Professional Documents
Culture Documents
A PROJECT REPORT
ON
Research on Waste Management (APMC Vashi, Navi Mumbai)
Submitted by
Shubhankar Patil Hiremath
62031
In partial fulfillment of the award of
BACHELOR OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES
TYBMS SEM: V
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Making the project was a collaboration process. I have many people to thank for their general
support. First of all I would like to express my deep appreciation and gratitude to Mr. Arun,
Principal of Tilak College, in developing my potential, skills and ability with his valuable and
precious interest and consideration.
My thanks to Prof. Chaitali Dutta, Project Guide, for providing valuable advice and co-operation
for this project.
I wish to convey my gratitude to Prof. Chaitali Dutta for giving her care, patient, unfailing
support to me and also providing valuable advice and cooperation for this project.
I offer special thanks to my friends for their constant support and help towards making this
project.
I would also like to keep on record my sincere thanks to our staff, for their kind cooperation and
support at every stage of the project.
DECLARATION
I, Shubhankar Patil Hiremath, hereby declare that the project report entitled
"Research on under the guidance of Prof. Chaitali Dutta submitted in partial
fulfilment of requirements for the award of degree of Bachelor of Management
Studies to Mumbai University. This is my original work and not submitted for
award of any other degree/ diploma/ fellowship or other similar titles or prize to
any other institution; organisation/ university by any other person.
PIACE: -
SIGNATURE
DATE,
Shubhankar Patil Hiremath
INDEX
Sr. No.
Title
Page No.
1.
Introduction
2.
16
3.
Objective
16
4.
Literature Review
17
5.
Scope
19
6.
Raw material
20
7.
Environmental benefits
23
8.
Energy benefits
25
9.
26
10.
Economic Benefits
29
11.
Social Benefits
30
12.
Composting
31
13.
Vermicomposting
32
14.
35
15.
36
pelletization
16.
37
17.
38
18.
Case studies
39
19.
43
20.
Study Area
46
21.
48
22.
Research Methodology
49
23.
51
VASHI.
24.
61
25.
64
26.
65
treatment.
27.
67
28.
Vermiculture
68
29.
Conclusion
69
30.
References
70
1. Introduction
Rapid growth of population & urbanisation has created serious problem of energy requirement
and solid waste disposal. India produces 150 million tonnes of fruits and vegetables and 50
million tonnes of waste per annum. Therefore it becomes necessary to develop appropriate
waste treatment technology for waste. The Ministry of New & Renewable Energy is promoting
all the Technology Options available for setting up projects for recovery of energy from urban
wastes.
The APMC market at Navi Mumbai is one of the b i ggest agricultural markets
in Asia and has given a unique i dentit y to the cit y. Spread over a sprawling 122
hectares, the Mumbai Agricultural Produce Market Committee at Vashi is entry point of all food
grains and vegetables meant for the extended region of Metropolitan Mumbai. Divided into
different separat e sections on the basis of the commodities, the APMC
provides separat e m arkets for Fruits, Veget ables, sugar, jagger y and onion potato m arket.
Every day, nearly 1,800 tonnes of vegetables serving Mumbai, Thane and Navi Mumbai roll
into the yard from vegetable producing areas like Nashik, Pune, Satara, Sangli and other parts of
Maharashtra as well as from outside the state.
Among the waste generated APMC market contributed to great amount of pollution hence there
is strong need for proper method of management of waste. Waste in APMC consists of
perishable organic matter which causes health risk and serious threat to environment.
Anaerobic digestion technique produce energy in the form biogas, electricity and residue can be
used as manure. Waste, which is of organic nature, constitutes adequate quantity of nutrients
essential for growth and metabolism of anaerobic bacteria in biogas production.
Waste management is an important part of the urban infrastructure as it ensures the protection of
the environment and of human health. It is not only a technical environmental issue but also a
highly political one. Waste management is closely related to a number of issues such as urban
lifestyles, resource consumption patterns, jobs and income levels, and other socio-economic and
cultural factors.
