A laboratory cooling water feed and
return system (6,7) and main power (8) complete the experimental setup

Figure 1

Table-top unit with control unit

The setup for Linear conduction comprises three element: Fixed part with heater (1),
Location for varous inserts (2) and a movable part with the water cooler (3). By opening
the toggle fastener (4) and sliding back the cooler, the insert can be installed. By this
means the heat is transferred linearly from the heater, through the insert and to the cooler.
The heater comprises external insulation (5), lid (6), brass rod (7) and the electrical heater
element (8). There are three temperature measuring points (9) under the insulation in the
brass rod at 45. Together with the insert (10) there is thus a measurement section of nine
measuring points.
Insert 1 has three temperature measuring points in a brass rod (11). This brass rod has
the same diameter as the heater and the cooler. When using the other inserts, insert 1 can
be places on one side.
Insert 2 (12) also has the same diameter as the heater and cooler, but is made from
corrosion resistant steel (13) and does not have any temperature measuring points
Insert 3 (14) on the other hand is a smaller diameter and is again made from brass (15), it
also has no temperature measuring points.
All the inserts are fitted with an insulating sleeve.

Figure 2

Linear conduction

Figure 3

Heater

Figure 4

Cooler

Figure 5

Inserts

The measuring points for linear conduction are numbered form left to right. The
distance between adjacent measuring points is 10mm. The diameter of the heater, cooler,
inserts 1 and insert 2 is 25mm. Insert 3 has a diameter of 15mm. If insert 1 is not used in
the experiment, the temperature displayed for measuring points 4, 5, and 6 should be
ignored.

Figure 6

Measuring points for linear conduction

The radial conduction test item is a sealed unit. It comprises and insulating housing (1)
with lid, and a disc (2) with heater (3) and cooler (4). The heater is fixed from below in
the center of the brass disc. There is copper pipe around the disc through which cooling
water can flow. From above, six temperature measuring points are fitted in a line that
stretched radially from the center to the outside. Using the apparatus the heat is
transferred radially from the heater to the cooler.

Figure 7

Radial Conduction
4

The measuring points for radial conduction are numbered from the center outwards. The
distance between adjacent measuring points is 10mm. The diameter of the disc is
110mm; it is 4mm thick. The heater is in the center of the disk on the underside and has
a diameter of 12mm. The temperatures for measuring points 7, 8 and 9 should be ignored
during the radial experiments.

Figure 8

Measuring points for radial conduciton

The control and display unit has a temperature display and a power display (1,2). These
are both digital displays. The temperature is displayed in C and the heater power is in
watts. The measuring point for the temperature display is selected via the rotary knob
(3). The heater power is switched with the ON / OFF switch (4) and adjusted using the
potentiometer (5). Alternatively, the temperature can also be provided via software; in
this case the switch (6) has to be set onto operation mode PC

Figure 7

Control and display unit

Theory: Thermal conductivity is analogous to electrical conductivity. The Fourier

Conduction Equation, which is analogous to Ohms Law, is shown in the following
equation for linear conduction:
dT
Equation 1: q kA

dx
Where: q = rate of heat flow
W
k = coefficient of thermal conduction

m K
A = area normal to heat flow (m2)
dT
K
= temperature gradient in direction of heat flow
dx
m

The negative sign is required for the adopted sign convention that the direction of
increasing distance (x) is to be the direction of positive heat flow. Thus, since according
to the Second Law of Thermodynamics, heat will flow from higher to lower
temperatures. Heat flow will be positive when the temperature gradient is negative.
For a constant cross section area and steady flow of energy, we can integrate and re-write
equations 1 as follows:

q
dx dt
kA
q
x2 x1 T2 T1
kA
We now have the following:
Equation 2:

q x2 x1
A T2 T1

We can modify Equation 1 for radial conduction as follows:

A 2 rl (r = radius, l = length or thickness of the cylinder)

dT
q k 2 rl

dr

Separation of variables yields:

dr
2 kl

dT
r
q
7

We now integrate as follows:

dr
2 kl 2

r r
T dT
q
1
1

r2

2 kl T2
T T Now inserting the limts we have
1
1
q
2 kl
ln r2 r1
T2 T1
q
ln r r
r2

Rearranging and solving the above equation for q gives us the following:

q 2 kl

T1 T2
r
ln 2
r1

And finally we get

Equation 3:

r
q ln 2
r1
k
2 l T1 T2

By measuring any two radii and corresponding temperatures, we can solve for the
coefficient of thermal conduction, k.

Procedure
IMPORTANT!
Never operate without cooling water
Never connect the heater directly to the mains. The connection must always
be made via the control and display unit
Never operate the unit above 120C
Always switch off the control and display unit prior to changing the power
and data cables.
1. Provide electrical power: On the rear of the control and display unit (2) there is a
mains connector (3) with a series fuse (4) and the main switch (5) via which the
control and display unit is supplied.
2. Connect the test unit to the control and display unit with the data cable (6) and the
mains cable (7). The sockets for the heater load (8) and data acquisition (9) are
on the rear. The data cable and socket on the left of the test unit are used for
experiments on radial conduction (10), those on the right for linear conduction
(11).
3. Make the connections for the cooling water feed and return and turn on the
cooling water supply.
4. Verify water is draining from the return side before operation.

Figure 8

Unit

Figure 9

Back of control unit

Figure 10

Connection side of unit

Linear conduction
5. Connect the data cable for linear conduciton
6. Install insert 1 (or what eve insert you are testing) and verify cooling water is
running
7. Switch on the unit and adjust the desired temperature via the power setting on the
control and display unit
8. When the thermal conduction process has reached steady state conditions, i.e. the
temperatures at the individual measuring points are stable and no longer changing,
record the measurement results at the individual measuring points and the
electrical power supplied to the heater.
Radial conduction
9. Power everything down and switch the data cable for radial conduction
10. Switch on the unit and adjust the desired temperature via the power setting on the
control and display unit
11. When the thermal conduction process has reached steady state conditions, i.e. the
temperatures at the individual measuring points are stable and no longer changing,
record the measurement results at the individual measuring points and the
electrical power supplied to the heater.
Further Experiments
It is possible to perform further experiments by clamping paper, cork or a thin metal
sheet in place of the inserts. These intermediate pieces may make a poor contact, they
should not be thicker than 1mm.

10

Report Requirements:
1. For each setup, radial, linear and different inserts if applicable, do the
following:
a. Calculate and tabulate the coefficient of thermal conductivity between
each successive location using the appropriate equations.
i. For linear conduction use equation 2
1. Area for linear conduction is the cross sectional area of
the circular inserts
ii. For radial conduction use equation 3
2. Calculate the average coefficient of thermal conduction for each experiment
and compare to the expected values. Discuss any differences and reasons why
they might exist.
3. Plot on a separate graph for each experiment Temperature (ordinate) versus
location (abscissa).
4. Discuss your graph(s) and results

11

Raw Data Sheets

Date:_____________
Ambient Temperature:___________
Barometric Pressure:____________
Linear conduction with insert 1

Measurement Section:
Diameter:

Brass
25mm
Insert 1
W
With 3 Temperature
Coefficient of Thermal Conduction at 20C: 113
Measuring Points
mK
Power: ________ Watts
Coefficient of
thermal
Temperature
Distance
Termperature
conduction
Measuring Point
Difference
(mm)
(C)
W
(Kelvin)

m K
1

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

12

Radial conduction

Circular Disk as
Hollow Cylinder

Measuring Point

Measurement Section:
Diameter:

Brass
110 mm by 4mm thick
W
Coefficient of Thermal Conduction at 20C: 113
mK
Power: ________ Watts
Coefficient of
thermal
Distance
Temperature
Termperature
conduction
ra
Difference
(C)
W
(mm)
(Kelvin)

m K

10

20

30

40

50

13

Old Dominion University

Mechanical Engineering Technology
MET 387 Power and Energy Laboratory
Title: Four-Stroke Cycle Gasoline Engine Analysis (Rev. August 2011, NJL)
Purpose: To calculate the brake horsepower, volumetric efficiency, specific fuel
consumption, air to fuel ratio, equivalence ratio, and exhaust heat loss. In addition, the
torque, brake horsepower, air to fuel ratio, specific fuel consumption, and exhaust
temperature will be plotted versus engine speed.
Apparatus: The test rig consists of a Honda GX140 engine, hydraulic dynamometer,
and instrumentation unit. A stopwatch, thermometer, and barometer will also be used in
this lab. The engine and dynamometer are mounted to a test bed and joined by a rubber
coupling. The dynamometer is a paddle wheel type with water being used to provide
resistance to the paddle wheel rotation. The instrument unit houses all the instruments
for measuring engine performance as well as the fuel system and air bow viscous flow
meter. The airflow manometer must be calibrated to zero and the span and zero
adjustment on the torque meter must be calibrated prior to starting the engine.
Engine Specifications:
Manufacturer/Type
Valve Position
Valve Clearance

