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AccordingtotheIEC60909OpenElectrical
AccordingtotheIEC60909
FromOpenElectrical
Contents
1Introduction
1.1Whydothecalculation?
1.2Whentodothecalculation?
2CalculationMethodology
2.1Step1:ConstructtheSystemModelandCollectEquipmentParameters
2.2Step2:CalculateEquipmentShortCircuitImpedances
2.2.1NetworkFeeders
2.2.2SynchronousGeneratorsandMotors
2.2.3Transformers
2.2.4Cables
2.2.5AsynchronousMotors
2.2.6FaultLimitingReactors
2.2.7StaticConverters
2.2.8OtherEquipment
2.3Step3:ReferringImpedances
2.4Step4:DetermineThveninEquivalentCircuitattheFaultLocation
2.5Step5:CalculateBalancedThreePhaseShortCircuitCurrents
2.5.1InitialShortCircuitCurrent
2.5.2PeakShortCircuitCurrent
2.5.3SymmetricalBreakingCurrent
2.5.4DCShortCircuitComponent
2.6Step6:CalculateSinglePhasetoEarthShortCircuitCurrents
3WorkedExample
3.1Step1:ConstructtheSystemModelandCollectEquipmentParameters
3.2Step2:CalculateEquipmentShortCircuitImpedances
3.3Step3:ReferringImpedances
3.4Step4:DetermineThveninEquivalentCircuitattheFaultLocation
3.5Step5:CalculateBalancedThreePhaseShortCircuitCurrents
3.5.1InitialShortCircuitCurrent
3.5.2PeakShortCircuitCurrent
4ComputerSoftware
5WhatNext?
Introduction
Thisarticlelooksatthecalculationofshortcircuitcurrentsforboltedthreephaseandsinglephasetoearth
faultsinapowersystem.Ashortcircuitinapowersystemcancauseveryhighcurrentstoflowtothefault
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location.Themagnitudeoftheshortcircuitcurrent
dependsontheimpedanceofsystemundershortcircuit
conditions.Inthiscalculation,theshortcircuitcurrentis
estimatedusingtheguidelinespresentedinIEC60909.
Whydothecalculation?
Calculatingtheprospectiveshortcircuitlevelsina
powersystemisimportantforanumberofreasons,
including:
Tospecifyfaultratingsforelectrical
equipment(e.g.shortcircuitwithstand
ratings)
Tohelpidentifypotentialproblemsand
weaknessesinthesystemandassistin
systemplanning
Toformthebasisforprotection
coordinationstudies
Figure1.Lightningarc
Whentodothecalculation?
Thecalculationcanbedoneafterpreliminarysystemdesign,withthefollowingprerequisitedocuments
anddesigntaskscompleted:
Keysinglelinediagrams
Majorelectricalequipmentsized(e.g.generators,transformers,etc)
Electricalloadschedule
Cablesizing(notabsolutelynecessary,butwouldbeuseful)
CalculationMethodology
ThiscalculationisbasedonIEC609090(2001,c2002)(https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/3886),"Short
circuitcurrentsinthreephasea.c.systemsPart0:Calculationofcurrents"andusestheimpedancemethod
(asopposedtotheperunitmethod).Inthismethod,itisassumedthatallshortcircuitsareofnegligible
impedance(i.e.noarcimpedanceisallowedfor).
Therearesixgeneralstepsinthecalculation:
Step1:Constructthesystemmodelandcollecttherelevantequipmentparameters
Step2:Calculatetheshortcircuitimpedancesforalloftherelevantequipment
Step3:Referallimpedancestothereferencevoltage
Step4:DeterminetheThveninequivalentcircuitatthefaultlocation
Step5:Calculatebalancedthreephaseshortcircuitcurrents
Step6:Calculatesinglephasetoearthshortcircuitcurrents
Step1:ConstructtheSystemModelandCollectEquipmentParameters
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Thefirststepistoconstructamodelofthesystemsinglelinediagram,andthencollecttherelevant
equipmentparameters.Themodelofthesinglelinediagramshouldshowallofthemajorsystembuses,
generationornetworkconnection,transformers,faultlimiters(e.g.reactors),largecableinterconnections
andlargerotatingloads(e.g.synchronousandasynchronousmotors).