Arising quality of life and high rates of resource consumption patterns have had a unintended
and negative impact on the urban environment - generation of wastes far beyond the handling
capacities of urban governments and agencies. Cities are now grappling with the problems of
high volumes of waste, the costs involved, the disposal technologies and methodologies, and the
impact of wastes on the local and global environment.
But these problems have also provided a window of opportunity for cities to find solutions
- involving the community and the private sector; involving innovative technologies and disposal
methods; and involving behavior changes and awareness raising. These issues have been amply
demonstrated by good practices from many cities around the world. There is a need for a
complete rethinking of "waste" - to analyze if waste is indeed waste. A rethinking that calls for
There is a clear need for the current approach of waste disposal that is focused on municipalities
and uses high energy/high technology, to move more towards waste processing and waste
recycling (that involves public-private partnerships, aiming for eventual waste minimization driven at the community level, and using low energy/low technology resources.
Some of the defining criteria for future waste minimization programmes will include deeper
community participation, understanding economic benefits/recovery of waste, focusing on life
cycles (rather than end-of-pipe solutions), decentralized administration of waste, minimizing
environmental impacts, reconciling investment costs with long-term goals.
What is Waste?
Waste is rubbish, trash, garbage, or junk is unwanted or undesired material. There are a number of
different types of waste. It can exist as a solid, liquid, or gas or as waste heat. When released in the
latter two states the wastes can be referred to as emissions. It is usually strongly linked with
pollution. Waste may also be intangible in the case of wasted time or wasted opportunities. The
term waste implies things, which have been used inefficiently or inappropriately.
Some components of waste can be recycled once recovered from the waste stream, e.g. plastic
bottles, metals, glass or paper. The biodegradable component of wastes (e.g. paper & food waste)
can be composted or anaerobically digested to produce soil improvers and renewable fuels. If it is
not dealt with sustainably in this manner biodegradable waste can contribute to greenhouse gas
emissions and by implication climate change.
There are two main definitions of waste. One view comes from the individual or organization
producing the material, the second is the view of Government, and is set out in different acts of
waste legislation. The two have to combine to ensure the safe and legal disposal of the waste.
Organic waste is material that is biodegradable and comes from either a plant or animal.
Organic waste is usually broken down by other organisms over time and may also be referred to
as wet waste. Most of the time, it s made up of vegetable and fruit debris, paper, bones and
human waste which quickly disintegrate.
In an effort to keep the environment clean and safe, organic waste is preferred over items that
can damage the earth and that do not disintegrate.
What is management?
The term "management" characterizes the process of and/or the personnel leading and directing
all or part of an organization (often a business) through the deployment and manipulation of
resources (human, financial, material, intellectual or intangible).
According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the word "manage" comes from the Italian
maneggiare (to handle especially a horse), which in turn derives from the Latin manus (hand).
The French word management (later mnagement) influenced the development in meaning of the
English word management in the 17th and 18th centuries.
1.
accidental injury.
2. Prevent the spread of infection to healthcare workers
who handle the waste.
3.
community.
4. Safely dispose of hazardous materials.
5. Open piles of waste should be avoided because
they are a risk to those who scavenge and
unknowingly reuses contaminate items.
Before the widespread use of metals, wood was widely used for most applications. However,
reuse of wood has been well documented nevertheless, it is once again well documented that
reuse and recovery of such metals have been carried out by earlier humans.
With the advent of industrial revolution, waste management became a critical issue. This was
due to the increase in population and the massive migration of people to industrial towns and
cities from rural areas during the 18th century. There was a consequent increase in industrial and
domestic wastes posing threat to human health and environment.
Waste has played a tremendous role in history. The Plague, cholera and typhoid fever, to
mention a few, were diseases that altered the populations of many country. They were
perpetuated by filth that harbored rats, and contaminated water supply. It was not uncommon for
everybody to throw their waste and human wastes out of the window which would decompose in
the street.
Waste hierarchy
The waste hierarchy refers to the "3 Rs" reduce, reuse and recycle, which classify waste
management strategies according to their desirability in terms of waste minimization. The waste
hierarchy remains the cornerstone of most waste minimization strategies. The aim of the waste
hierarchy is to extract the maximum practical benefits from products and to generate the
minimum amount of waste.