Honda GX140
Overhead Valve
Inlet:
0.15- 0.20mm
Exhaust:
0.15- 0.20mm
(Measured at TDC when cold)

Swept Volume
Bore
Stroke
Compression Ratio
Maximum Torque
Maximum Output
Recommended Maximum Speed
Ignition System
Ignition on/off switch
Spark Plug
Spark Gap
Dry Mass

144 cm3
64 mm
45 mm
8.7:1
9.8 N-m @ 2500 rpm
3.7 kW @ 3600 rpm
Governed at 4500 rpm
Transistor magneto
On flywheel cover
NGK: BP6ES or BPR6ES
0.7- 0.8 mm
14 kg

Theory:
For a four-stroke engine, the brake power is calculated as follows:
Equation 1:

Pb 2 NT
Where:

WATCH UNITS!
N = speed (rpm)
T = torque (N-m)

The brake thermal efficiency is defined as the actual power output divided by the
rate of heat input, as follows:
Equation 2:

Pb

WATCH UNITS!

m f HV f
Where:

HV f = Heating value of the fuel (46,152 kJ/kg)

m f = Mass flow rate of fuel

Volumetric Efficiency:
We assumed that during each cycle, an engine could draw in a mass of air equal
to the sweep volume multiplied by the ambient air density. In practice, the mass of air is
also less than we assumed, partly because of the pressure losses in the induction system
and also because of heating effects that reduce the air density as it enters the engine
cylinder. The actual mass of air drawn in per cycle is calculated from the consumption
rate and the number of cycles completed per unit time. For practical reasons,
consumption rates for engines are usually expressed in kg/hr.
Volumetric efficiency is defined as the ratio of the actual mass airflow to the ideal mass
airflow.
Equation 3:

VA
VI
Where:

VA = Actual Volumetric air flow

VI = Ideal Volumetric air flow

To find the actual and ideal volume of air for calculating the volumetric efficiency
(Equation 3), the following equations should be used:

Equation 4:

ma
VA
N air

WATCH UNITS!
VA units: m3/revolution
P
air atm
RTatm

Where:

ma measured mass flow rate of air

N measured engine speed
Equation 5:

VI

SweptVolume 1Cycle SweptVolume

Cycle
2
2rev

Calculating the mass flow rate of the fuel (non-ideal):

Assuming a density for water of 1,000 kg/ m3, the mass flow rate of the fuel can
be determined as follows:

Equation 6:

m f f V f ( SG f ) Water V f

8ml
V is what we measured,

unit time
Note: 1m3 1000l
SG f = specific gravity of fuel = 0.74 for gasoline

Where:

Specific fuel consumption is defined as the fuel consumption rate divided by the
brake power, as follows:

Equation 7:

SFC =

mf

units: kg/ KW-hr

Pb

The air/fuel ratio is defined as the mass flow rate of the air divided by the mass
flow rate of the fuel. Values for stoichimetric air/fuel ratio (a/f) are obtained by using the
complete combustion for the fuel used. The equation for air/fuel ratio is:

Equation 8:

A/ F

ma

WATCH UNITS!

mf

Measuring the difference between the exhaust and the ambient temperatures can
make an estimate of the heat lost to the exhaust. The equation for percent heat loss in the
exhaust is:

Equation 9:

C
%Heat Loss =

P fuel

(m m
a

)T

100

m f HV f
Where: T = the difference between Texhaust and Tambient

NOTE: Use Figure 1 to determine m a .

Figure 1

Viscous Flow Meter Calibration

Procedure:

1.
2.
3.
4.

PRECAUTIONS
When the engine is running, the lab is a high noise environment. Be sure to wear
hearing protection whenever the engine is running.
The engine shaft rotates at a high angular velocity. Do not wear loose clothing or
jewelry that could get caught in the rotating shaft. Wear eye protection.
When using the strobotac to determine engine speed, do not look directly at the
light source.
Ensure that there is water supplied to the dynamometer at all times to prevent
equipment damage.

Pre-Engine Test
NOTE: Calibrate and zero the torque meter before use, to do this:
1. Turn the exhaust fan on.
2. Turn the instrument unit on.
3. Set the SPAN control to its maximum clockwise position.
4. Shake or rock the engine vigorously to overcome the striction of the bearing seals.
Vibration will take care of this normally while the engine is running.
5. Adjust the ZERO control until the torque meter reads zero.
6. Check that the zero is accurate by shaking the engine again.
7. Hang a load of 3.5 kg on the calibration arm.
8. Shake the engine until the torque meter settles down to a constant value.
9. Adjust the SPAN control to give a torque reading of 8.6 N-m.
10. Remove the calibration load and repeat steps 3 to 7 until satisfied that the zero
and span settings are correct.
11. Ensure that the exhaust and water hose is hooked up.
12. Ensure that any air is removed from the fuel line.

1.
2.
3.

4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Pre-Start Check List

Check that the engine sump is filled with the correct grade of oil. DO NOT
OVERFILL.
Adjust the scale on the airflow manometer to read zero.
Turn on the water supply to the dynamometer. Adjust the needle valve so that the
maximum flow is obtained. This ensures that the dynamometer seals are
lubricated.
Reduce the water flow to a trickle so that the load on the engine is not too great
when starting the engine.
Remove all tools, weights, and obstructions from around the engine to enable
access to all controls.
Clear the area of personnel not involved in the test.
Start the engine.
Record physical data (ambient temperature, barometric pressure, date, and time).

1.
2.
3.

4.

5.

6.
7.

8.
9.

Test Procedure
Advance the throttle to its maximum position.
Note the maximum speed of the engine. The dynamometer water flow should still
be at the trickle flow used for starting the engine.
When the engine has settled down to a steady output, record the readings of
speed, torque, exhaust temperature, and air consumption. Close the fuel tap
beneath the pipette so that the engine takes its fuel from the pipette. Time the
consumption of the 8mL of fuel. Turn the tap so that the pipette fills again. Enter
the results into the table provided.
Check that the temperature of the water flowing out of the dynamometer is less
than 80C. If the temperature is higher than this, increase water flow to cool the
dynamometer bearing seals.
Increase the flow of water flowing out of the dynamometer until the engine torque
is 1 N-m. Because the time response of the dynamometer is fairly slow, the
needle valve as to be operated slowly and oscillated to maintain a constant speed.
Allow time for the engine speed to stabilize before taking another set of data. If
the dynamometer is too sensitive to obtain the desired speed, it will help if the
drain tap is partially closed. Do not fully close the drain tap.
Repeat step 8 until in increments of 1 N-M until the engine stops.
Study the torque results. Engines normally produce a maximum torque at a
certain speed. If your results suggest that the maximum is at a lower speed than
you have reached, restrict the water flow from the dynamometer as described in
step 8.
Reduce the load and throttle and let the engine cool down while running.
After the engine has cooled, turn the engine off and increase water flow through
the dynamometer.
NOTE: When taking readings at specific intervals, the water flow through the
dynamometer may need to be adjusted to maintain the torque and the engine
speed constant.

Report Requirements:
1. Use the data sheets to record the following measured data from the dynamometer:
a. Engine speed.
b. Torque.
c. Fuel consumption time.
d. Airflow Manometer reading.
e. Exhaust temperature.
2. The following values should be calculated and placed in data sheet format:
a. Brake horsepower.
b. Specific fuel consumption.
c. Mass flow rate of air.
d. Air/fuel ratio.
e. Volumetric efficiency.
f. Brake thermal efficiency.
g. Percent heat loss.
3. Graph the torque, brake thermal efficiency, and brake horsepower (KW) as a
function of engine speed (all on the same graph).
4. Place results in tables. Make conclusions based on the results in the tables and
graphs and compare them to the ideal cycles.