Therelevantequipmentparameterstobecollectedareasfollows:
Networkfeeders:faultcapacityofthenetwork(VA),X/Rratioofthenetwork
Synchronousgeneratorsandmotors:perunitsubtransientreactance,ratedgeneratorcapacity
(VA),ratedpowerfactor(pu)
Transformers:transformerimpedancevoltage(%),ratedtransformercapacity(VA),rated
current(A),totalcopperloss(W)
Cables:lengthofcable(m),resistanceandreactanceofcable(
)
Asynchronousmotors:fullloadcurrent(A),lockedrotorcurrent(A),ratedpower(W),full
loadpowerfactor(pu),startingpowerfactor(pu)
Faultlimitingreactors:reactorimpedancevoltage(%),ratedcurrent(A)
Step2:CalculateEquipmentShortCircuitImpedances
Usingthecollectedparameters,eachoftheequipmentitemimpedancescanbecalculatedforlaterusein
themotorstartingcalculations.
NetworkFeeders
Giventheapproximatefaultlevelofthenetworkfeederattheconnectionpoint(orpointofcommon
coupling),theimpedance,resistanceandreactanceofthenetworkfeederiscalculatedasfollows:
Where
isimpedanceofthenetworkfeeder()
isresistanceofthenetworkfeeder()
isreactanceofthenetworkfeeder()
isthenominalvoltageattheconnectionpoint(Vac)
isthefaultlevelofthenetworkfeeder(VA)
isavoltagefactorwhichaccountsforthemaximumsystemvoltage(1.05forvoltages<1kV,
1.1forvoltages>1kV)
isX/Rratioofthenetworkfeeder(pu)
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SynchronousGeneratorsandMotors
Thesubtransientreactanceandresistanceofasynchronousgeneratorormotor(withvoltageregulation)
canbeestimatedbythefollowing:
Where
isthesubtransientreactanceofthegenerator()
istheresistanceofthegenerator()
isavoltagecorrectionfactorseeIEC609090Clause3.6.1formoredetails(pu)
istheperunitsubtransientreactanceofthegenerator(pu)
isthenominalgeneratorvoltage(Vac)
isthenominalsystemvoltage(Vac)
istheratedgeneratorcapacity(VA)
istheX/Rratio,typically20for
100MVA,14.29for
100MVA,and6.67for
allgeneratorswithnominalvoltage
1kV
isavoltagefactorwhichaccountsforthemaximumsystemvoltage(1.05forvoltages<1kV,
1.1forvoltages>1kV)
isthepowerfactorofthegenerator(pu)
Forthenegativesequenceimpedance,thequadratureaxissubtransientreactance
theaboveequationinplaceofthedirectaxissubtransientreactance
canbeappliedin
Thezerosequenceimpedancesneedtobederivedfrommanufacturerdata,thoughthevoltagecorrection
factor
alsoappliesforsolidneutralearthingsystems(refertoIEC609090Clause3.6.1).
Transformers
Thepositivesequenceimpedance,resistanceandreactanceoftwowindingdistributiontransformerscanbe
calculatedasfollows:
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AccordingtotheIEC60909OpenElectrical
isthepositivesequenceimpedanceofthetransformer()
istheresistanceofthetransformer()
isthereactanceofthetransformer()
istheimpedancevoltageofthetransformer(pu)
istheratedcapacityofthetransformer(VA)
isthenominalvoltageofthetransformeratthehighorlowvoltageside(Vac)
istheratedcurrentofthetransformeratthehighorlowvoltageside(I)
isthetotalcopperlossinthetransformerwindings(W)
Forthecalculationofimpedancesforthreewindingtransformers,refertoIEC609090Clause3.3.2.For
networktransformers(thosethatconnecttwoseparatenetworksatdifferentvoltages),animpedance
correctionfactormustbeapplied(seeIEC609090Clause3.3.3).
Thenegativesequenceimpedanceisequaltopositivesequenceimpedancecalculatedabove.Thezero
sequenceimpedanceneedstobederivedfrommanufacturerdata,butalsodependsonthewinding
connectionsandfaultpathavailableforzerosequencecurrentflow(e.g.differentneutralearthingsystems
willaffectzerosequenceimpedance).