Some waste management experts have recently incorporated a 'fourth R': "Re-think", with the
implied meaning that the present system may have fundamental flaws, and that a thoroughly
effective system of waste management may need an entirely new way of looking at waste.
Some "re-think" solutions may be counter-intuitive, such as cutting fabric patterns with slightly
more "waste material" left -- the now larger scraps are then used for cutting small parts of the
pattern, resulting in a decrease in net waste.
This type of solution is by no means limited to the clothing industry. Source reduction involves
efforts to reduce hazardous waste and other materials by modifying industrial production. Source
reduction methods involve changes in manufacturing technology, raw material inputs, and
product formulation. At times, the term "pollution prevention" may refer to source reduction.
Another method of source reduction is to increase incentives for recycling. Many communities in
the United States are implementing variable rate pricing for waste disposal (also known as Pay as
You Throw - PAYT) which has been effective in reducing the size of the municipal waste stream
Source reduction is typically measured by efficiencies and cutbacks in waste. Toxics use
reduction is a more controversial approach to source reduction that targets and measures
reductions in the upstream use of toxic materials.
Toxics use reduction emphasizes the more preventive aspects of source reduction but, due to its
emphasis on toxic chemical inputs, has been opposed more vigorously by chemical
manufacturers.
Toxics use reduction programs have been set up by legislation in some state
10
For example, in Australia most urban domestic households have a 240-litre (63.4 U.S. gallon)
bin that is emptied weekly from the curb using side- or rear-loading compactor trucks. In Europe
and a few other places around the world, a few communities use a proprietary collection system
known as Envac, which conveys refuse via underground conduits using a vacuum system. In
Canadian urban centers curbside collection is the most common method of disposal, whereby the
city collects waste and/or recyclables and/or organics on a scheduled basis. In rural areas people
usually dispose of their waste by hauling it to a transfer station. Waste collected is then
transported to a regional landfill.
11
WASTE DISPOSAL
METHODS
Landfill
Incineratio
n
Resource
recovery
Recovery
12
Landfill
13
Design characteristics of a modern landfill include methods to contain leachate, such as clay or
plastic lining material. Disposed waste is normally compacted to increase its density and stabiles
the new landform, and covered to prevent attracting vermin (such as mice or rats) and reduce the
amount of wind-blown litter.
Many landfills also have a landfill gas extraction system installed after closure to extract the
landfill gas generated by the decomposing waste materials. Gas is pumped out of the landfill
using perforated pipes and flared off or burnt in a gas engine to generate electricity.
Even flaring the gas is a better environmental outcome than allowing it to escape to the
atmosphere, as this consumes the methane, which is a far more potent greenhouse gas than
carbon dioxide.
Many local authorities, especially in urban areas, have found it difficult to establish new landfills
due to opposition from owners of adjacent land. Few people want a landfill in their local
neighborhood.
As a result, solid waste disposal in these areas has become more expensive as material must be
transported further away for disposal (or managed by other methods).
This fact, as well as growing concern about the impacts of excessive materials consumption, has
given rise to efforts to minimize the amount of orts include taxing or levying waste sent to
landfill, recycling the materials, converting material to energy, designing products that use less
14
material, and legislation mandating that manufacturers become responsible for disposal costs of
products or packaging.
A related subject is that of industrial ecology, where the material flows between industries is
studied. The by-products of one industry may be a useful commodity to another, leading to a
reduced materials waste stream.
15
3. Objective
It is to study how the organic waste generated in APMC market be utilized for recycling to
generate energy, reducing load to land fill site, reuse the manure as fertilizer, indirectly
promoting organic farming.
16
4. Literature Review
Solid waste management is one among the basic essential services provided by municipal
authorities in the country to keep urban centers clean. Disposal of waste is the most neglected
area of SWM services and the current practices are grossly unscientific. Almost all municipal
authorities deposit solid waste at a dump-yard situated within or outside the city haphazardly and
do not bother to spread and cover the waste with inert material. These sites emanate foul smell
and become breeding grounds for flies, rodent, and pests. Liquid seeping through the rotting
organic waste called leachate pollutes underground water and poses a serious threat to health and
environment.
