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HomeHighStrengthSteelPlate
HIGHSTRENGTHSTEELPLATE
JULY16,2014BYDENISOAKLEY
WHYCHOOSEOAKLEYSTEEL?
LEAVEACOMMENT
Sincethefirstapplicationofsteelinsteelstructuresinthe19thcenturythedevelopmentofsteel
constructionhasbeencloselylinkedtothedevelopmentinmaterialpropertiesandproduction
methods.Significantachievementsconcerningstrength,economy,designversatility,fabrication
anderectiontechniquesandserviceperformancewouldnothavebeenpossiblewithoutthe
substantialimprovementsofhighstrengthsteelplate.Especiallywiththeapplicationofnew
productionprocessesforcarbonsteelssuchasthethermomechanicalrollingandthequenching
andtemperingprocess,highstrengthsteelplatewithgoodfabricationpropertiessuchas
weldabilitywasintroducedintotheconstructionmarket.
1.AwesomeService
2.ThickestPlates
3.BestAvailability
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BENEFITSOFHIGHSTRENGTHSTEELPLATE
Today,theapplicationofhighstrengthsteelplateisdrivenbythefollowingmajorreasons:
Economy:Byincreasingthestrengthofsteel,thestructuralsectioncanbereduced
dependingonthestructuralproblem.Thismayreducefabricationanderectioncostsan
importanttaskinhighwageeconomies.
Architecture:Thesizeofstructuralelementscanbereduced,enablingspecialaestheticand
elegantstructures,whichembedintheenvironmentinanoutstandingmanner.
Environment:Constructionwithlesssteelmeansalsoareducedconsumptionofour
worldsscarceresources.
Safety:Modernhighstrengthsteelgradesexhibitnotonlyhighstrengthvalues.Special
gradescombinethisstrengthwithexcellenttoughnesssothatahighsafetybothin
fabricationandapplicationofthestructuresisensured.Inparticular,modernoffshoresteel
gradesperformingatsomeofthelowestservicetemperaturesareagoodexample.
Itshouldnotbeneglectedthatseveralotherbranchesstartedwiththeapplicationofhighstrength
steelplateearlier.Mobilecraneconstructionusestodaysteelgradesuptoayieldstressof1100
MPaintheoffshoreindustrythermomechanicallyrolledsteelsinhigherstrengthclassesare
likelytobethesteelgroupthemostoftenusedforcoldwaterapplications.
AncoferWaldramisoneofEuropes
leadingsteelstockholders.With40,000
metrictonnesofheavycarbonsteel
platesinstockAncoferisabletosupply
largequantitiesofheavyplateto
projectsthatneedfastdelivery.
AncoferisfullyownedbyDillinger
Hutte.OakleySteelisAncofer'sagent
inAsia
Eventheshipbuildingindustryhasstartedtodesignwithhighstrengthsteel.Nevertheless,this
articlefocusesonthehighstrengthsteelplategradeswhicharetodayusedinsteelconstruction
(bridges,buildings,hydraulicsteelwork)inEuropealthoughweknowthatengineersinthisfield
canprofitalotfromthegoodexperiencemadeinotherbranches.
THEPRODUCTIONPROCESSESFORHIGHSTRENGTHSTEELPLATE
Thedevelopmentofnewgradesofhighstrengthsteelplatewasalwaysdrivenbythedemandof
theuserswantingmaterialsexhibitinggoodmechanicalcharacteristicssuchasyieldstrengthand
toughnessaswellasexcellentfabricationpropertiesensuringanefficientfabricationtechnologyin
theworkshopandduringtheerectionofasteelstructure.Amongotherstherearetwomajorways
ofincreasingtheyieldstrengthofsteel:
DillingerHutteistheworld'sleading
heavyplatemill.AGermansteelmill
Dillingerspecialisesinproducing
heavycarbonsteelplatefor
construction,offshoreandprocess
equipment.
Alloying:Byalloyingelementssuchascarbonandmanganesethestrengthofsteel
productscanbeeasilyincreased.Butitisknownthatanadditionofalloyingelementsin
mostcasesalsoworsensthefabricationpropertiesofsteelproducts,inparticularthe
weldability.
Heattreatment:Heattreatmenthasaneffectonmicrostructureandgrainsize.Themain
advantageofthisprocessconsistsintheachievementofafinegrainedstructureresulting
inhigherstrengthaswellasbettertoughnessofthematerialcomparedtoacoarsegrained
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HighStrengthSteelPlateProduction,PropertiesandUse
structure(HallPetchrelationship).
