SUBMITTED BY:

ASINGAYAN, MELITO JR. R

20110156462

SUBMITTED TO:
ENGR. MICHAEL S. MATIAS

CABALBAG, ARNIE P
20110119829
CASTILLO, CATHERINE C
20110131298
DE GUZMAN, CHRISTIAN C
20110110571
MORALES, SHARMAINE S
20110123983
PELAYO, ALGIN M
20100154561
VIZCONDE, MA. KARYL NIA
C.
20110155812

CIRCUIT: _____________
DOCUMENT: ___________

Oscillators are electronic circuits that generate an output signal without the
necessity of an input signal. They are used as signal sources in all sorts of applications.
Diff erent types of oscillators produce various types of outputs including sine waves,
square waves, triangular waves, and saw tooth waves. In this experiment, one of the
several types of basic oscillator circuits using both discrete transistors and op-amps as
the gain element
is introduced, the adjustable wein-bridge oscillator. Sinusoidal oscillator operation is
based on the principle of positive feedback, where a portion of the output signal is fed
back to the input in a way that causes it to reinforce itself and thus sustain a
continuous output signal. Oscillators are widely used in most communications systems
as well as in digital systems, including computers, to generate required frequencies and
timing signals. Also, oscillators are found in many types of test instruments like those
used in the laboratory.
An oscillator is a circuit that produces a periodic waveform on its output with only
the dc supply voltage as an input. A repetitive input signal is not required except to
synchronize

oscillations in some applications.

The output voltage

can be either

sinusoidal or non-sinusoidal, depending on the type of oscillator. One of the three types
of feedback oscillators that use RC circuits to produce sinusoidal outputs is the Wienbridge oscillator. Generally, RC feedback oscillators are used for frequencies up to
about 1 MHz. The Wien-bridge is by far the most widely used type of RC feedback
oscillator for this range of frequencies. The Wien-bridge oscillator is one type of
sinusoidal feedback oscillator. A fundamental part of the Wien-bridge oscillator is a
lead-lag circuit.
The response curve for the lead-lag circuit indicates that the output voltage
peaks at a frequency called the resonant frequency, fr.

At this point, the attenuation

(Vout/Vin) of the circuit is 1/3 if R1 = R2 and XC1 = XC2 as stated by the following
equation:

The formula for the resonant frequency is:

To summarize, the lead-lag circuit in the Wien-bridge oscillator, it has a resonant

frequency, fr, at which the phase shift through the circuit is 0 and the attenuation is
1/3. Below fr, the lead circuit dominates and the output leads the input. Above fr, the
lag circuit dominates and the output lags the input. The lead-lag circuit is used in the
positive feedback loop of an opamp. A voltage divider is used in the negative feedback
loop. Wien bridge circuit combines a voltage divider and a lead-lag circuit.
The Wien-bridge oscillator circuit can be viewed as a noninverting amplifi er
confi guration with the input signal fed back from the output through the lead-lag
circuit. The voltage divider determines the closed-loop gain of the amplifi er.
For the circuit to produce a sustained sinusoidal output (oscillate), the phase
shift around the positive feedback loop must be 0 and the gain around the loop must
equal unity (1). The 0 phase-shift condition is met when the frequency is fr because
the phase shift through the lead-lag circuit is 0 and there is no inversion from the
noninverting () input of the op-amp to the output.
When dc power is fi rst applied, both zener diodes appear as open. Initially, a
small positive feedback signal develops from noise or turn-on transients. The lead-lag
circuit permits only a signal with a frequency equal to appear in phase on the
noninverting

input.

This feedback

signal

is amplifi ed and

continually

reinforced,

resulting in a buildup of the output voltage. When the output signal reaches the zener
breakdown voltage, the zeners conduct and eff ectively short out the resistor. This
lowers the amplifi ers closed loop gain to 3. At this point, the total loop gain is 1 and
the output signal levels off and the oscillation is sustained. The zener diodes the gain
at the onset of nonlinearity, in this case, zener conduction. Although the zener

feedback is simple, it suff ers from the nonlinearity of the zener diodes that occurs in
order to control gain. Overall, It is diffi cult to achieve an undistorted sinusoidal output
waveform.

LABEL

DESCRIPTION

R1

1230 , W

R2

50 K, W

R3, R4, R6, R8

3.2 K, W

R5

164 K, W

R7

10 K, W

R9

8.2 K, W

R10

430 , W

C1, C2

0.01 F, POLYSTYRENE CAPACITOR

D1, D2

N 4148

This experiment intends us to design and construct an adjustable wein-bridge oscillator that
will operate between 3 kHz to 6 kHz signal frequency. We obtained a minimum frequency of
4.774khz from the formula:

We changed not only 1 k by 1.23 k but also 3.15 k k by 8.2 k k. The minimum
frequency that we obtained is 3.093 kHz.

= 3.093 kHz

The maximum frequency that we obtained is 8.022 kHz.

= 8.022 kHz

The range was too far so we replaced 510 with 1 k. This adjustment gave us a minimum
frequency value of 8.897 kHz.

= 8.897 kHz

The maximum frequency value that we obtained is 4.469 kHz.

= 4.469 kHz