Landfill sites also release landfill gas with 50 to 60 per cent methane by volume. Methane is 21
times more potent than carbon dioxide aggravating problems related to global warming. It is
estimated by TERI that in 1997 India released about 7 million tonnes of methane into the
atmosphere. This could increase to 39 million tonnes by 2047 if no efforts are made to reduce the
emission through composting, recycling, etc.
The Ministry of New & Renewable Energy is promoting all the Technology Options available
for setting up projects for recovery of energy from urban wastes.
17
Composting,
Vermicomposting,
Anaerobic digestion/biomethanation,
Incineration,
Gasification
18
5. Scope
Types of waste
By comparing the treatment to generate energy in the form of biogas, electricity at the source of
generation or nearest site or near land fill area.
19
6. Raw material:
As the objective of the scheme is to set up "Fruit and Vegetable Waste Compost
Production Units", the raw material can be fruit and vegetable waste. In the absence of sufficient
quantity of fruit and vegetable waste, other agricultural wastes, crop residues, other agro-wastes
and kitchen waste can also be used.
The suitable materials for composting are : vegetable and fruit scraps, fallen leaves, tea leaves
and tea bags, coffee grounds, vacuum cleaner dust, soft stems, dead flowers, used vegetable
cooking oil, egg shells, old newspapers, lawn
clippings, wood ash etc.; the unsuitable
materials for composting are : meat and dairy
products, diseased plants, metals, plastic, glass,
fat magazines, large branches, weeds that have
seeds or underground stems, bread or cake,
bones, any other material containing either
heavy metals or pathogens.
20
21
The raw material for the unit is fruit and vegetable waste which is presently transported / dumped
for land fill by the APMC/Municipality/Mandi authority by their vehicles. This raw material may
be transported to the unit by the municipality (mandi authority) free of cost. In case, municipality
/ mandi authority is not able to supply raw material on account of any disturbance, strike, etc, the
company may take up the responsibility of collecting the wastes from the mandi.
Adequate transport arrangements may be made by the unit for transport of raw material from the
mandi in consultation with APMC/ Municipality / Mandi Authority. The transport for lifting of
final produce and the waste like plastic materials etc. is to be arranged by the company and the
cost of the same will be borne by the entrepreneur
22
7. Environmental benefits:
Biogas can be burned to produce heat, electricity, or both the anaerobically-digested manure, can
be stored and applied to fields with significantly less odor than stored, untreated liquid manure.
Anaerobic digestion does not reduce the volume or nutrient value of manure. If dilution water is
added to the system, the volume of material to handle is increased.
Most of the pathogenic bacterias are belong to the mesophilic group, but there are also some
which are thermophilic which has around 60 degree centigrade of maximum growth temperature.
Therefore, heat treatment which is widely known as "pasteurization" is often considered as the
easiest and applicable yet effective method to reduce microbiological contamination in raw
foods.
The temperature used is around 63 - 65 degree centigrade (30 minutes) for or 73 - 75 degree
centigrade (15 seconds). But it can also be increased up to 90 degree for some minutes (called
high pasteurization)
23
24
8. Energy benefits:
Generates High Quality Renewable Fuel.
Reduces Reliance on Energy
Imports.
Contributes to Decentralized,
Distributed Power Systems.
Proven Source of Electricity, Heat &
Transportation Fuel.
25
26
CALCULATION CHART:
Bio Waste
Fruit
2 kg
2 kw
Vegetable
4 kg
2 kw
Kitchen
3 kg
2 kw
India is plagued by malnutrition and soaring inflation, but its not for lack of food.
India is the second largest grower of
fresh produce, but loses an estimated
40 percent of its fruit and vegetables
rot because of a lack of refrigerated
trucking,
poor
roads,
inclement
27
Not all the produce that arrives at the market from distant places can be sold because of
spoilage and damage age in transit.