Forthisreasontheheattreatmentisofmajorimportanceinthedevelopmentofnewsteelgrades
andthehistoricalcontextisshowninFig.1.Until1950thesteelwhichistodayknownasS355J2
accordingtotheEuropeanstandardEN10025wasregardedashightensilesteel.
Asaplatethisgradeisusuallyproducedbyconventionalhotrolling(seeFig.2,processA)
followedbyanormalizingheattreatmentaheatingslightlyabovetheAotemperature
(temperaturewheretheferriticperliticstructurehastotallychangedtoaustenite)followedbya
slowcoolingresultinginafineandhomogeneousgrainstructure(seeFig.2,processB).This
processcanbereplacedbyanormalizingrollingwheresimplyexpressedthisheat
treatmentisincludedintherollingbutleadstoasimilarresult.
Duringthe1960stheapplicationofthe
quenchingandtemperingprocessfor
structuralsteelgradesbegan(processC).
Thisprocessconsistsofarollingfollowedby
heatingabovetheAotemperatureanda
rapidcooling,normallyinwater,plusa
subsequenttemperingbelowAr1
(temperaturewhereaustenitebeginsto
form.SeeFig.2processC).
Fig1:HistoricalDevelopmentofProductionProcessesfor
RolledSteelProducts
Roughlyspeakingduringthefirststepa
strongmartensiticorbaintiticgrain
structureisobtainedwhosetoughness
propertiesaresignificantlyimprovedduringthetemperingprocess.SeeFig.3.Besidesthisheat
treatmentthegoodbalancebetweenstrengthandtoughnessisbasedonthefactthatthese
steelsarealloyedbyaddingmicroalloyingelements(niobium,vanadium,titanium)precipitating
asfinelydistributedcarbonitrides.
Todaythisprocessgiveshighstrengthsteelplategradeswithyieldstrengthupto1100MPa,
althoughonlygradesupto960MPayieldstressarestandardised:Furthermore,classical
Europeansteelconstruction,i.e.buildingsandbridges,profitsonlyveryrarelyfromthisultra
highstrengthsteelandismostlylimitedtosteelgradesuptoS690.
TMCPROLLINGOFHIGHSTRENGTH
STEELPLATE
Fig2:Differenttypesofheattreatmentandrollingprocesses.
Temperatureontheverticalaxis.yrecrdenotesrecrystallized
austenite,ynotrecrdenotesnonrecrystallizedaustenite,a+y
thetemperaturerangeforaustenite+ferriteandathe
temperatureregionforferriteandpearliteinconventionalsteels.
MLEshowstheincreaseinthetemperatureforrecrystallization
duetomicroalloying.TNisthenormalizationtemperature.
CONTACTUSAT:
sales@oakleysteel.co.uk
+60123357743
+60193357743
Inthe1970sthermomechanicalrolling
processwasdevelopedandfirstappliedfor
linepipeplates,butthenquicklyfoundits
wayintothefieldsofshipbuildingandthe
constructionofoffshoreplatforms,bothfor
platesandforrolledsections.
TMrollingisdefinedasaprocessinwhich
finaldeformationiscarriedoutinacertain
temperaturerangeleadingtomaterial
propertieswhichcannotbeachievedbyheat
treatmentalone.Theresultingsteelgrade
hashighstrengthaswellashightoughnessandatthesametimeaminimumalloyingcontent
resultinginbestweldability.
Alsohereitisusualtoaddtothesteelsomemicroalloyingelementssuchasniobium,vanadium
or/andtitaniuminaverysmallamountinordertoachieveanadditionalstrengtheningeffectby
theformationoffinecarbonitridesandtoincreasetherecrystallisationtemperature.
Firstrollingpassesarecarriedoutattraditionalrollingtemperature.Furtherrollingpassesare
accuratelydefinedatatemperaturebelowtherecrystallisationtemperature(processD)and
sometimeseveninthetemperaturerangeofcoexistingausteniteandferrite/pearlite(process
E).Theprocessmaybefinishedbyanacceleratedcoolingespeciallyforthickerplates(process
F).