Recorded Data
Date:____________
Ambient Temperature:_________
Barometric Pressure:__________
Trial
#

Speed

Torque

Fuel Consumption

Manometer

Exhaust

(rpm)

(N-m)

Rate (mL/s)

Reading (mm H2O)

Temperature (oC)

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Calculated Data
Air
Fuel
Trial Flow
Flow
#
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

(kg/hr)

(kg/hr)

Air/Fuel
Ratio

Brake
Power

Brake
Thermal

SFC

Volumetric

(kgAIR/kgFUEL)

(W)

Efficiency

(g /kwh)

Efficiency

Percent
Heat
Loss

Old Dominion University

Mechanical Engineering Technology
MET 387 Power and Energy Laboratory
Title: Heat Exchanger Performance (Rev. June 2011, NJL)
Purpose: The purpose of this experiment is to calculate the convective heat transfer
coefficients (h) and overall conductance (UA) for a counter flow heat exchanger using
both design calculations and experimental results.
Apparatus: The experimental apparatus consists of a Hilton H-950 single tube, waterto-water turbulent flow heat exchanger test rig. The apparatus is designed so that
temperatures can be read at the locations illustrated in the figures shown in this lab. Flow
meters are provided to read the hot water and cold water flow rates.
The hot water is heated by an electric immersion heater and is re-circulated by a pump.
The cold water is from the buildings piping and is dumped after cooling the hot water.
The hot water inlet temperature can be controlled by the heater power control. The
control valves can regulate both water flow rates.
The heat exchanger is a concentric (tube within a tube) type with the hot water flowing
through the inner (core) tube and the cold water flowing through the annulus (outer tube).
By rearranging the water connections, the heat exchanger can be set up as a counter-flow
or parallel-flow configuration.
Temperatures at six positions are read by thermocouples giving both water temperatures
and tube wall temperatures at inlets and outlets. The tube material is copper and the heat
exchanger dimensions are as follows:
Tube length, L = 0.8700m
Inner tube (inner diam.), di = 0.0079m
Inner tube flow area, Ai = [( di2 ) / 4] = 49x10-6m2
Inner tube (outer diam.), do = 0.0095m
Outer tube (inner diam.), Di = 0.0111m
Annulus flow area, Aa = [((Di2 - do2 )) / 4] = 25.9x10-6m2
Inner heat transfer area, Ah i = ( di L ) = 0.0216m2
Outer heat transfer area, Ah o = ( do L) = 0.0260m2

Figure 5-3

Theory: The following symbols will be used in the calculations and theory explanations:
Symbol
A
C
De,de
Q
R
U
Nu
Pr
Re
h
k
kT

Designation
Area
Specific Heat
Equivalent Diameter
Heat Transfer Rate
Thermal Resistance
Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
Nusselt Number
Prandtl Number
Reynolds Number
Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient
Thermal Conductivity of Fluid
Thermal Conductivity of Tube

Units
m2
J/kgK
m
W
K/W
W/m2K
unitless
unitless
unitless
W/m2K
W/mK
W/mK

Mass Flow Rate

Fluid Bulk Temperature
Fluid Velocity
Wall Thickness
Temperature Difference
Log Mean Temperature Difference
Dynamic Viscosity
Density

kg/sec
C
m/sec
m
K
K
kg/(m-s)
kg/m3

m
T
v
x
T
LMTD

Four dimensionless numbers are listed in the above table with no units; the
following expressions define those numbers:
Equation 5-1:
Equation 5-2:
Equation 5-3:

h de
h De
or
k
k
C
Pr =
k
Vd e
VDe
Re =
or

Nu =

Where: V
NOTE:

de = d i
De = Di do

m
A

for the inner tube flow area (hot water)

for the annular flow area (cold water)

The following numbers designate the temperatures at the indicated locations:

1
Hot steam entering the top of the heat exchanger
2
Hot steam leaving the bottom of the heat exchanger
3
Metal wall at top of heat exchanger
4
Metal wall at bottom of heat exchanger
5
Cold stream at top of heat exchanger
6
Cold stream at bottom of heat exchanger

Theory (Design):
Conduction is heat transfer through solids and through fluids in situations where there is
no movement of the fluid in the direction of heat flow. For one dimensional conduction
through a flat wall, the rate of heat transfer is given by :
Equation 5-4:

kA(T1 T2 ) T1 T2 T1 T2

x
x
R
kA

Thermal resistance in conduction is the wall thickness divided by the heat transfer
rate, as shown in the following equation:
Equation 5-5:

x
kA

Convection is heat transfer through a fluid system by the motion of the fluid. Forced
convection occurs when a mechanical device such as a pump causes the motion of the
fluid. Natural convection occurs when the heating process (through the density change of
the fluid) causes the motion of the fluid.
Within a heat exchanger, heat transfer occurs through a combination of conduction and
convection. According to the flow rate, and the resulting Reynolds number, the flow in a
bulk of fluid may be laminar or turbulent. At higher Reynolds numbers, ordered laminar
flow breaks down and is replaced by random and turbulent flow. The movement within
the fluid would then rapidly distribute the heat that has been transferred from the walls.
However, even when the bulk of the fluid has vigorous turbulent flow, the boundary layer
against the wall has the turbulent flow greatly suppressed. Due to this suppression, heat
transfer within the boundary layer is mainly due to conduction. In both laminar and
turbulent flow, the rate of heat transfer to a surface is given by the following equation:
Equation 5-7:

Q hA TF TS

TF TS TF TS

1
R
hA

1
hA
TF = Temperature of the fluid.

Where: R

TS = Temperature of the surface

(Assuming that both the surface and fluid are at different constant temperatures)

Radiation is the mode of heat transfer by electromagnetic waves, which requires neither
the contact between the hot and cold bodies or the use of an intermediate carrier.
Radiation is important at high temperatures, but at the moderate temperatures used in this
experiment, radiation effects are very small and will not be considered.

Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient

In a typical heat exchanger, heat is transferred from a hot fluid, through a separating wall,
to a cold fluid. The following diagram represents the temperature distribution:

Figure 5-2
The expression for the heat transfer in a simple heat exchanger from a hot fluid in
the inside tube to a cold fluid in the surrounding (outside) tube can be written as the
following expression:
Equation 5-8:

Q UAT

T
d
ln o
d
1
1
i
hi Ahi
2 Lk
ho Aho

Forced Convection in Tubes

The large number of factors affecting convective heat transfer makes the theoretical
solution of heat exchanger problems almost impossible. To ease the problem,
dimensional analysis combined with experimental investigations has yielded a number of
relationships which can be easily handled. For turbulent flow in channels of uniform
cross-section, a well-known equation for this relationship is:
Equation 5-9:

Nu = 0.023 (Re 0.8) (Pr 0.4)

For convenience, the properties used in the above calculations are those at the mean
temperature of the fluid. Thus, if the mean temperature values are known, or are
assumed, as well as the flow rates and dimensions of the heat exchanger, then all of the
values for Nu, Pr, and Re can be calculated.
The convective heat transfer coefficient, h can also be calculated by rearranging Equation
5-1 so that:
h

Nu k
de

or h

Nu k
De

Finally, after those calculations are performed, UA may be calculated by noting from
equation 5-8 that

UA

1
d
ln o
d
1
1
i
hi Ahi 2 LkT ho Aho

Theory (Experimental):
Temperature Distribution in Simple Concentric Tube Heat Exchangers
The temperature distribution in a concentric tube heat exchanger through which two
single-phase fluids flow in either a con-current or counter-current fashion is shown
below. The temperature difference between the two streams varies according to their
position within the heat exchanger.

t3

t4

t3

t2

t1

t5

t6

t1
t2
t4
t6

t3 METAL

Temperature

Temperature

t1

t5

t2

t1

t6

t5

t4

t3 META
L
t5

Local Temperature
Difference

Local Temperature
Difference

Position
CON-CURRENT FLOW

t2
t4
t6

Position
COUNTER-CURRENT FLOW

Figure 5-3

Heat transfer calculations are eased if a mean value of the local temperature
differences can be found. This value is called the log mean temperature difference ( ln)
and its value can be found using the following:
Equation 5-10:

LMTD

[(T1 T5 ) (T2 T6 )]
(T T )
ln 1 5
(T 2 T6 )

The rate of heat transfer can be given by the following:

Equation 5-11:

Q UA LMTD

Evaluation of Heat Transfer Coefficients

By observing the temperatures and mass flow rates of both streams and the temperatures
of the walls, the following may be calculated:
NOTE: The subscript i is used to denote the hot fluid flowing in the inner stream.
The subscript o is used to denote the cold fluid flowing in the outer stream.

1. The rate of heat transfer from the hot stream:

Qi minner C (T1 T2 )

2. The rate of heat transfer to the cold stream:

Qo mouter C (T5 T6 )
Note: For Qi and Qo the appropriate mass flow rate should be used. Any
discrepancies between Qi and Qo should be explained in the conclusion
section of the report.
Qi
3. Overall heat transfer coefficient: UA

T1 T5 T2 T6

T T
ln 1 5

T2 T6

4. The convection heat transfer coefficient between inner surface of tube and the
hot stream:
Qi
hi

T1 T3 T2 T4

Ahi

T T
ln 1 3

T2 T4

5. The convection heat transfer coefficient between the outer surface of the tube
Qo
and the cold stream: ho

T3 T5 T4 T6

Aho

T T
ln 3 5

T4 T6

Procedure:
1. Ensure that the water connections are aligned for a counter-flow
configuration. The heat exchanger should already be set up for this
configuration.
2. Calibrate the thermocouples: Before opening any valves, start the hot water
pump to activate the temperature indicator. Record all 6 temperatures,
compare them to room temperature and make correction factors if necessary.
3. Add water to cover the de-aerating screen in the heating tank, if required.
4. Turn on the power switches to the pump and heater. If there is no indication
of pump running (light behind switch is not on), try pressing the reset button
or check the plug.
5. Fully open the cooling water control valves.
6. Adjust the flow and heater controls (set the heater control to maximum
clockwise position) to achieve the desired average temperatures (maximum
hot water temperature is approximately 75C).
7. Allow temperatures to stabilize.
8. Record the six temperatures and the mass rates of the hot and cold fluids.
9. Reduce the cold water flow in two 25% steps and record data. Allow the
temperatures to stabilize before taking readings. Be sure to take into account
that there are two valves for the control of cold water.
10. Leaving the cold water valves in their current position, reduce the hot water
flow in two 25% steps and record data. Allow the temperatures to stabilize
before taking readings.