Cables
CableimpedancesareusuallyquotedbymanufacturersintermsofOhmsperkm.Theseneedtobe
convertedtoOhmsbasedonthelengthofthecables:
Where
istheresistanceofthecable{)
isthereactanceofthecable{)
isthequotedresistanceofthecable{/km)
isthequotedreactanceofthecable{/km)
isthelengthofthecable{m)
Thenegativesequenceimpedanceisequaltopositivesequenceimpedancecalculatedabove.Thezero
sequenceimpedanceneedstobederivedfrommanufacturerdata.Intheabsenceofmanufacturerdata,zero
sequenceimpedancescanbederivedfrompositivesequenceimpedancesviaamultiplicationfactor(as
suggestedbySKMSystemsAnalysisInc)formagneticcables:
AsynchronousMotors
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Anasynchronousmotor'simpedance,resistanceandreactanceiscalculatedasfollows:
Where
isimpedanceofthemotor()
isresistanceofthemotor()
isreactanceofthemotor()
isratioofthelockedrotortofullloadcurrent
isthemotorlockedrotorcurrent(A)
isthemotornominalvoltage(Vac)
isthemotorratedpower(W)
isthemotorfullloadpowerfactor(pu)
isthemotorstartingpowerfactor(pu)
Thenegativesequenceimpedanceisequaltopositivesequenceimpedancecalculatedabove.Thezero
sequenceimpedanceneedstobederivedfrommanufacturerdata.
FaultLimitingReactors
Theimpedanceoffaultlimitingreactorsisasfollows(notethattheresistanceisneglected):
Where
isimpedanceofthereactor()
isreactanceofthereactor()
istheimpedancevoltageofthereactor(pu)
isthenominalvoltageofthereactor(Vac)
istheratedcurrentofthereactor(A)
Positive,negativeandzerosequenceimpedancesareallequal(assuminggeometricsymmetry).
StaticConverters
Staticconvertersandconverterfeddrivers(i.e.feedingrotatingloads)shouldbeconsideredforbalanced
threephaseshortcircuits.PerIEC609090Clause3.9,staticconverterscontributetotheinitialandpeak
shortcircuitcurrentsonly,andcontribute3timestheratedcurrentoftheconverter.AnR/Xratioof0.1
shouldbeusedfortheshortcircuitimpedance.
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OtherEquipment
Linecapacitances,paralleladmittancesandnonrotatingloadsaregenerallyneglectedasperIEC609090
Clause3.10.Effectsfromseriescapacitorscanalsobeneglectedifvoltagelimitingdevicesareconnected
inparallel.
Step3:ReferringImpedances
Wheretherearemultiplevoltagelevels,theequipmentimpedancescalculatedearlierneedtobeconverted
toareferencevoltage(typicallythevoltageatthefaultlocation)inorderforthemtobeusedinasingle
equivalentcircuit.
Thewindingratioofatransformercanbecalculatedasfollows:
Where
isthetransformerwindingratio
isthetransformernominalsecondaryvoltageattheprincipaltap(Vac)
isthetransformernominalprimaryvoltage(Vac)
isthespecifiedtapsetting(%)
Usingthewindingratio,impedances(aswellasresistancesandreactances)canbereferredtotheprimary
(HV)sideofthetransformerbythefollowingrelation:
Where
istheimpedancereferredtotheprimary(HV)side()
istheimpedanceatthesecondary(LV)side()
isthetransformerwindingratio(pu)
Conversely,byrearrangingtheequationabove,impedancescanbereferredtotheLVside:
Step4:DetermineThveninEquivalentCircuitattheFaultLocation
Thesystemmodelmustfirstbesimplifiedintoanequivalentcircuitasseenfromthefaultlocation,
showingavoltagesourceandasetofcompleximpedancesrepresentingthepowersystemequipmentand
loadimpedances(connectedinseriesorparallel).
ThenextstepistosimplifythecircuitintoaThveninequivalentcircuit
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9venin%27s_theorem),whichisacircuitcontainingonlya
voltagesource( )andanequivalentshortcircuitimpedance(
).
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Thiscanbedoneusingthestandardformulaeforseriesand
parallelimpedances,keepinginmindthattherulesof
complexarithmeticmustbeusedthroughout.
