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Define rational and irrational numbers and perform operations with surds
and fractional indices.
understand that the real number system includes irrational numbers.
extend the index laws to rational number indices.
perform the four operations with surds.
Use the definition of a logarithm to establish and apply the laws of
logarithms.
investigate the relationship between exponential and logarithmic
expressions.
simplify expressions using the logarithm laws.
A TASK
47
A number system
is a set of numbers
used to count,
compare, calculate,
etc.
Real
Numbers
Complex
Numbers
Rational
Numbers
Irrational
Numbers
Can be expressed as a
ratio a/b where a and b
are integers.
Cannot be expressed
as a ratio a/b
(a and b are integers).
Integers.
3, 5, 18, 0, 3, 9
Surds.
2 = 1.4142135...
3 = 1.7320508...
Fractions.
1/2, 3/4, 5/3, 6/7
Special numbers.
= 3.1415926...
e = 2.7182818...
Decimals.
(Either terminate
or recurr.)
a + bi
a and b are real numbers.
i is the imaginary part.
Integers are:
Positive whole numbers:
and Zero:
and
Negative whole numbers:
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, ...
0
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, ...
Surds
Surds are irrational
numbers - we don't
know their exact value.
Exercise 4.1
Simplify the following surds:
=
=
48
20
4 5
2 5
=
=
54
9 6
3 6
Surd Rule
3 75
= 3 25 3
= 15 3
xy = x y
12
18
20
50
24
27
200
28
10
40
11
45
12
44
Surds
Surd Rule
Exercise 4.2
Simplify the following surds:
5 3
= 5 3
= 15
x y = xy
2 2 5 6
= 25 2 6
= 10 12
= 102 3
= 20 3
( 3+ 5)
= 15 + 25
= 15 +5
2 3
2 6
10
6 4
10
12
11
2 14
12
13
10
14
21
15
4 12
16
7 14
17 2 5 3 10
18 3 2 4 6
21
2( 2+ 3
24
27
2 (4 2 10
19 5 6 2 3
22
( 2 6 )
25
2 (3 2 + 3
28
( 2 + 3 )
)
2
15
20 2 6 7 10
23
26
7 (2 7 +2 3
( 2 + 10 )
)
29 2 2 (3 2 5 8 )
( 15 +3 10 )
Exercise 4.3
Simplify the following surds:
5 21 8 21
= 3 21
1 3 2 + 4 2
2 2 7 + 3 7
3 6 5 2 5
4 3 10 7 10
9+3 5
=4 5 9
5 6 3 3 3 + 5
9+3 5
7 5 2 4 + 2 2
+62 3 +4
11 4 2 + 7 8
12 3 2 18
13 3 12 2 48
14 2 12 3 3 + 2 27
12
= 7 3 3 3 4
=7 3 6 3
= 3
12
10 5 3 + 27
6)
(3 6 )
3 + 2 18
3 +6 2
3
15 ( 2 3 3 )(2 6 )
16 (2 3 + 2 )(3 6 5)
17 (2 5 2 )( 10 1)
18 (4 10 )(3 5 + 2 )
49
Fractional Indices
12 = 1
22 = 4
32 = 9
42 = 16
52 = 25
13 = 1
23 = 8
33 = 27
43 = 64
53 = 125
14 = 1
24 = 16
34 = 81
44 = 256
54 = 625
15 = 1
25 = 32
35 = 243
45 = 1024
55 = 3125
1
x4
Exercise 4.4
Copy and complete the following table:
1
12
= 1
13
= 2
83
1
27 3
42
1
92
1
16 2
1
25 2
1
36 2
= 2
16 4
=
=
1
125 3
1
216 3
83
14
1
64 3
Exercise 4.5
Evaluate the following:
3
=
= 2
100000 5
{23 = 8}
5
= 100000
= 10
1
49
1
7
=
=
1
256 4
15
32 5
1
2435
=
=
1
1296 4
1
4
1
32 5
1
92
10
1
32 5
1
n
=
1
1
n
13
16
1
25 2
1
3125 5
1
7776 5
1
an
1
1
100 2
19
1
83
1000 3
11
1
625 4
12 812
64 6
1
a
1
92
17 100
15
1
2
1
343 3
16 4
6 27 3
=na
83
14
42
1
1024 5
42
=1
1
625 4
50
= 1
1
814
49 2
= 1
20
36 2
18 27 3
21 243 5
3 2
83 = ( 8)
or
=2
=4
83 =
m
xn
3 2
= 64
=4
= x m = (n x )m