28
29
30
12. Composting:
Composting is a technology known in India since times immemorial. Composting is the
decomposition of organic matter by microorganism in warm, moist, aerobic and anaerobic
environment. Farmers have been using compost made out of cow dung and other agro-waste.
Composting of MSW is, therefore, the most simple and cost effective technology for treating the
organic fraction of MSW.
31
13. Vermicomposting
Vermi-compost is the natural organic manure produced from the excreta of earthworms fed on
scientifically semi-decomposed organic waste. A few vermi composting plants generally of small
size have been set up in some cities and towns in India. Normally, vermi-composting is preferred
to microbial composting in small towns as it requires less mechanization and it is easy to operate.
It is, however, to be ensured that toxic material does not enter the chain which if present could
kill the earthworms.
32
terms
of
energy
production/consumption,
compost
quality
and
net
environmental gains.
33
Incineration
This method, commonly used in developed countries is most suitable for high calorific value
waste with a large component of paper, plastic, packaging material, pathological wastes, etc. It
can reduce waste volumes by over 90 per cent and convert waste to innocuous material, with
energy recovery. The method is relatively hygienic,
noiseless, and odorless, and land requirements are
minimal. The plant can be located within city limits,
reducing the
chlorinated
waste
and
aqueous/high
moisture
The plant requires large capital and entails substantial operation and maintenance costs. Skilled
personnel are required for plant operation and maintenance. Emission of particulates, SOx, NOx,
chlorinated compounds in air and toxic metals in particulates concentrated in the ash have raised
concerns
34
35
36
Sanitary landfills are the ultimate means of disposal of all types of residual, residential,
commercial and institutional waste as well as unutilized municipal solid waste from waste
processing facilities and other types of inorganic waste and inert that cannot be reused or
recycled in the foreseeable future.
Its main advantage is that it is the least cost option for waste disposal and has the potential for
the recovery of landfill gas as a source of energy, with net environmental gains if organic wastes
are land filled.
for
power
fuel
for
generation
direct
or
as
thermal
37
38
* Successfully erected, commissioned and operating 2 Tons per day plant at Aundh Vegetable
Market, Pune
39
40
41
42
The Wholesale Market Complex generates up to 100 tonnes of garbage a day of which 30 tonnes
of garbage suitable for power generation is segregated. Just 1% each of flower, fruit and
vegetable waste is required to provide non-fibrous green waste that could be disintegrated into
smaller pieces. This would be digested in a plant that would produce methane from the waste
and the gas operates an
engine to produce power.
43
44
45
Vashi is a residential as well as commercial node in Navi Mumbai, one of the first nodes
developed by City and Industrial Development Corporation (CIDCO). Vashi is divided into
many sectors of which Sector-1 to sector-8 is known for its fully residential buildings. Sector-17
is known for its shopping areas. A large APMC market, the biggest in Asia for wholesale
agricultural produce, is located in Sector-19 and part of Sector-18.
Vashi is also environmental friendly due to NMMC initiative of planting trees on both sides of
the roads in majority of its places and also every node has its own parks and play grounds.
46
Climate
Coordinates: 19.08N 73.01E
Being in close proximity to the sea, Vashi is mostly humid and hot in summer and mildly
pleasant during the winter months of November, December, and January. Western Ghats run in
parallel along the east of the town, resulting in relatively heavier showers than Mumbai.
Vashi has a tropical climate. In most months of the year, there is significant rainfall in Vashi.
There is only a short dry season and it is not very effective. The Kppen-Geiger climate
classification is Am. The average annual temperature in Vashi is 26.9 C. The average annual
rainfall is 2793 mm.
47
48
Table
Year
Arrival (MT)
Waste (MT)
2011-12
499487
16231
2012-13
570121
18527
2013-14
595164
19345
49
Waste is dumped outside each unit. Daily about 5 to 6 times the wheel loader will lift the
vegetable waste to compacter. The compacter carry the waste to Turbhe Land fill Area. The
waste is dumped in Turbhe Land fill site.