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HighStrengthSteelPlateProduction,PropertiesandUse
AllthesevarietiesoftheTMprocessproduceaveryfinegrainedmicrostructureofferriteand
pearliteorpartlyalsobainiteasshowninFig.3,avoidinghighalloyingcontentand
thereforeprovidingverygoodtoughnesspropertiesandanexcellentweldability.Furthermore,
highyieldstrengthgradescanbeproducedbythesetechniques.Plateswithguaranteed
minimumyieldstrengthvalueupto500MPaareavailableinthicknessesupto80mmandare
alreadyusedinshipbuildingandoffshoreconstruction.Forconstructionalsteelworkevenplatesof
120mmhavebeenproducedandappliedsuccessfullyinparticularinbridges.
ProcessGshowsTMrollingfollowedbydirectquenchingandselftempering.Hereanouterlayer
ofthematerialisquenched.Theinterior,beingwarmer,subsequentlygivesatemperingofthe
quenchedmaterial.
Intheremainderofthisarticlequenchedand
temperedsteelswillbereferredtoasQT
andthermomechanicallyrolledsteelsasTM
sinceQandM(formaldeliveryconditions)
arealsoqualitydesignationsforimpact
toughness.
STANDARDSFORHIGHSTRENGTH
STEELPLATE
InNovember2004thenewstandardforhot
rolledsteelproductsforusageinsteel
constructionEN10025waspublished.This
standardhassixpartsanddefinesthemost
Fig3:Grainmicrostructureofquenchedandtemperedand
commonstructuralsteelgradeswhichwere
thermomechanicallyrolledsteelcomparedtonormalizedsteel
formerlytreatedintheindependent
standardsEN40113andEN10137.With
referencetothehigherstrengthgrades,whichareunderdiscussioninthisdocument,foreach
stateofdeliveryexplainedinchapter4.1.2,onepartofEN10025(2004)isnowreserved.
However,asfaraschemicalandmechanicalpropertiesofthedefinedsteelgradesare
concerned,thesepartsdonotshowbigchangesincomparisontotheformerstandardsEN
10113and10137.
RegardingHighPerformanceSteelsEN10025Part4(replacingEN101133)describesTM
steelswithminimumyieldstressof420and460MPaatthelowestproductthickness.Foreach
yieldstressgrade,twoqualitiesexistwithdifferentguaranteedtoughnesslevelsmeasuredbythe
CharpyVtestwiththespecimeninthelongitudinaldirection:anMqualitywith40Jat20Cand
anMLqualitywith27Jat50C.QTsteelgradesarenowstandardisedinEN10025Part6
(replacingEN101372)withyieldstressgradesfrom460MPaupto960MPa,whereas
constructionalsteelworkinEuropetodayislimitedtosteelgradesuptoS690.
Higherstrengthsteelplategradesarestillthedomainoftheconstructionequipmentindustry.
Here,foreachyieldstressgradeexceptS960threedifferentqualitiesexistCharpyVtestedinthe
longitudinaldirection:aQqualitywith30Jat20C,aQLqualitywith30Jat40CandaQL1
qualitywith30Jat60C.
Tables1,2and3summarisethemechanicalpropertiesofthesesteelgradesaccordingtothe
standard.Nevertheless,itmustberecognisedthatproductsfromactualproductionmostlyexceed
theseminimumvaluesbyfar.
Table1:StrengthrequirementsforstructuralsteelsEN100254,TMsteels
Grade
Nominalthickness(mm)
16
>1640
>4063
>6380
>80100
>100120
MinimumyieldstrengthReH,MPa
S420M
420
400
390
380
370
365
S460M
460
440
430
410
400
385
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TensilestrengthRm.MPa
S420M
520680
500660
480650
470630
460620
S460M
540720
530710
510690
500680
490660
Table2:StrengthrequirementsforstructuralsteelsEN100256,QTsteels
Grade
NominalThicknesst(mm)
3t50
50<t100
100<t150
MinimumyieldstrengthReH,MPa
S460Q
460
440
400
S500Q
500
480
440
S550Q
550
530
490
S620Q
620
580
560
S690Q
690
650
630
S890Q
890
830
S960Q
960
TensilestrengthRm,MPa
S460Q
550720
500670
S500Q
590770
540720
S550Q
640820
590770
S620Q
700890
650830
S690Q
770940
760930
S890Q
9401100
8801100
S960Q
9801150
710900
Table3:Minimumenergyvaluesforimpacttestsonlongitudinalspecimens.TMandQT
steels
Quality
TestTemperatureC
20
40
60
40J
ML
Q
50
27J
30J
QL
30J
QL1
30J
Energyrequirementsatthelowesttesttemperaturearegivenforeachquality.Transverseimpact
testingcanbeorderedasanoption.Forfurtherdetailsrefertotherelevantstandard
CHEMICALPROPERTIESOFHIGHSTRENGTHSTEELPLATE
Themaximumalloyingcontentsforhighstrengthsteelsasgiveninthestandardsareoften
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HighStrengthSteelPlateProduction,PropertiesandUse
consideredtogiveveryconservativeupperlimits.Actualvaluesfortheproductsareusuallymuch
lower.Furthermore,itshouldbetakenintoaccountthatnotonlythesteelgradehasaninfluence
onthealloyingcontentinadditionthechemicalcompositionmayvarywiththethicknessrange.