Ifunbalancedshortcircuits(e.g.singlephasetoearthfault)
willbeanalysed,thenaseparateThveninequivalentcircuit
shouldbeconstructedforeachofthepositive,negativeand
zerosequencenetworks(i.e.finding(
,
and
).
Step5:CalculateBalancedThreePhaseShort
CircuitCurrents
Figure2.Thveninequivalentcircuit
ThepositivesequenceimpedancecalculatedinStep4
representstheequivalentsourceimpedanceseenbyabalancedthreephaseshortcircuitatthefault
location.Usingthisimpedance,thefollowingcurrentsatdifferentstagesoftheshortcircuitcyclecanbe
computed:
InitialShortCircuitCurrent
TheinitialsymmetricalshortcircuitcurrentiscalculatedfromIEC609090Equation29,asfollows:
Where
istheinitialsymmetricalshortcircuitcurrent(A)
isthevoltagefactorthataccountsforthemaximumsystemvoltage(1.05forvoltages<1kV,
1.1forvoltages>1kV)
isthenominalsystemvoltageatthefaultlocation(V)
istheequivalentpositivesequenceshortcircuitimpedance()
PeakShortCircuitCurrent
IEC609090Section4.3offersthreemethodsforcalculatingpeakshortcircuitcurrents,butforthesakeof
simplicity,wewillonlyfocusontheX/Rratioatthefaultlocationmethod.Usingthereal(R)andreactive
(X)componentsoftheequivalentpositivesequenceimpedance
,wecancalculatetheX/Rratioatthe
faultlocation,i.e.
Thepeakshortcircuitcurrentisthencalculatedasfollows:
(fornonmeshednetworks)
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or
(formeshednetworksseeclause4.3.12b)
Where
isthepeakshortcircuitcurrent(A)
istheinitialsymmetricalshortcircuitcurrent(A)
isaconstantfactor,
SymmetricalBreakingCurrent
Thesymmetricalbreakingcurrentistheshortcircuitcurrentatthepointofcircuitbreakeropening(usually
somewherebetween20msto300ms).Thisisthecurrentthatthecircuitbreakermustberatedtointerrupt
andistypicallyusedforbreakersizing.IEC609090Equation74suggeststhatthesymmetricalbreaking
currentformeshednetworkscanbeconservativelyestimatedasfollows:
Where
isthesymmetricalbreakingcurrent(A)
istheinitialsymmetricalshortcircuitcurrent(A)
Forclosetogeneratorfaults,thesymmetricalbreakingcurrentwillbehigher.Moredetailedcalculations
canbemadeforincreasedaccuracyinIEC60909,butthisislefttothereadertoexplore.
DCShortCircuitComponent
ThedccomponentofashortcircuitcanbecalculatedaccordingtoIEC609090Equation64:
Where
isthedccomponentoftheshortcircuitcurrent(A)
istheinitialsymmetricalshortcircuitcurrent(A)
isthenominalsystemfrequency(Hz)
isthetime(s)
istheX/Rratioseemorebelow
TheX/Rratioiscalculatedasfollows:
Where
and
arethereactanceandresistance,respectively,oftheequivalentsourceimpedanceat
thefaultlocation()
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isafactortoaccountfortheequivalentfrequencyofthefault.PerIEC609090Section4.4,
thefollowingfactorsshouldbeusedbasedontheproductoffrequencyandtime(
<1
0.27
<2.5
0.15
<5
0.092
<12.5
0.055
):
Step6:CalculateSinglePhasetoEarthShortCircuitCurrents
Forbalancedshortcircuitcalculations,thepositivesequenceimpedanceistheonlyrelevantimpedance.
However,forunbalancedshortcircuits(e.g.singlephasetoearthfault),symmetricalcomponentscomeinto
play.