Presentation of results:
STEP A. CALCULATING THEORETICAL VALUES
1. Calculate the mean hot and cold temperatures.
TIN HOT TOUT HOT
2
TIN COLD TOUT COLD

a.

THOT AVG

b.

TCOLD AVG

2. Determine the thermal conductivity, density, dynamic viscosity, and specific

heat at those temperatures using the provided chart.
3. Calculate Re for each of those temperatures.
4. Calculate Pr for each of those temperatures.
5. Calculate Nu for each of those temperatures from Equation 5-9:
Nu = [0.023 (Re 0.8) (Pr 0.4)]
6. Calculate hi and ho by rearranging:
a.

ho

b.

hi

N u ,o k
De
N u ,i k
de

7. Calculate UA using the following equation:

UA

1
d
ln o
d
1
1
i
hi Ahi 2 LkT ho Aho

8. Calculate the theoretical heat transfer, Q using equation 5-8 where

T THOT AVG TCOLD AVG

9. Repeat these steps for each trial and record values in data table.

10

STEP B. CALCULATING EXPERIMENTAL VALUES

1. Calculate Qi and Qo.

a. Qi mC p (T1 T2 )

b. Qo mC p (T5 T6 )
2. Calculate the OVERALL log mean temperature difference (LMTD).
[(T T ) (T2 T6 )]
LMTD 1 5
(T T )
ln 1 5
(T 2 T6 )
3. Calculate UAhi and UAho
Qi
a. UAhi
LMTD
b. UAho

Qo
LMTD

4. Calculated the INSIDE and OUTSIDE LMTD.

[(T T ) (T2 T4 )]
a. LMTDinside 1 3
(T T )
ln 1 3
(T 2 T4 )
b. LMTDoutside

[(T3 T5 ) (T4 T6 )]
(T T )
ln 3 5
(T4 T6 )

5. Calculate ho and hi
QAverage
a. hi
Ahi LMTDinside
b. ho

QAverage

Aho LMTDoutside

Typical Values
U 8,000 W/m2C
UA 208 W/m2C
Theoretical hi 17,000 W/m2C Experimental hi 27,000 W/m2C

11

Report Requirements:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Compare and discuss theoretical and experimental values of hi, ho, and UA.
Discuss any inconsistencies in heat transfer from the hot to cold stream
Discuss how each varies with flow rate.
Generally discuss experimental results.

Raw Data Sheet:

Date:_____________
Ambient Temperature:__________
Barometric Pressure:___________

Recorded Data

Full Open

Cold 75%

Cold 50%

T1 C
T2 C
T3 C
T4 C
T5 C
T6 C
Hot Flow Rate (gram/s)
Cold Flow Rate (gram/s)

12

4
Hot
75%

5
Hot
50%

You should present your

calculated results in the
following format

Calculated Theoretical Data

Hot Water
Flow setting
Average Temperature (C)
Specific Heat (J/ kg C)
Density (kg/ m3)
Thermal Conductivity (W/ m C)
Viscosity (kg/ m s)
Prandtl Number
Reynolds Number
Nusselt Number
hi (W/m2 C)
UA (W/C)

Cold Water
Flow setting
Average Temperature (C)
Specific Heat (J/ kg K)
Density (kg/ m3)
Thermal Conductivity (W/ m C)
Viscosity (kg/ m s)
Prandtl Number
Reynolds Number
Nusselt Number
ho (W/m2 C)
UA (W/C)

13

Calculated Experimental Data

Hot Water
Flow setting
Qi (W)
Overall LMTD
UAhi (W/C)
LMTD inside to the wall
hi (W/m2 C)

Cold Water
Flow setting
Qo (W)
Overall LMTD
UAho (W/C)
LMTD outside to the wall
ho (W/m2 C)

14

15

Old Dominion University

Mechanical Engineering Technology
MET 387 Power and Energy Laboratory
Title: Hilton Air Conditioning Unit (Rev. July 2011, NJL)
Purpose: To quantitatively measure and compare the refrigerant and air cooling effects
under a varying load in the Hilton air conditioning unit.
Apparatus: The system used is a laboratory air conditioning unit made by Hilton that
consists of the air system and the refrigerant system. The air unit contains a blower fan
and speed control, air heaters, steam humidifiers, and an air flow measurement section.
The refrigerant system consists of the compressor-condenser unit, the refrigerant
evaporator, and of instrumentation and controls.
The instrumentation and controls are provided to measure specific parameters that
will allow the student to understand both the design and operation of the air conditioning
unit. Two of the parameters measured are the heat lost by the air and the heat gained by
the refrigerant.
The air travels through the apparatus by first entering the adjustable speed fan. It
then passes the air heaters where it is warmed up and is humidified by the steam in
section C. The inlet air condition can be assessed by reading the dry and wet bulb
thermometers.

Theory
1

For the purpose of this experiment, it is convenient to assume that the heating or
cooling surfaces are external to the duct. In the evaporator, heat is removed from the air
and gained by the refrigerant changing it to a saturated vapor. The heat lost by the air
should be equivalent to the heat gained by the refrigerant if we neglect any losses to
atmosphere.
The rate of heat lost by the air can be found from the energy equation:

Equation 6-1: Q Air m Air (hIN hOUT ) AIR

The enthalpies are found from the Psychrometric chart using wet and dry bulb
temperatures at the evaporator inlet and exit.
Refrigerant (R134a) enters the evaporator from the expansion valve as a wet
vapor and leaves somewhere near a saturated vapor (probably slightly superheated). This
is because the refrigerant is gaining heat in the evaporator and this rate of heat addition
can also be found using the energy equation:

Equation 6-2: Q Re f m Re f (hOUT hIN ) ref

Applying the steady flow energy equation between B and C gives us:

Equation 6-3: Q A m A (hB hC )

Where: Q A is the rate of heat removal from the air stream

m A is the air stream mass flow rate

hB and hC are the inlet and outlet enthalpies, respectively

Applying the same equation between D and E gives us:

Equation 6-4: Q f m f (hE hD )

Where: Q f is the rate of heat addition to the refrigerant

m f is the refrigerant flow rate

hE and hD are the inlet and outlet enthalpies, respectively

It is presumed that Q A and Q f should be almost equal since there is relatively

little heat transfer to or from the surroundings.

Procedure
1. Inspect the apparatus and identify all of its components.
2. Carefully level and zero the inclined manometer for the airflow rate
measurement using the leveling screw knob
3. Fill the main wet bulb water reservoir on the front of the unit to the indicated
maximum level and verify the attached wet bulb thermometer reservoirs are
filled/filling correctly
4. Start the fan and the compressor using the appropriate controls on the
apparatus. NOTE: The instructor might have started the humidification
heater to add moisture to the incoming air.
5. Adjust the fan speed control to maximum.
6. Wait until the entire apparatus reaches a steady-state condition. This has
occurred when the airflow thermometers reach a constant value.
7. While waiting for the system to reach steady-state, measure the labs humidity
using the sling or digital psychrometer.
8. Record all data for both air and refrigerant loops.
a. These include:
Atmospheric Pressure
Wet Bulb Room Temperature
Dry Bulb Room Temperature
Air Flow (manometer)
Freon Flow (measured at the black line in the middle of the rotameter)
Evaporator Pressure
Condenser Inlet Pressure
Condenser Exit Pressure
T6 wet bulb out
T5 dry bulb out
T4 wet bulb in
T3 dry bulb in
T13 Compressor inlet
T14 Compressor exit
T15 Condenser exit
9. Repeat step 8 three times, reducing the air flow rate by 2mm each trial.
10. Turn off the apparatus.

NOTE: Be sure to check the wet bulb main reservoir regularly to ensure that they do not
dry out.

Presentation / Report Requirements

1. Using a Psychrometric chart, find the required air properties, see table
2. Repeat for the inlet and exit air conditions for each trial.
3. Compare the humidity ratios upstream of the evaporator with the laboratory
value. Discuss any differences.
4. Find the mass rate of air from the attached manometer reading conversion
chart using the curve that is closest to your experiment conditions, note you
measured the volumetric flowrate at the exit so you must also use the specific
volume of the air at the exit in your mass flow rate calculation.
5. Calculate the heat removed from the air stream for each trial.
6. Sketch the refrigeration process for one of the trials on the pressure-enthalpy
chart provided.