Itisobviousthatdifferencesbetweenproductsofdifferentproducersarequitenormal.
Table4givesexamplesofthechemicalcompositionsofS460ML,S460QL,andS690QLin
comparisontothecommonEuropeanconstructionalsteelS355J2.Itcanbeseenthatforgrades
uptoS460TMrolledgradesshowaverycleanchemicalcompositionresultinginexcellent
weldability.Butalsothealloyingconceptsofthehigherstrengthgrade,inparticularS690,allow
forefficientfabricationprocesses,asdescribedbelow.
Table4:Chemicalcompositionsofhighstrengthsteel,50mmthick(weight%).S355J2is
givenforcomparison.Excerptfromthestandardrequirementsandexamplesofactual
values.
S355J2
S460ML
S460QL
S690QL
EN
10025
Part2
Typical
Analysis
EN
10025
Part4
Typical
Analysis
EN
10025
Part6
Typical
Analysis
EN
10025
Part6
Typical
Analysis
0.22
0.17
0.16
0.08
0.20
0.15
0.16
Si
0.55
0.45
0.60
0.45
0.80
0.45
0.80
0.30
Mn
1.60
1.50
1.70
1.65
1.70
1.50
1.70
1.30
0.025
0.015
0.025
0.011
0.020
0.012
0.020
0.012
0.025
0.015
0.020
0.002
0.010
0.005
0.010
0.005
Nb
0.05
<0.04
0.06
0.017
0.06
<0.04
0.12
0.12
0.12
Ti
0.05
0.05
0.05
Mo
0.20
0.70
Ni
0.80
0.19
0.55
0.17
Cu
0.55
Cr
0.30
B
CE
0.47
0.42
0.47
0.39
0.70
0.37
2.0
2.0
0.15
0.50
0.50
0.08
1.50
1.50
0.40
0.0050
0.0050
0.003
0.65
0.65
0.47
0.115
0.39
Pcm
0.26
0.19
0.19
0.29
CET
0.32
0.26
0.26
0.35
Widevariationofthecompositionispossibleduetoavarietyofpossibleproductionroutes.
Carbonequivalents:
CE=C+Mn/6+(Cr+Mo+V)/5+(Ni+Cu)/15
Pcm=C+Si/30+(Mn+Cu+Cr)/20+Ni/60+Mo/15+V/10+5B
CET=C+(Mn+Mo)/10+(Cr+Cu)/20+Ni/40
MECHANICALPROPERTIESOFHIGHSTRENGTHSTEELPLATE
Ithastobeclearlystatedthatthevaluesguaranteedbythestandardsareminimumvalues.The
usercannormallyexpectconsiderablybettervalues,inparticularfortoughness.Fig.4showsas
anexampletypicaltransitioncurvesfortheCharpyVenergyagainstthetesttemperatureforan
S460MLandanS690QLsteelandcomparesthemtoaconventionalsteel,S355J2.
ItcanbeseenthatthesehighstrengthsteelsshowsignificantlyhigherCharpyVvaluesatthe
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HighStrengthSteelPlateProduction,PropertiesandUse
testingtemperaturethangiveninthestandard(27Jat50Cand30Jat40Crespectively).
EvenatroomtemperaturethetoughnessbehaviourisbetterthanforaconventionalS355J2.
Thesehightoughnessvaluesalsoresultingoodweldingpropertiesasdescribedbelow.
FABRICATIONPROPERTIESOFHIGH
STRENGTHSTEELPLATE
Welding
GeneralrecommendationsforweldingofTM
andQTsteelsaregiveninEN10112,
WeldingRecommendationsforweldingof
metallicmaterialsPart2Arcweldingof
ferriticsteels.