50
51
4. Anaerobic digestion is Like Gobar gas or Biomethanation system. The digested slurry
can carry pathogens, hence it requires re-composting to achieve thermophilic temperature of
>600 C to kill pathogens. In Overseas the digested slurry is used directly on farms. This is
because the project operates
on pure waste stream like
dairy cattle dung or fruit
pulp. This process has the
problem of waste water
discharge
and
also
it
52
achieved
to
kill
pathogens
and
6. Enclosed hall composting: This is like windrows method, but entire waste stacking is in
the closed hall and aeration is carried out by overhead rail moving mechanism or also by front
end loaders and windrow turning machines. This system is practiced in Europe with great
success. This method needs high capital cost and Operation & Maintenance expenses.
53
7. Three side wall cell composting with air suction system [like VAR in Netherlands]. This
requires higher capital cost [4-6times than windrow method] and Operation & Maintenance
expenses are Rs.1, 000 to Rs.1, 500 / MT of MSW.
8. Rotating drum composting: This was the most adapted system in Europe under the
process of DANO and in Sweden by Rhondeco. It
bio-stabilizes the waste quickly for further curing
in
9.
In
vessel/Bioreactor/closed
box
Canada,
where
low
54
10. Floor to floor dropping [Tumbled down] of waste after 4 to 5 days retention time
for biostabilisation also called Jersey [John Thompson] and Kneer [BAV] system have been
attempted in Europe and some Asian countries with low degree of success.
Zealand
technique]
is
basically on
farm
12. Kyusei Nature Farming Technique based on the work of Teruo Higa of Agril.
College Ryukyus Japan involving effective micro-organisms[EM] since 1990, has been of use at
mixed farm level to convert crop residue with poultry waste into partial compost called
Bokashi and then used for crop growing.. The EM
solutions have been tested in Municipal Wastes with
limited success due to predominance of heavy pathogen
load which the weak bio culture cannot overpower so
easily.
The photosynthesis bacteria and yeast have very little
role in breaking down complex substances of lipolytic,
lignitic & proteolitic contents which causes foul smell
and gaseous emissions.
55
13. Vermiculture: This method of composting has been widely practiced at orchard level, on
farm, and small scale decentralized community composting. It is cost effective as long as source
segregated food-veg waste is available and family labour is used.
cannot
be
taken
into
layer
of
soils
where
the
56
Composting
Composting is controlled aerobic process carried out by successive populations of micro
organisms (bacteria - fungi - actinomycetes) leading to development of mesophilic (40-450 C)
and thermophilic (60-650 C) temperatures and production of carbon dioxide, minerals, organic
substrate, energy and H2O.
This is by far the most widely used method for processing of MSW in fruitful manner.
Composting has relevance for MSW treatment as it results in volume reduction of up to 50% and
consumes environment problem causing component of MSW.
This process breaks down short term biodegradables food residue, fruits vegetables, animal
tissue etc., but does not bring appreciable changes into long term biodegradable materials like
tree prunes, coconut shells etc.
57
In the composting technology either of the two basic systems are used i.e. treatment of MSW
through open windrows which are aerated by turning the waste upside-down or forced air. The
other system is in vessel (closed reactor system) such as rotating drums, tunnel etc. in which
mixing, agitation, aerations are done combinely.
58
7. Composting is extremely useful in minimizing the burden of methane and leachate generation
from SLF.
8. Entire system is indigenous with local availability of spares and expertise.
9. It is first significant step towards scientific management of MSW.
10. It can form the basis for implementation of other high Tech Process if found suitable in the
future.
59
60
Global
trend
indicates constantly increasing quantities of dry recyclable in the MSW that are combustible. In
most of the million plus cities the content of paper, jute, broken furniture, tree twigs, textiles,
plastic etc is between 20 to 30%.
These wastes have moisture content of < 20% and calorific value of >2000Kcal /Kg. overall bulk
density of this waste is 200 to 300 Kg / M3.
Hence if disposed off in the SLF they can occupy almost 4 times more area than other wastes.
Recovery of these recyclables is considered a good source of energy.