7. Find and use the evaporator inlet and exit enthalpies to calculate Q f -- the rate
of heat addition to the refrigerant.
a. Using the appropriate Temperatures and Pressures, use either
refrigerant property tables or the pressure-enthalpy chart to obtain the
enthalpy leaving the evaporator (h OUT).
b. The enthalpy into the evaporator (h IN) is the same as the enthalpy into
the expansion valve or the enthalpy out of the condenser.
i. This will either be a compressed liquid or saturated liquid.
8. Tabulate all of your calculated data you can model your table after the
included data table.
9. Plot the heat removal from air and heat addition to refrigerant (ordinate) on
the same graph vs. the airflow rate (Abscissa) for the all four trails and draw a
best fit lines through your data
10. Compare the calculated rate of heat removal from the air and the rate of heat
addition to refrigerant. Discuss any differences. Include the assessment of
heat flows not accounted for. Do not forget condensate flow rate.

Data Tables

Date:______________
Atmospheric Pressure:_____________
Wet Bulb Room Temperature:_______
Dry Bulb Room Temperature:_______
Air Flow (mm)
Freon Flow (gram/sec)
T6 wet bulb exit (oC)
T5 dry bulb exit (oC)
T4 wet bulb in (oC)
T3 dry bulb in (oC)
Evaporator gage pressure (kPa)
Condenser inlet gage pressure (kPa)
Condenser exit gage pressure (kPa)
T13 Compressor inlet (oC)
T14 Compressor exit (oC)
T15 Condenser exit (oC)
Calculated Data
Evaporator absolute pressure (kPa)
Condenser inlet absolute pressure (kPa)
Condenser exit absolute pressure (kPa)
Air specific volume inlet (m3/kg)
Air specific volume exit (m3/kg)
Volumetric flow rate of air at the exit
(m3/hr)
Mass flow rate of air (kg/hr)
Air Data from Psychrometric chart at 1atm
Relative Humidity at inlet
Humidity Ratio at inlet
Relative Humidity at exit
Humidity Ratio at exit
Inlet enthalpy of air (kJ/kg)
Exit enthalpy of air (kJ/kg)
Heat Removed from air (kJ/hr)
R134a Data From P-h diagram or saturation and superheated data tables
Condenser inlet enthalpy (kJ/kg)
Condenser exit enthalpy (kJ/kg)
Evaporator Inlet enthalpy (kJ/kg)
Evaporator Exit enthalpy (kJ/kg)
Heat added to R134a (kJ/hr)

Note, this chart is included for your convenience and can be found in your
thermodynamic textbook, along with the r134a saturation and superheated data tables

Old Dominion University

Mechanical Engineering Technology
MET 387 Power and Energy Laboratory
Title: Reaction Turbine (Francis turbine) (Rev. August 2011, NJL)
Purpose: To understand the basic properties and performance characteristics of a Francis
turbine .
Apparatus:
The TQ Tutor pump and Francis turbine test set is a self-contained, trolley
mounted unit, and provides the means to study the characteristics of a centrifugal pump
and Francis turbine under various conditions of head, flow and velocity.
The main tank contains all necessary water so no external water supply is
required. Within the tank is a V-notch and sight tank to allow flow discharge
measurement,
The basic centrifugal pump apparatus consists of a glass reinforced plastic (GRP)
tank with two compartments, separated by a 90 V-notch. The GRP tank mounts on a
box section wheeled trolley, which houses the centrifugal pump and it d.c. drive motor.
Beneath the shallow end of the GRP tank is the electrical enclosure, which contains the
d.c. motor speed controller and instrument panel. A discharge pipe, fitted with a ball
valve, connects between the centrifugal pump inlet and the base of the deep section of the
GRP tank.
The centrifugal pump outlet pipes, via a ball valve, to the side inlet of the Francis
turbine. Figure1 1 and 2 show the unit, minus the turbine attachment and the instrument
panel respectively. The Francis turbine consists of a volute containing variable guide
vanes and an impeller. There is a transparent window for viewing the turbine in
operation, and for use with a stroboscope. For measuring torque, a disc brake assembly
using a simple spring balance is attached with a moment arm of 0.074m. An external
level allows adjustment of the guide vanes when the machine is running. The Francis
turbine can be seen in figure 3 below.

Figure 1

Layout of the Pump Set

Figure 2

Instrument Panel

Figure 3

Layout of the Francis Turbine

Theory: Turbines with a variety of shapes of blades are used to do work on various
systems. Based on the blade shape, the performance and therefore the useful applications
for the turbines can be determined.
The two main types of turbines are the Impulse Turbine (Pelton turbine) and
Reaction Turbine (Francis turbine). They operate by passing water through an impeller
which has blades that cause a change in the direction of fluid. Thus, its momentum is
changed and the rate of momentum change will produce a force that acts on the impeller
and results in rotation.
Impulse turbines use a high head (pressure) to extract a greater potential energy
from the same amount of water. This is due to the design of the cup-shaped blade tips
around the perimeter of the wheel. Compared to the Reaction turbine, impulse wheels use
much less water but operate at a much higher head. The Pelton wheel is an example of an
Impulse turbine. The full force of water is directed against the blades of the turbine and
power is derived from the force of water at high pressure hitting the passing buckets, thus
the term impulse turbine. With the Pelton wheel, water is directed into the radial
buckets at an angle of 90 degrees to the shaft. The Pelton wheel however is not usually
used at lower heads due to the resulting slow rotational speed and they would require a
very large impeller.
The Francis wheel is a Reaction turbine that allows water to enter the turbine in a
radial direction and is discharged in an axial direction. It consists of an impeller with
fixed vanes (blades), usually nine or more. This type of turbine is favored in low pressure
applications since, by design its capable of moving large amounts of fluid at low speeds.
However, reaction turbines rotate faster than impulse turbines given the same head and
flow conditions. The advantage of this can be seen in hydroelectric applications where it
is the Francis wheel turbine that dominates large hydroelectric plants around the world
due to its high efficiency at full-flow.

The water horsepower is the measure of input in the turbine. In order to calculate
the water horsepower (WHP) of the turbine the following equation is used:
Equation 1:
Where:

WHP QH

H = head (meters of water)

Q = Volumetric flow rate (m3/s)
= specific weight of water (N/m3)

In order to find the flow rate in m3/s the readings from the flow tank, in mm, must
be converted first to liters/min using the 90 V-notch calibration chart below in figure 5.

Figure 5

90 V-notch calibration chart

The brake horsepower is the measure of the output of the turbine. In order to
calculate the brake horsepower (BHP) of the turbine the following equation is used:
Equation 2:
Where:

BHP 2 NT

N = Speed of turbine (rpm)

T = Torque (N-m)

Torque is determined from knowing the breaking force and moment arm length.
The breaking force is determined experimentally. Moment arm length is taken directly
from the apparatus and is 0.074m. Torque is calculated using the following equation:
Equation 3:
Where:

T F Rm
F= force (N)
Rm= moment arm length (m)

Hydraulic efficiency is the ratio of output to input as shown in the following equation:
Equation 4:

BHP
WHP

Procedure:
WARNING: This lab involves the use of rotating machinery; do not wear loose
clothing or jewelry that could become caught in the rotating shafts!
1. Make sure the deep side of the GRP tank is filled to the bottom of the shallow side of
the tank
2. Turn on the pump set at the rear of the unit
3. Turn on the motor drive at the front of the instrument panel
4. Fully release the brake screw on the turbine
5. Increase the power to pump using the motor speed potentiometer until the turbine
inlet read 15 mH2O
6. Turn the spring balance tension screw until the pointer on the spring balance housing
aligns with the scribed line on the brake caliper. Record the initial indication on the
spring balance as X.
7. Record the turbine inlet head
8. Record the flow rate by reading the V-notch shelf water level sight glass in mm.
9. Record the turbine speed with a stroboscope or digital tachometer.
10. Turn the brake screw to apply a braking force until the turbine RPM has decreased by
approximately 100-200 RPM.
11. Wait 20 seconds, and then verify the turbine inlet head is reading 15 mH2O. If it has
lowered a bit, VERY slightly increase the pump motor power with the potentiometer
until the turbine inlet head is 15 mH2O.
12. Adjust the spring balance tension screw until the pointer on the spring balance again
aligns with the scribed line on the brake caliper. Do this VERY slowly so as not to
overshoot the scribed line, the pointer will creep up slowly as you adjust the tension
screw. Record the indication on the spring balance as Y, the braking force = X-Y
Newtons for each brake setting
13. Record the flow rate in mm
14. Record the turbine speed in RPM.
15. Increase the braking force by adjusting the brake screw turn
16. Repeat steps 11-15 until the turbine comes to a compelte stop, always maintain 15
mH2O turbine inlet head.