Moststeelproducersgivedetailed
informationonweldingonrequest.Such
informationmayalsobefoundonthe
respectiveInternetwebsitesofthesteel
producers.Itisrecommendedtocontactthe
steelproducerfordetailedinformationsincethealloyingconceptsmaydifferbetweendifferent
producers.
Fig4:CharpyVtemperaturetransitioncurvesforS460MLand
S690QLwithS355J2forcomparison
Thesteelstreatedherehavelowcontentsofalloyingelementsandlowcarbonequivalents.They
canbeeasilyweldedtoallordinarystructuralsteelsusinganyconventionalarcweldingmethod.
ThisisespeciallytruefortheTMsteelssinceanS460Msteelhasalowercarbonequivalentthan
anordinarystructuralsteel.TheTMsteelshaveawiderwindowforheatinputandpreheating
thanQTsteels.EvenforthickerplatesofS460Mpreheatingcanbeomittedandthuswelding
costsreduced.
Themainpointstoavoidcoldcrackingare:
Preheatingtheparentmaterialwhenrecommended.Thisisalsomostimportantfortack
weldingandtherootpass.
Thejointsurfacesshouldbeperfectlycleananddry.
Minimisetheshrinkagestressbyensuringagoodfitandawellplannedsequenceofweld
runs.
Useafillermaterialwithlowhydrogencontent.
AnexampleofpreheatingrecommendationsfromoneproducerisgiveninTable5
SteelGrade
Maximumcombinedplatethickness,mm
30 40
50
60
S460M,S460ML
RoomTemperature,RT
S690Q,S690QL,
S690QL1
RT
75C
75C
70
80
90 100 110
120 130
75C
75C
75C
100C
150C
Combinedplatethicknessisthesumofthethicknessesoftheplatesjoined.Maximumhydrogen
contentofweldmetal5mg/100g.Heatinputapproximately1.7kJ/mm.
Theheatinputdeterminesthepropertiesoftheweld.Lowheatinputincreasesthemaximum
hardnessandtheriskforcoldcracking,whereashighheatinputdecreasesthetoughness.
Examplesofrecommendationsare:ForS420M,S460Mupto5.3kJ/mmforS690Qupto3.5
kJ/mm,dependinginbothcasesonthecombinedplatethickness.Forthinnercombined
thicknesses,below60to80mm,theheatinputmustbereduced.
Onthechoiceoffillermaterial:Chooseafillermaterialgivingahydrogencontent10ml/100g.
ForanS690platethickerthan20mm,5m1/100gisrecommended.RegardingS460Msteels
matchingorovermatchingmaterialcanbechosen,whileforS690Qmatchingorundermatchingis
appropriate.ForS690Qsteelitisadvisabletouseanundermatchingmaterialfortherootrun.
Forfilletweldsitisalwaysadvisabletoselectanundermatchingfillermaterial.Themajorbenefits
ofselectinglowerstrengthfillermaterialforQTsteelwithyieldstrength>500MPaare:higher
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HighStrengthSteelPlateProduction,PropertiesandUse
toughnessoftheweldmetal,improvedductilityofthejoint,reducedsensitivitytocracking.
Onstressrelieving:EN100251hasthefollowinginformation.Stressrelievingatmorethan
580Cformorethan1hmayleadtoadeteriorationofthemechanicalpropertiesofthesteel
gradesasdefinedinparts2to5.(Comment:thiscorrespondstotheoldstandardsEN
10025+A1,EN101132,EN101133,EN10155).
FornormalizedornormalizedrolledgradeswithminimumRef460MPathemaximumstress
relieftemperatureshouldbe560C.FortheQTsteelgradesofEN100256(correspondingtoEN
101372)themaximumstressrelieftemperatureshouldbe30Kbelowthetempering
temperature.ForQTsteelsthepurchaserisrecommendedtocontactthesteelproducer.The
maximumtemperatureisnormallyintherange550Cto580C.
Ourgeneralpracticalexperienceisthatpostweldheattreatmentisnotnecessary.Thetoughness
andhardnessoftheweldmentnormallymeettherequirementsandisnotsubstantiallyimproved
bystressrelieving.Itshouldonlybecarriedoutifareductionoftheresidualstressesisneeded
forsomespecialpurposeorifspecifiedinthedesigncodes.