2 3
Exercise 4.6
Evaluate the following:
= 729
= 27
= 33
= 27
2 3
92 = ( 9)
3
42
27 3
1
64 6
(x 2 ) 2
2 2
= x
= (x)3
= x3
2 2
= 4a
= (2a)3
= 8a3
(8x 3 )
2
3
= 3 3 2
8x
= (2x )2
=
1
2
(2 x )
83
32 5
10
(4a 2 ) 2
= 33
= 27
1
32 5
100 2
814
1000 3
12
3
64 2
13 ( x 2 ) 2
16
(x5 ) 5
19 (p 2 ) 2
22 (4a 2 ) 2
25
(4x 6 ) 2
28
4
(8c3 ) 3
31 (8x 3 )
33 (4a 2 )
35
(8x 6 )
37
(32 x 5 ) 5
17
(a 2 ) 2
2
3
3
2
4
3
21 (e6 ) 3
23 (9b 2 ) 2
26
3
6 2
(25 x )
29
5
(4x8 ) 2
24 (8x 3 ) 3
27
3
2
3
2
32 (9b 2 )
34 (4x 6 )
36
(100 x 4 ) 2
30 (25a 6 ) 2
18 27 3
2
125 3
15 ( x 4 ) 4
20 (b 4 ) 2
14 ( x 3 ) 3
16 4
11
2
3
3
6
(27a 9 )
38 (64x 6 )
51
Index Law 1
Multiplying Indices:
Multiplying Indices:
2422
or
= 2222 22
= 26
2422
aman = am+n
= 24+2
= 26
Exercise 4.7
Simplify each of the following:
2x35x2 = 10x3+2
1 a3a2
= 10x5
4 2x23x2
2 3a24a3
5 5b32b5
3 x4x3
6 4p52p4
71/473/4 = 71/4+3/4
= 71 = 7
7 52/351/3
8 41/241/2
9 31/433/4
10 101/2101/2 11 103/2101/2 12 75/471/4
85/381 = 85/31
2/3
=8 =4
13 43/241
14 45/241
15 82/381/3
16 163/4161/2 17 272/3271/3 18 253/2251
2x1/24x1/3 = 8x1/2+1/3
= 8x5/6 or 86 x 5
19 x2/3x1/3
20 x1/4x3/4
21 x2/3x1/3
22 3a3/22a1/2 23 5e5/42e1/4 24 6y3/52y7/5
a1/4a3/4a1/2 = a1/4+3/41/2
= a1/2 or a
25 x2/3x2/3x1/3
27 h3/5h1/52h2/5
15x3/4 = 15x
Dividing Indices:
a3a2 =
aaa
aa
26 x5/4x3/4x1/4
28 2y3y5/42y1/4
3
4
Technology 4.1
may be useful.
Index Law 2
or
=a
Index Law 2
Dividing Indices:
aman = amn
a3a2 = a32 = a
Exercise 4.8
Simplify each of the following:
6x32x5 = 3x35
1 x3x2
= 3x2
4 4x52x2
2 b7b3
5 8d52d2
3 x4x6
6 6p53p4
7 43/241/2
10 82/381/3
8 43/441/4
9 49/443/4
11 165/4161/2 12 275/3272/3
13 41/241
16 21/221/2
14 43/241
17 91/293/2
6x1/43x1/4 = 2x1/41/4
= 2x1/2 or 2 x
542/321/3 = 922/321/3
54
= 921/3
= (272)
25 542/322/3
27 323/42-1/4
43/441/4
= 43/41/4
= 41/2 = 2
85/381 = 85/31
2/3
=8 =
2/3
2/3
= 272/322/3
= 922/3
52
Index Law 1
1
( 3 8 )2
1
4
15 81/381/3
18 251251/2
26 481/231/2
28 245/261/2
Index Law 3
Power Indices:
Power Indices:
(23)2 = 232
= 26
or
(23)2 = (222)2
= (222)(222)
= 26
Index Law 3
(am)n = amn
Exercise 4.9
Simplify each of the following:
3
4 2
9
( 2 9 )3
= ( 2 4 )3 =
(3a2)2 = 32a4 or
2
(23 ) 3
27
8
1
9a
32
2 3
=
= 22 = 4
1
(x2y4)1/2 = x1y2 or xy 2
9 2
25
1
3
8
27
2
3
8
27
4 2
9
8 3
64
7 (23)2
10 (x3y)2
8 (22)2
11 (2x2)3
9 (x3)3
12 (3a4)3
13 (23 ) 3
14 (22 ) 2
2
15 (3 ) 2
16
17
18
19 (x3y3)1/3
22 (x2y)1/2
2
3 3
(3 )
9 2
25
1
4 2
(2 )
20 (x2y4)1/2
23 (27a3)2/3
1
3 6
(4 )
21 (ab1/3)3
24 (x1/2y2)2/3
Index Law 4
Zero Index:
p3p3 = 1
or p p = p
= p0
Which must be = 1
3
33
or
a0 = 1
p0 = 1
Exercise 4.10
Simplify each of the following:
4e62e6 = 8e6+6
1 2x23x2
0
= 8e = 8
33/233/2 = 33/2+3/2
4 43/243/2
0
=3 =1
15x3/43x3/4 = 5x3/43/4
= 5x0 = 5
Zero Index
Zero Index:
2 5b32b3
3 4p52p5
5 55/255/2
6 81/381/3
8 8d32d3
9 6p43p4
7 4x52x5
53
Logarithms
Logarithms have many uses such as in sound
(decibels), earthquakes (Richter scale), soil
(pH), share markets (index scales), and in
many fields such as accounting, chemistry,
physics, etc.