Report Requirements:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Tabulate all recorded data

Calculate braking force, flow-rate, torque, BHP, WHP and efficiency
Plot torque and efficiency versus speed at constant head on one graph
Plot BHP and WHP versus speed at constant head on one graph
Discuss your results and the curve trends

Raw Data Sheet

Date:
Lever Arm Length:
Initial spring balance indication, X
Barometric Pressure:
Ambient Temperature:
Head (m H2O)

_________
_0.074m__
_________
_________
_________

Flow (mm)

Speed (RPM)

Spring balance
indication, Y

Old Dominion University

Mechanical Engineering Technology
MET 387 Power and Energy Laboratory
Title: Subsonic Ramjet (Rev. June 2011, NJL)
Purpose: To plot the static and total pressure profiles for the Hilton 3/500 subsonic
ramjet. In addition, the following values will be calculated: internal thrust, drag, thrust
coefficient, velocities, temperatures, flow rates, and specific fuel consumption.
Apparatus: The 3/500 subsonic ramjet will be used. The jet uses propane supplied from
the tank located outside as fuel. A large fan is used to supply the airflow through the
ramjet. The student can control both the fuel and air that are supplied to the ramjet. The
provided pressure probe can be positioned at various locations within the ramjet. There
is an igniter internal to the ramjet which ignites the fuel/air mixture. Probe position, fuel
flow rate, and ignition can all be controlled from the control panel. Pressures, drag,
thrust, and fuel temperature can all be read from that same panel.

Figure 4-1 Ramjet Control Panel

Theory: The following symbols and units will be used in the theory section of this lab
and all calculations:
SYMBOL
M

DESCRIPTION
Mach Number

Local speed of sound

Ratio of specific heats

Pt

Absolute total pressure

Ps

Absolute static pressure

Velocity

gc

Gravitational constant

Gas constant

Static temperature

Mass flow rate

Density

A
Ft
Fnet
FD
CT
CD

Cross-sectional area
Internal thrust
Net thrust
Drag
Thrust coefficient
Drag coefficient

SFC

Specific fuel consumption

UNITS
N/A
ft
s
unitless
Inches of H20
(measured)
lbf
(for calculations)
ft 2
Inches of H20
(measured)
lbf
(for calculations)
ft 2
ft
s
ft lbm
32.2
lbf s 2
ft lbf
lbm R
R
lbm
s
lbm
ft 3

ft 2
lbf
lbf
lbf
N/A
N/A
lbm

hr Fuel
lbfThrust

When a body moves through a fluid, each element of the solid surface diverts the fluid
from the course which it might otherwise take. For example, when a projectile is moving
through air, each element of the projectiles surface area pushes the neighboring air out of
the way and this local disturbance creates a pressure pulse that propagates into the
surrounding air. In a compressible fluid, the pressure wave spreads spherically from
the source with the speed of sound relative to the fluid. The nature of these pressure flow
patterns depend on the comparative magnitudes of the source velocity and the sonic
velocity (speed of sound). The ratio of these two velocities is called the Mach
V
number, M . Therefore, the Mach number is a quantifiable description of the type of
c
flow.
For subsonic compressible flow, the source velocity and sonic velocity are comparable in
magnitude; however, the source velocity is less than the speed of sound. In this case,
changes in Mach number occur primarily because of changes in source velocity (V) and
only secondarily through changes in the sonic velocity (c).
For isentropic flow of a calorically perfect gas (Ideal gas with constant specific heats),
the sonic velocity (c) is a relation between pressure and density can be derived as
follows:
A common derivation in any compressible flow book for one-dimensional shock waves
gives us the following relation for the speed of sound in isentropic flow:
Equation4-1.0

P
c2
S Constant

We also know that for isentropic ideal gases, Pvk Constant and v
Equation 4-1.1
Where:

which gives us

constant

P = pressure
= density
k = ratio of specific heats

Putting Equation 4-1.1 into logarithmic form, differentiating, and noting that P RT
for an ideal gas, we obtain:
Equation 4-1.2:

ln P k ln constant

Equation 4-1.3:

dP
d
k
P

Equation 4-1.4:

P
kP

kRT

S Constant

Thus, for the speed of sound in a calorically perfect gas we get:

Equation 4-1.5:
Where:

kT
W
= Universal Gas Constant
W = molecular weight
c kRT =

More simply, the final equation for the speed of sound is:
Equation 4-2:

c kgc RT

The Mach number can be defined in terms of the pressures and the fluid properties as
follows:
k 1

2 PT k

M
Equation 4-3:
1
k

1
P
S

By combining equations 4-2, 4-3 and the definition of the Mach number, the velocity of
air can be found. Knowing the velocity of air and the cross-sectional area, the mass flow
rate becomes the following:

Equation 4-4:
Where:

m AV
V M c= M

Equation 4-5:

kg c RT

D2
4
PS
RT

Combining all of the above equations allows for mass flow rate to be calculated from the
following equation:

P AM
m S
kRTgc
Equation 4-6:
RT
NOTE: Equations 4-1 through 4-6 are valid only at the ramjets inlet and exit. Once air
enters the device, the characteristics of the flow are more complex to determine.

Once the air enters the device and mixes with the fuel (propane), a new gas constant must
be determined. The value for R for a mixture is dependent upon the molecular weights of
the constituents and the percentage of each substance in the mixture. The same result can
be obtained from the following equation:

Equation 4-7:

RMixture

mR mR

Air
Fuel

mTotal
To calculate internal thrust we use the data at the ramjets inlet and exit:

Equation 4-8:

FThrust

mV mV

exit
entrance

gc

The difference between the generated, or internal, thrust and the measured, or net, thrust
is the drag of the force required to overcome the drag of the engine:
Equation 4-9:

FDrag FThrust FNet _ measured

For comparison with other devices, the thrust coefficient and drag coefficient are usually
used. The thrust and drag coefficients can be calculated as follows:
Equation 4-10:

Equation 4-11:

Where:

CT

FThrust

1
AMax kPS M 2
Entrance
2
FDrag
CD
1
AMax kPS M 2
Entrance
2
Amax = maximum cross-sectional flow area of the jet

The specific fuel consumption tells us how much thrust is being generated per unit fuel
being burned. The specific fuel consumption is defined by the following equation:

Equation 4-12:

m Fuel
SFC
FThrust

530

Tfuel supply Absolute
lbm
NOTE: In the above equation, mass flow rate units are
hr
lbf
Pressure units are 2
in
Temperature units are R
% fuel flow is the fractional percentage

Equation 4-13:

Pfuel supply Absolute

m fuel 237 % flow
44.7

Figure 4-2 Ramjet internals/scaling

Procedure:
NOTE: SAFETY IS OF PARAMOUNT IMPORTANCE. HEARING PROTECTIONS
IS REQUIRED AT ALL TIMES. FOLLOW THE PROCEDURE CLOSELY AND BE
AWARE OF FLAMES AND HOT SURFACES.
1. Move the pressure probe in and out of the ramjet. Not where the entrance and
exit positions of the ramjet are.
2. Move the probe to the maximum upstream position. This will be the 0-inch
position. Data will be taken at one-inch intervals for the full movement of the
probe (Pt, Ps, Psupply).
3. Ensure the igniter is plugged in.
4. Look into the tail end of the ramjet, press the igniter button, and make sure a
spark is present.
5. Start the cooling water for the pressure probe at the maximum pressure
achievable. Check at regular intervals to ensure that the water is still flowing.
IF THE COOLING WATER IS NOT USED, THE PROBE WILL MELT!
6. Make sure the indoor gas supply shut-off valves (ball valve and gate valve)
are closed.
7. Turn on the supply valve at the propane tank outside in the fenced area.
NOTE: Follow the steps closely to bleed air and high pressure from the lines
to prevent potential hazards.
8. Open the fuel control valve (red knob on the control panel) one to two turns.
9. Open the ball valve by turning the yellow handle 90 making sure the gate
supply valve (gray knob downstream from the ball valve) is closed.
10. SLOWLY crack open the gate valve (gray knob) allowing fuel to bleed.
Establish a small flow for about 5 seconds.
11. Close the fuel control valve (red).
12. Fully open the gate valve (gray).
13. Push in the air damper and start the fan. Allow the fan to reach full speed
before proceeding.
14. Obtain about 5 inches of H2O air pressure by slowly opening the air damper.
7

15. While holding in the ignition button, slowly open the fuel control knob and
allow fuel flow to increase. [Ignition should occur around 40% (refer to fuel
flow measurement figure). If ignition occurs outside of the ramjet, decrease
the fuel supply until the flame originates inside the tube. NOTE: Starting the
ramjet is not a cut and dried procedure, some fiddling is required to get it
started.]
16. After establishing a good straight flame, increase the airflow and the fuel flow
simultaneously to increase thrust. Allow airflow to maximize. Thrust should
be anywhere between 2-3 lbf. With the amount of airflow present, fuel
supply should not exceed 55%.
17. While maintaining constant thrust, take data at one-inch probe intervals.
18. Close the fuel supply valve.
19. After 5 minutes, shut off the fan.
20. Close the ball and gate fuel supply valves.
21. Open the fuel control valve until fuel flow ceases. Close the valve.
22. Shut off the probe cooling water.
23. Close the fuel tank valve outside and secure the fenced-in area.

