Prepositions (post-positions in Hindi)

The most commonly used prepositions are enlisted hereby ,and the way they
affect the parts of sentence they appear in are also briefed as following :
of - ka/ke/kee
in/into - men
to - ko
for - ke liye
with- ke saath
on - para
at - para
from- se
about- ke baare men (in context of)
like - jaisaa/jaisee/jaise
before- se pahale/ke pahale
after - ke baada
over - ke oopara
between/among - ke beecha men
against - ke khilaafa
during - ke dauraana
without - ke binaa
under - ke neeche
around - ke chaaron ora
**In usage of these prepositions ,if pronouns are directly associated then ,they
are used as per following pattern :
(change only in relative pronouns ending with -aa ,rest remains unchanged )
remove 'ke ' (if present in preposition) and \
use
mere (sing.)
,hamaare (pl.) (1st person) ,
tumhaare (sing. ) (2nd person) , ,BUT
tuma logon ke of you people .
uske /iske (sing.)
,unke /inke (pl.) (3rd person).

SEE HOW - aa ENDING PRONOUNS GET MODIFIED IF ARE FOLLOWED BY

'PREPOSITIONS' (but 'tuma loga' is altered differently)
E.g. - He speaks against me. - Vaha mere khilaafa bolataa hai. (not 'main ke
khilaafa')
bolanaa - act of speaking ,khilaafa against
He speaks against him . - Vaha uske khilaafa bolataa hai.
He speaks against you (plural). - Vaha tuma logon ke khilaafa bolataa hai.
but ,
Raama Shyaama ke khilaafa boltaa hai . (no change in Shyaama ,a noun)
-> Use of propositions with common nouns (with certain endings): (check page
32- 33 in HIndi book ,ignore points 5,6,7 for this discussion)
**If a masculine noun has -a ending ,plural form generally has -a ending ,and
when singular form is associated with a preposition ,it is changed to have -a
ending , while whenits plural form is associated with a preposition ,it is
changed to have -on ending .
Ghara home ,ghara homes
ghara men in home
gharon men in homes
chhata ceiling
chhata para on ceiling
chhaton para - on ceilings
**If a masculine noun has -aa ending ,plural form generally has -e ending ,and
when singular form is associated with a preposition ,it is changed to have -e
ending , while whenits plural form is associated with a preposition ,it is
changed to have -on ending .
e.g.- ladakaa- boy,ladake - boys,

with a boy-> eka ladake ke saatha (this pattern is discussed)

* with many boys -> kaee(many) ladakon ke saatha
**If a feminine noun has -a ending ,plural form generally has -e ending ,and
when singular form is associated with a preposition ,it is unchanged to have -a
ending , while when its plural form is associated with a preposition ,it is
changed to have -on ending .
Aankha eye ,aankhen eyes
in your eye tumhaare aankha men
in my eyes meree aankhon men
**If a feminine noun has -aa ending ,plural form generally has -aaen
ending,and when singular form is associated with a preposition ,it is
unchanged to have -aa ending , while whenits plural form is associated with a
preposition ,it is changed to have -aaon ending .
e.g.- maa- mother, maaen - mothers,
for my mother-> meree maa ke liye
for mothers -> maaon ke liye
**If a feminine noun has -ee / -i ending ,plural form generally has iyaan ending ,and when singular form is associated with a preposition ,it
is unchanged to have -ee / -i ending , and when plural form is associated with a
preposition ,it is changed to have -iyon ending.
e.g.- nadee- river, nadiyaan - rivers,
in the river -> nadi men
in all rivers -> sabhee nadiyon men

1. For making appropriate verb forms to go before auxilliary verbs in present

tense , remove the -naa ending and add apt endings as per the following
scheme .
1st per.
,sing.
Masculine -taa
Feminine -tee

1st per.
,plu.

2nd per.
, sing

-te
-tee(n)*

-te
-tee

2nd
per. ,
plu.
-te
-tee

3rd per. ,
sing.
-ta
-te

3rd per. ,
plu./male
honorific
-te
-tee(n)*

*Nasalisation is done by native speakers hence ,advisable but can be dropped

in initial stages because of reasons discussed in class.
2. Adjectives and adverbs both come before noun(s) and verb(s) ,respectively.
In Hindi ,same word may act as both adjective and adverb as well. E.g.- buraa
(bad)
3. Prepositions are ,as as the name suggests ,prepositioned before nouns in
English but in Hindi they are postpositioned (rest of the ordering is not
altered). E.g. - in house -> ghara mein
4. When we have a prepositional phrase ((adjective+)noun+preposition) ,in
Hindi possessive pronouns (my ,our etc.) or adjectives ending with -aa are
changed to their respective forms ending with -e .Possesive pronouns or
adjectives with different endings are not affected. E.g. - my house -> mera
ghara but ; in my house -> mere (not mera) ghara mein (notice change due to
introduction of preposition) Same holds true for adjectines too. E.g.- buraa
haala bad condition in bad condition bure haala mein (notice change due to
introduction of preposition)