TheinitialshortcircuitcurrentforasinglephasetoearthfaultisasperIEC609090Equation52:
Where
istheinitialsinglephasetoearthshortcircuitcurrent(A)
isthevoltagefactorthataccountsforthemaximumsystemvoltage(1.05forvoltages<1kV,
1.1forvoltages>1kV)
isthenominalvoltageatthefaultlocation(Vac)
istheequivalentpositivesequenceshortcircuitimpedance()
istheequivalentnegativesequenceshortcircuitimpedance()
istheequivalentzerosequenceshortcircuitimpedance()
WorkedExample
Inthisexample,shortcircuitcurrentswillbecalculatedforabalancedthreephasefaultatthemain11kV
busofasimpleradialsystem.Notethatthesinglephasetoearthfaultcurrentswillnotbecalculatedinthis
example.
Step1:ConstructtheSystemModelandCollectEquipmentParameters
Thesystemtobemodelledisasimpleradialnetworkwithtwovoltagelevels(11kVand415V),and
suppliedbyasinglegenerator.Thesystemmodelisshowninthefiguretotheright.Theequipmentand
cableparameterswerecollectedasfollows:
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Equipment
GeneratorG1
Parameters
=24,150kVA
=11,000V
=0.255pu
=0.85pu
GeneratorCable
C1
Length=30m
Size=2parallelcircuits
of3x1Cx500mm2
(R=0.0506\km,X=0.0997
\km)
MotorM1
MotorCableC2
=500kW
=11,000V
=200.7A
=6.5pu
=0.85pu
=0.30pu
Figure3.Systemmodelforshortcircuitexample
Length=150m
Size=3C+E35mm2
(R=0.668\km,X=0.115
\km)
TransformerTX1
TransformerCable
C3
=2,500kVA
=11,000V
=415V
=0.0625pu
=19,000W
=0%
Length=100m
Size=3C+E95mm2
(R=0.247\km,X=0.0993
\km)
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MotorM2
=90kW
=415V
=1,217.3A
=7pu
=0.8pu
=0.30pu
MotorM3
=150kW
=415V
=1,595.8A
=6.5pu
=0.85pu
=0.30pu
Step2:CalculateEquipmentShortCircuitImpedances
Usingthepatametersaboveandtheequationsoutlinedearlierinthemethodology,thefollowing
impedanceswerecalculated:
Equipment
Resistance() Reactance()
GeneratorG1
0.08672
1.2390
GeneratorCableC1
0.000759
0.001496
11kVMotorM1
9.4938
30.1885
MotorCableC2
0.1002
0.01725
TransformerTX1(PrimarySide)
0.36784
3.0026
TransformerCableC3
0.0247
0.00993
415VMotorM2
0.0656
0.2086
415VMotorM3
0.0450
0.1432
Step3:ReferringImpedances
Wewillmodelafaultonthemain11kVbus,soallimpedancesmustbereferredto11kV.Thetwolow
voltagemotorsneedtobereferredtothisreferencevoltage.Knowingthatthetransformerissetatprincipal
tap,wecancalculatethewindingratioandapplyittoreferthe415Vmotorstothe11kVside:
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The415Vmotorimpedancesreferredtothe11kVsideistherefore:
Equipment
Resistance() Reactance()
415VMotorM2
46.0952
146.5735
415VMotorM3
31.6462
100.6284
Step4:DetermineThveninEquivalentCircuitattheFaultLocation
Usingstandardnetworkreductiontechniques,theequivalentThvenincircuitatthefaultlocation(main
11kVbus)canbederived.Theequivalentsourceimpedanceis:
Step5:CalculateBalancedThreePhaseShortCircuitCurrents
InitialShortCircuitCurrent
Thesymmetricalinitialshortcircuitcurrentis:
kA
PeakShortCircuitCurrent
Theconstantfactor
atthefaultlocationis:
Thereforeasitisasimpleradialsystem(nonmeshed),thesymmetricalpeakshortcircuitcurrentis:
kA
ComputerSoftware
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Shortcircuitcalculationsareastandardcomponentofpowersystemsanalysissoftware(e.g.ETAP,PTW,
DIgSILENT,etc)andthecalculationsarefareasiertoperformwithsoftwarethanbyhand.However
manualcalculationscouldbedoneasaformofverificationtoconfirmthatthesoftwareresultsare
reasonable.
WhatNext?
Theresultsfromtheshortcircuitcalculationscanbeusedtospecifythefaultratingsonelectrical
equipment(e.g.switchgear,protectivedevices,etc)andalsoforprotectioncoordinationstudies.
ShortCircuitCalculation
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