Index
Log
100 = 102
Log10100 = 2
The log of 100 to base 10 is 2
54
Exercise 4.11
Rewrite each following index as a log:
1 100 = 102
100 = 102
3 25 = 52
Log 100 to base 10 is 2.
or log10100 = 2
5 27 = 33
7 36 = 62
4
81 = 3
9 16 = 24
Log 81 to base 3 is 4.
11 625 = 54
or log381 = 4
13 0.1 = 101
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16 log101000 = 3
18 log5125 = 3
20 log1010 = 1
22 log327 = 3
24 log72401 = 4
26 log100.001 = 3
28 log1010
30 log327
32 log5625
34 log100.1
36 log381
38 log5125
40 log6216
42 log100.01
125 = 53
1000 = 103
64 = 43
100 000 = 105
32 = 25
216 = 63
0.01 = 102
Logarithm Laws
Adding logs
log101000 + log10100
= log10103 + log10102
= 3
+
2
= 5
Exercise 4.12
Simplify the following:
log102 + log105
= log1025
= log1010
=1
log10150 log101.5
= log101501.5
= log10100
=2
1 log102 + log105
2 log1025 + log104
3 log39 + log33
4 log69 + log64
5 log832 + log82
6 log1050 + log1020
Subtracting logs
log101000 log10100
= log10103 log10102
= 3
2
= 1
x
y
log101000100
= log10103102
= log10101
=1
7 log420 log45
8 log10200 log102
9 log232 log22
10 log240 log22.5
11 log3162 log36
12 log61080 log65
Powers
log10104
= log1010000
= 4
log b x = d log b x
log553 = 3log55
=3
log101000100
= log10103102
= log10105
=5
4log1010
= 41
=4
13 log446
14 log10108
15 log395
16 log243
17 logxx3
18 logbb6
= log480315
= log416
=2
55
Mental Computation
Exercise 4.13
1 Spell Fractional Indices.
2 Simplify: 12
3 Simplify: 4 2
4 What is the value of: Log10100
5 What is the formula for the volume of a cylinder?
6 Solve: 2x 5 < 7
7 Solve: x + y = 7, xy = 12
8 2 6
9 (x2)3
x
It is no exaggeration to say
that the undecided could go
one way or another.
2x
10 Simplify: 5 + 5
Exercise 4.14
1 Spell Logarithms.
2 Simplify: 18
3 Simplify: 27 3
4 What is the value of: Log24
5 What is the formula for the volume of a pyramid?
6 Solve: 3x + 2 > 5
7 Solve: x + y = 8, xy = 15
8 2 5
9 x2x5
2x
10 Simplify: 3 3
Exercise 4.15
1 Spell Surd.
2 Simplify: 27
3
3 Simplify: 16 2
4 What is the value of: Log101000
5 What is the formula for the area of a circle?
6 Solve: 5x 1 < 7
7 Solve: x + y = 7, xy = 10
Student: Pi r squared.
8 2 6
Baker: No! Pies are round, cakes are square!
2
3
9 x x
x
10 Simplify: 2 3
56
Competition Questions
Exercise 4.16
1 Evaluate each of the following:
a) 10 0.2
b) 10 0.02
2
9
1+ +
10 100
1
(1 + (1) 2 )
2
3
7
2+
+
100 1000
1
(1 + (1)7 )
2
d)
g)
j) 2624
m) (1 2 )(1+ 2 )
=
=
( 2 8) 2
2 2
2 2 8 2
2
24
= 2
e)
h)
c) 10 0.002
k) 3735
n) (1 3 )(1+ 3 )
4
6
+
10 1000
f)
5+
i)
1
(1 + (1)8 )
2
l) 7977
o) (1+ 5 )(1 5 )
100 = 102
3000 = 31000
= 3103
0.0003 = 3104
a)
8+ 2
2
c)
27 + 3
3
e)
18 + 8
2
b)
8 2
2
d)
27 3
3
f)
18 + 8
50
= 1
2b 3
h
5
c) 2x+1 = 16
f) 10x = 1002103
a2b = (ab)2
57
Investigations
Investigation 4.1
Surds
1
1
1
2
Surds
Investigate
Surds have caused considerable
consternation throughout history.