FUEL FLOW MEASUREMENT

FUEL TO RAMJET

TAKE
READING
HERE

FUEL FROM TANK

Figure 4-3 Fuel Flow Measurement

Figure 4-4 Sample Graph

9

Report Requirements:
1. Prepare a table and plot on the same graph the total and static pressure
(ordinates) versus probe position (abscissa). Indicate the positions of the inlet,
outlet, flame holder, and fuel spray bars on the graph.
2. Perform the following calculations:
a. Note the entrance and exit positions and record Pt and Ps for both.
b. At the entrance, calculate the Mach number, velocity, and mass flow
rate (k=1.4).
c. At the exit, calculate temperature, velocity, Mach number, and mass
flow rate (k=1.3).
i. First calculate the exit mass flow rate:

[ m exit = m air (in) + m fuel].

ii. Then calculate the exit Mach number from Equation 4-3.
iii. Calculate the exit temperature from Equation 4-6.
iv. Calculate the exit density from equation 4-5.
v. Calculate the exit velocity from equation 4-4.
d. Calculate the internal thrust.
e. Calculate the drag.
f. Calculate the specific fuel consumption.
3. Discussion:
a. Compare the calculated drag to the measured drag and offer reasons
for the difference.
b. Discuss the results to previous tests or other known data.
c. Discuss the shapes of the curves.

10

Raw Data Sheet

Date:___________
Ambient Temperature:__________
Barometric Pressure:___________
Air Supply Temperature:_____________
Fuel Supply Temperature:____________
Measured Trust:________lbf

Air Supply Pressure:_____________

Fuel Supply Pressure:____________
Measured Drag:_________lbf

Percent Fuel Flow:______%

Static
Pressure Probe
Position
(inches)
-3
-2
-1
0 (Ent)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15 (Exit)
16

Static Pressure
(inches H2O gage)

Total
Pressure Probe
Position
(inches)
-4
-3
-2
-1
0 (Ent)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15 (Exit)

11

Total Pressure
(inches H2O gage)

Old Dominion University

Mechanical Engineering Technology
MET 387 Power and Energy Laboratory
Title: Steam Power Plant (Rev. August 2011, NJL)
Purpose: To gain hands-on experience in the operation of a small steam power plant.
The student will analyze the operation of some power plant components. In addition, the
student must demonstrate the ability to convey a system description by developing an
engineering diagram for the power plant setup by tracing out the system and its
components.
Apparatus: The steam power plant is comprised of the normal Rankine Cycle
components: a boiler, condenser, turbine, and feed water pump. The student will use a
pen, pencil, or computer-aided drafting program to represent the apparatus setup. This
drawing will be sketched before beginning the experiment. Most valves and measuring
devices are labeled to indicate their associated function (i.e. B for boiler, T for
turbine, CW for cooling water, etc.). Some flow measuring devices are provided. The
load placed on the turbine is an electrical generator with a resistive load bank attached.
The load can be varied using the dials on the load bank apparatus. The heat rejection
system consists of a cooling tower, a shell and tube condenser, and air removal
equipment (the air ejectors will not be used in this experiment). The cooling tower
located outside provides cooling water. A propane-fueled boiler provides steam. The
student should be familiar with the location of the components and valves to be
manipulated prior to the start of the experiment.
Experimentally Determined Constraints:

Boiler Mass Flow Rate:

m B = 35.1 lbm/cycle

Fuel Mass Flow Rate:

Condensate Volumetric Flow:
Air Ejector Mass Flow Rate:

m f = 40.2 lbm/hr
Vc = 0.00682 ft3/6
Mae = 109 lbm/hr

Apparatus:

Figure 1 Steam Plant General Diagram

Theory:
Point Properties:
Boiler inlet: The sub-cooled water enters the boiler. Two properties are needed
to determine the state:
Tbi
the boiler inlet temperature read directly from the thermometer.
Pbi
the boiler inlet pressure read directly from the gage.
Boiler outlet: The saturated water-vapor mixture leaving the boiler since our
boiler does not superheat the steam. One property and the vapor quality are
needed to determine the state:
Pb
the boiler steam pressure read directly from the gage.
Xbe
the steam vapor quality indirectly determined by expanding
vapor through an adiabatic throttling calorimeter, the outlet
vapor must be in the superheated region for the analysis to
hold.

Turbine inlet: The turbine inlet enthalpy is assumed to be equal to the boiler
outlet enthalpy since again, the water entering the turbine is a saturated watervapor mixture, we can however still measure the turbine inlet conditions:
Tti
the temperature of the steam entering the turbine.
Pti
the pressure of the steam entering the turbine.
Turbine exhaust: For most conditions, the turbine exhaust will be slightly
superheated. The state can be determined from the following:
Tte
the turbine exhaust temperature (not used in this experiment).
Pte
the turbine exhaust pressure.
Condenser: The properties of the condenser are already determined.
following information is needed:
Pc the condenser pressure (it operates at atmospheric pressure).

The

mc
Tc
Tcwi
Tcwe
Pae

the condenser mass flow rate which can be read directly.

the temperature of the condenser which can be read directly.
the cooling water inlet temperature which can be read directly.
the cooling water exit temperature can be read directly.
the air ejector steam pressure (not used in this experiment).

Turbine Generator: The following data will be required to calculate efficiencies

and work rates:
Fm
the moment force applied to the 6-inch arm.
V
the generator voltage (is to be adjusted to 110 V).
I
the generator current.
N
the turbine generator angular velocity (expressed in rpm).

Adiabatic Throttling Calorimeter:

Well Insulated

The Throttling Process

Figure 2

For the adiabatic throttling calorimeter, the following equations are used:

hboilerexit hCi hCe

We know the calorimeter is open to the atmosphere and is superheated so all we
need is to measure the Temperature at the calorimeter exit and using the superheated
tables atmospheric pressure we can find hCe
Now that we know the boiler exit enthalpy we can find its quality and entropy

xboilerexit

hboilerexit h f @ Pboiler
h fg @ Pboiler

sboilerexit s f @ Pboiler xboilerexit s fg @ Pboiler

Simple Rankine Cycle:

Figure 3

Ideal Rankine

See chapter 10 in your thermodynamics textbook for a review of the Rankine cycle

Actual Cycle Analysis:

Figure 4

Our cycle

Notice what is happening between states 1 and 2. When our feed-water leaves the
condenser it is pumped into a storage tank and sits until the second feed-water pump
delivers it to the boiler. The second pump does not run continuously and cold city water
is added to the storage tank as the boiler loses steam to the environment in order to
maintain the proper water level in the boiler. We do not have temperature or pressure
gages between states 1 and 2 and due to mixing with cold city water the temperature of
the feed-water entering the boiler is actually lower than the temperature of the feed-water
exiting the condenser. Because of all this we ignore the work of the pumps since they are
small relative to the turbine work.

I)

Fixing your states using the steam tables in your text or another reference:

State 1:

Tcondensor
h1 h f @Tcondensor (compressed liquid approximation)
Pcondensor

State 2:

Tboiler inlet

h2 h f @Tboiler inlet (compressed liquid approximation)

Pboiler

State 3:

h3 hboilerexit hCi hCe

x3

h3 h f @ Pboiler
h fg @ Pboiler

s3 s f @ Pboiler x3 s fg @ Pboiler
State 4:

II)

Assume an isentropic efficiency for the turbine of 80%

s4 s s3
find h4 s
PTurbine exit
h h
T 0.8 3 4 a Solve for h4 a
h3 h4 s

Cycle performance:
Recall we define performance as

Desired Output
Required Input

a) Find mass flow rate of fuel

m fuel 40.2

lb
time fuel is on in seconds

hr total fuel on/off cycle time in seconds

b) Find mass flow rate of the steam in the cycle

m steam

Vcondensate
1

condensate flow time in seconds vcondensate

Vcondensate 0.00682 ft 3
vcondensate specific volume at state 1

c) Calculate the boiler efficiency

m steam h3 h2

Watch your Units!

m fuel HV

Where HV is the heating value of propane, 20,895

BTU
lbm

d) Calculate the thermal efficiency, neglecting the pump work

th

wT h3 h4 a

qin h3 h2

Watch your Units!

e) Calculate the Mechanical efficiency

W shaft

WT

2 NT

Watch your Units!

m steam h3 h4 a

Where Torque is the measured spring force times the moment arm of 0.5feet
f) Calculate the electrical efficiency

WE

W shaft

V I
2 NT

Watch your Units!

g) Calculate the overall cycle efficiency

O B th M E

V I
m fuel HV

Watch your Units!