61
5. Facility for recovery of only RDF usually suffers from the ill-effects of putrescible wastes
having high moisture content (>50%) and low calorific value (<900k.cal/kg). These waste cause
unhygienic conditions. This also requires lot of energy for drying.
6. If the RDF utilization has to be for power
generation the quantity of such material should
be at least 200 tpd to support 4.0 MW thermal
power plant. This quantity can only come from
500-600 tpd MSW.
7. Backup fuel arrangement such as paddy
62
hulls, saw dust, crop straw must be available in the vicinity of the project as made to order
supply of MSW on every day basis is difficult.
8. Utilisability of RDF / FP is possible in steel foundries, potteries, cement kiln, and those
industries which have coal fed boilers. This market potential has to be explored within affordable
transportation distance.
9. Like composting, RDF will require large shed for processing as well a more godown storage
for finished product.
10. Loose storage of fluffy material is a problem from the space as well as fire hazard point of
view. This requires extra precautionary measures.
63
64
65
The sludge from anaerobic digestion requires to be de-watered and pass through a thermophilic
aerobic bio composting cycle before it is used in agriculture. Use of post-bio methane slurry in
its
dry form is as good as spent tea which cannot provide ready carbohydrates energy to
microorganisms. For making it useful, further mixing of blood meal, oilcakes etc. is required
followed by composting process for 3 weeks. This technology is age old and proven for
utilization of high volatile solid content homogeneous waste streams such as dairy cattle dung,
poultry dropping, fruit pulp, vegetable market waste, slaughter house and sewage sludge.
66
5. While methane gas can be converted into electricity and readily sold, compost requires similar
marketing efforts as that of a normal composting project.
6. Project cannot be established on reclaimed dumpsite due to very heavy structure of
methanation towers.
7. Potential risk of methane gas, explosion and danger in nearby residential areas.
67
28. Vermiculture
This involves use of earthworms to eat and digest organic matter content of waste. The waste of
desired quality must be chopped into 10-15cm size and put layer by layer in specially prepared
soil bed like field nursery. The area must have shade. Earth worm cocoons containing vermi
compost is spread on to these waste layers. These cocoons develop into adult size worms and
nibble the waste. Granulated material passing through the worms digestive system is harvested
and used as soil conditioner.
The process of Vermiculture is best suited to the isolated locations having 1 to 5 tpd waste and
have sufficient horticulture / plantation area with sprinkler irrigation facility.
In cities it can be practiced through community composting of food waste.
It require large number labour force usually 6 to 8 per tonne of MSW. This makes it an unviable
proposition on commercial scale
68
29. CONCLUSION
Major amount of waste generated in solid waste of Navi Mumbai is organic waste generated
from APMC market. By treating the organic waste there is reduction of major quantum of load in
land fill area.
Organic waste generated in APMC market if used for energy generation not only saves the
transportation cost also benefits environment.
Set up of small scale industries to convert organic waste into organic manure will generate
employment in and around Navi Mumbai area.
Green house emissions and ammonia emissions are reduced as cause of these emissions are due
to these biodegradable wastes.
With proper utilization of the waste APMC market can become zero energy building.
By product of energy generation i.e. organic fertilizer can be sold to the farmers at subsidised
rates there by creating awareness to use organic manure instead of chemical fertilizer.
Well organised Waste management will help to make Navi Mumbai Smart City.
69
30. REFERENCES
1. www.ccsniam.gov.in
2. www.isca.in
3. www.agico.com
5. www.adelaide.edu.au/biogas/history
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5. www.mailhem.com
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7. http://practicalaction.org/
8. www.researchgate.net
8. mgiri.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Energy_Technology.pdf
9. Biogas Generation in a Vegetable Waste Anaerobic Digester: An Analytical
Approach,Dhanalakshmi Sridevi V.and Ramanujam R.A.,Department of Chemistry, GKM
College of Engineering and Technology, Chennai 63,
TN, INDIA.
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12. Google maps
13. NMMC REPORT from NMMC website
14. CIDCO website
14. MNRE website
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