Investigation 4.3
A Surd Spiral Wall Chart
Make and complete a large wall chart,
for the classroom wall, of the surd spiral:
5
4
1
3
2
58
Technology
Technology 4.1 Calculators and Indices
Use a calculator with a power button such as yx, xy, or ^.
1 2332 = 2
2
3
5
32
= 32
yx
yx
3
(
yx
5
3
4
625
3 2
1
625 2
2
= 83 =
Technology 4.2
= 625
yx
(
0.5
2
Videos
Watch online videos on surds
and the index laws.
Technology 4.3
Surd Calculator
Surds
2
3
4
5
Technology 4.4
= 1.414214
= 1.732051
=2
= 2.236068
Surd Spiral
=c1
1
1
1
1
=sqrt(a1^2+b1^2)
1
1.414214
1.732051
2
1.414214
1.732051
2
2.236068
59
A Couple of Puzzles
Exercise 4.17
1
1
4
A Game
Six and Out is a game for two players.
The game is played on a six by six square of squares as shown.
Players take turns and must mark either
one, two, or three squares with an X.
The loser is the player who marks the last square.
A Sweet Trick
1
10 11 12
13 14 15 16
1
10 11 12
13 14 15 16
1
10 11 12
13 14 15 16
60
Chapter Review 1
Exercise 4.18
1 Simplify the following surds:
a) 2 3
b)
2
4 12
2 (3
6)
6 ) 2 3 (3
6)
= 3 2 12 6 3 + 2 18
=3 2 2 3 6 3 +6 2
=9 2 8 3
2 3
9 2 = ( 9 )
a)
= 33
= 27
a) ( 2 3 3 )(2 6 )
b) (2 3 + 2 )(3 6 5)
c) (2 5 2 )( 10 1)
d) (4 10 )(3 5 + 2 )
b)
42
3
9 2
25
j)
c) 4 2
1000 3
3
e) (4a 2 ) 2
d) 16 4
( 2 + 10 )
c)
9 2
25
f) (8x 3 )
c) 3a3/22a1/2
g) 6x1/42x1/4
2
k)
8 3
64
2
3
d) x5/4x3/4x1/4
h) 8x3/42x1/4
l) (x1/2y2)2/3
d) 0.01 = 102
log102 + log105
= log1025
= log1010
=1
log10150 log101.5
= log101501.5
= log10100
=2
log55 = 3log55
=3
3
d) log100.1
b) log1025 + log104
c) log39 + log33
f) log420 log45
g) log10200 log102
h) log232 log22
i) log240 log22.5
j) log3162 log36
k) log61080 log65
m) log446
n) log10108
o) log395
p) log243
d) log69 + log64
61
Chapter Review 2
Exercise 4.19
1 Simplify the following surds:
a) 3 2
b)
2
2 (3
6)
6 ) 2 3 (3
6)
= 3 2 12 6 3 + 2 18
=3 2 2 3 6 3 +6 2
=9 2 8 3
2 3
9 2 = ( 9 )
= 33
= 27
a) (3 2 3 )( 2 6 )
b) (2 6 + 2 )( 3 4)
c) ( 5 2 )( 10 2 )
d) (1 10 )(2 5 + 2 )
a)
42
d)
2
27 3
b)
e)
i)
7 (2 7 +2 3
c)
10
8 3
27
j)
9 2
25
c)
83
3
(9b 2 ) 2
2
83
f) (9b 2 )
c) 5x3/22x1/2
g) 8x1/22x1/2
3
2
d) a3/4a1a1/4
h) 6b3/43b1/4
k)
4 2
9
l) (x1/3y4)3/2
d) 0.001 = 103
log102 + log105
= log1025
= log1010
=1
log10150 log101.5
= log101501.5
= log10100
=2
log55 = 3log55
=3
3
62
d) log100.001
b) log327 + log33
c) log48 + log42
f) log520 log54
g) log280 log25
h) log3216 log38
i) log654 log61.5
j) log2720 log245
k) log4560 log435
m) log225
n) log10103
o) log394
p) log245
d) log108 + log10125