Procedure:
INITIAL WARNINGS/NOTES:
1. All procedures must be followed to prevent equipment damage or injury.
2. READ ALL PROCEDURES BEFORE ATTEMPTING TO START THE
EXPERIMENT.
3. The piping and components of the steam plant may exceed 350F. The
electrical equipment operates at high voltages. The steam driven equipment
rotates at high speeds. The following rules must be observed at all times:
a. DO NOT TOUCH PIPING OR COMPONENTS.
b. DO NOT WEAR LOOSE CLOTHING OR JEWELRY
c. DO NOT PLACE BOOK BAGS NEAR THE STEAM
PLANT.
d. DO NOT TAMPER WITH THE ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS.
4. If boiler ignition does not occur during light off, do not attempt to restart it more
than once before resetting the ignition system. Open the control box in the front
of the boiler and hit the reset button before attempting to restart a second time.
5. The turbine must be warmed up properly to prevent damage to the turbine blades
or bearings.
6. When changing loads on the turbine generator, turn off the selector switch on the
load panel prior to changing any loads.
7. Prior to recording initial data, the errors of the instruments should be
recorded in table 1 for future correction of the data.

PRE-WARMUP PROCEDURE (TO BE PERFORMED OUTSIDE IN FENCED-IN

AREA)
1. Open the fuel storage tank valve (5B).
2. Close all drain valves on the cooling water tower (4CW, 5CW, 7CW, 8CW).
3. Shut the pump and fan motors disconnect switches.

BOILER START-UP
1. Open the boiler bottom blow valve (8B) and its quick-closing valve to lower the
water level to within the proper band on the boiler sight glass. Then close the
valve (8B).
2. Open the condensate receiver make-up fill valve (3C).
3. Open the feed water pump suction valve (4C) if it is closed.
4. Open the city water supply valve (WS1). If the water level in the boiler is low,
the pump will start automatically to fill the boiler when power is turned on.
5. Open the feed water valves (3B, 4B) if closed.

6. Open the boiler steam stop valve (1B) ONE TURN AND open the steam drain
valve (1T) ONE TURN to allow air evacuation during the warm-up period.
7. Start up the burner.

BURNER START-UP
1. Trace the fuel line from where it enters the building to the burner and make sure
the pilot valve is on.
2. Energize the switch designated BOILER at the motor control box.
3. Turn on the burner switch on the burner control panel. The burner blower will
start and the burner control will go through its flame safety sequence.
4. When the fuel-on light indicates ignition, open the fuel line valve (7B).
NOTE: If ignition does not occur, check the pilot light valve and set the RESET
inside the motor control box.
The boiler will require about 50 minutes to warm-up. After about 30 minutes, when
the boiler pressure shows about 5psig, close the boiler steam stop valve (1B). If
necessary, drain water through the bottom blow valve (8B) to maintain water in
proper band on the boiler sight glass. Once the boiler is warmed up it should be
between 120 and 130 psig
HEAT REJECTION SYSTEM START-UP
1. Open the tower make-up water supply valve (1CW). A float valve in the sump
will maintain the water level automatically.
2. Open the condenser cooling water outlet valve (4CW) ONE TURN.
3. Start the circulating pump by energizing the switch on the motor control panel
marked cooling tower.
4. Adjust the flow meter outlet valve (4CW) to 30gpm or wide open.

TURBINE WARM-UP AND START-UP

NOTE: Condensate in the turbine and steam supply lines will cause turbine blade
erosion and put excessive thrust on the bearings. This condensate must be removed
during the warm-up period.
1. Reset the turbine over speed trip by rotating the trip valve 90 and engaging the
lever into the pin on the valve wheel. Ensure that the trip mechanism is
operating freely.
2. Fully open the nozzle valve (5T), if it is closed.
3. Open the steam drain valve (1T) HALF A TURN.
4. When the steam line is free of liquid, the strainer drain valve (1T) may be
closed.
5. Fully open the boiler steam stop (1B).

10

6. Fully open the turbine casing drain valve (3T).

7. Open the turbine inlet valve (2T) approximately turn.
8. When the discharge from the turbine casing is mainly vapor, fully close the
turbine casing drain valve (3T) and then reopen valve (3T) turn.
9. Slowly open the turbine inlet valve (2T). The turbine should be operated at
1,000 rpm for several minutes until the casing drains are free of condensate.
10. Close the turbine casing drain valve (3T).
11. Open the turbine inlet valve (2T) until the turbine speed reaches the governor
controlled speed of 2,400 rpm.

TURBINE GENERATOR OPERATIONS

1. Adjust the spring balance to zero. The pointer on the damper linkage should be
at the datum position. As load is applied, the spring balance is adjusted to
return to the datum position and the force is read directly from the scale on the
spring balance. The moment arm for torque is 6 inches.
2. Start condensate pump at the motor control box
3. Set the selector switch on the electrical load panel to OFF.
4. Set the load rheostat to the desired load.
5. Turn the selector switch on the load panel to ON.
6. Adjust the field rheostat to maximum Volts.
7. Readings for the calculation of mechanical and electrical power may now be
taken.
NOTE: To change loads, first put the selector switch in the OFF position!
OPERATIONAL PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS
1. Start the power plant per the start-up procedure and allow it to reach steady state
operation (this will have been performed by the instructor on the second lab
period).
2. Adjust the load in accordance wit the turbine generator operations procedure to
the load specified by the instructor.
3. Allow the system to reach steady state and take another set of data.
4. Shut down the steam plant.
STEAM PLANT SHUTDOWN
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Turn off the load at the generator.

Close (2T).
Turn condensate switch off at the motor control box.
Turn the boiler start switch to OFF.
Turn off all boiler switches at the motor control panel.
Close the boiler steam stop valve (1B).
Close the fuel valves (6B, 7B).
Open the drain valves (3T, 1T).

11

9. Close the cooling water valve (1CW).

10. Close the condensate make-up valve (3C).
11. Leave open the feed water valves (3B, 4B, 4C).

Report Requirements:
1. A clear, accurate diagram that includes all components and subsystems of the
boiler plant must be drawn neatly by hand (using a straight edge) or computer
generated. The drawing may be a composite or can be separated into individual
systems.
2. Include labels for all valves, components, and any other system details in the
drawing.
3. A completed data sheet showing all recorded and corrected values of the steam
plant operation.
4. Complete and tabulate all of the calculations in parts I and II of the actual
analysis section (states 1-4 and parts a-g).
5. A completed data sheet showing all values for loaded and unloaded conditions
of the steam plant operation.
6. A T-S diagram of the Rankine cycle with all processes labeled for this steam
plant.
7. Sample calculations for all data.
8. Discuss your results and explanations for any questionable data and losses seen
in the steam cycle.

12

Recorded Data
Date:_______________
Ambient Temperature:_______
Barometric Pressure:_______

Calibration of gages:

Units

PTi Pturbine inlet

(psig)

TTi Tturbine inlet

(oF)

PTe Pturbine exit

(psig)

Pb Pboiler

(psig)

Tbi Tboiler inlet

(oF)

Tci Tcalorimeter inlet

(oF)

Tce Tcalorimeter exit

(oF)

PC = Pcondensor

(psig)

TC Tcondensor

(oF)

Tcwe Tcooling water exit

(oF)

Tcwi Tcooling water inlet

(oF)

Recorded gage
value before system
startup

Table 1

13

Correction =
(Room gage value) (Recorded gage value
before startup)

Units

PTi Pturbine inlet

(W)
(V)
(Amps)
(lbf)
(ft-lbf)
(rpm)
(psig)

TTi Tturbine inlet

(oF)

PTe Pturbine exit

(psig)

Pb Pboiler

(psig)

Tbi Tboiler inlet

(oF)

Tci Tcalorimeter inlet

(oF)

Tce Tcalorimeter exit

(oF)

PC = Pcondensor

(psig)

TC Tcondensor

(oF)

mcooling water

gal

min
(oF)

Power (calculated)
Voltage
Current
Spring Balance

Fm

T = Torque (calculated)
N = Speed

Tcwe Tcooling water exit

Tcwi Tcooling water inlet

Time fuel is on
Total fuel on/off cycle
Condensate flow time

Measured

(oF)
sec
sec
sec

Table 2

14

Corrected =
(Measured value) +
(Correction)