FlameStraighteningofHighStrengthSteelPlate
TMandQTsteelscanbeflamestraightened,butthisrequiresmorecarethanforconventional
normalizedorhotrolledsteels.Gasheatingand/orinductionheatingarerecommended.Theskill
oftheoperatorisessential.Thetemperatureshouldbemeasuredusingthermocouples.
Temperaturesnotexceeding600Cformorethantenminutesdonotaffectthematerial
propertiesdetrimentallyforQTsteelofthetypeS690QLandS960QL.
ForTMmaterialuptoS460Mitwasshownthatasuperficialheatingupto950Cdoesnot
influencethemechanicalpropertiessignificantly,whereasformoresevereheatingconditionsup
tothemiddleoftheplatesamaximumof700Cshouldbeobserved.Thematerialmanufacturer
shouldbecontactedifmoredetailedinformationisneeded.
ColdFormingofHighStrengthSteelPlate
Thematerialstandards(EN100254,6)haveaNote:Coldformingingeneralleadstoa
reductionoftheductility.Furthermoreitisnecessarytodrawattentiontotheriskofbrittlefracture
inconnectionwithhotdipzinccoating.
ForTMsteelsEN100254hasoptionsregardingflangeabilityformaterialwithanominal
thicknesst512mmandrollformingformaterialwitht5.8mm.ForthesteelgradesS420and
S460theminimumbendradiusis4timestwiththeaxisofthebendinthetransversedirection
and5timestinthelongitudinaldirection.
ForQTsteelsEN100256hasanoptionregardingflangeabilityformaterialwithanominal
thicknesst16mm.Forthe5690gradetheminimumbendradiusis3.0timestwiththeaxisofthe
bendinthetransversedirectionand4.0timestinthelongitudinaldirection.Transverseand
longitudinalrefertotherollingdirection.
However,alsointhisrespectthesteelsoftenhavefarbetterpropertiesthanspecifiedinthe
standards.AnexamplefromonemanufacturerisgiveninTable6.
Table6:Exampleofbendingrecommendationsfromonemanufacturer.Theyreferto
shotblastandshopprimedplate.Asdeliveredplatemaybebentsomewhatnarrower.
Grade
Thickness
(mm)
Transverse
R/t
Longitudinal
R/t
Springback
degrees
1.0
1.5
36
t<8
1.5
2.0
610
8t<20
2.0
3.0
t>20
3.0
4.0
S420M,MLS460M,
ML
S690Q,QL,QL1
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HighStrengthSteelPlateProduction,PropertiesandUse
Rdenotesthepunchradiusandttheactualthickness
Mostmanufacturersgiverecommendationsforbendingandcanbecontactedformoredetailed
informationsuchasestimatesofthebendingforceneeded.
HotFormingofHighStrengthSteel
AccordingtoEN100254TMsteelsshallnotbehotformed.Ifdeemednecessarythe
manufacturershallbeconsulted.Oftenformingatamaximumtemperatureof580Cforshort
timesisallowed.QTsteelscanbehotformed.EN100256permitshotformingup,tothestress
reliefannealingtemperature,normallyintherange550Cto580C.Thisagreeswiththe
recommendationsofthesteelmanufacturers.Inpracticehotformingisrarelyusedduetothe
goodcoldformabilityofthesesteels.
HeatTreatmentofHighStrengthSteelPlate
Highstrengthsteelplategradesarenotintendedforheattreatmentafterdelivery.Theonly
exceptionisstressreliefannealingasdescribedabove.TMsteelsobtaintheirpropertiesduring
rolling,i.e.controlleddeformationatprecisetemperatures.Thiscannotberepeatedbyheat
treatment.QTsteelsareheattreated.However,thesteelmanufacturernormallyhasmuchmore
efficientquenchingequipmentthancanbefoundelsewhere.
Thesteelmanufactureradjuststhesteelcompositiontomatchthepropertiesofthequenching
andtemperingequipmenttoobtaintheintendedproperties.Thereforearenewedquenching
treatmentmaynotrestorethematerialpropertiesandmakestheinspectiondocumentsinvalid.In
rarecases,ifheattreatmentisdeemednecessarythesteelmanufacturermustbeconsulted.
ZincCoatingofHighStrengthSteelPlate
AllofthesteelsinEN10025exceptthoseofpart5haveoptionsfororderinggradessuitablefor
hotdipzinccoating.ReferenceismadetoENISO1461andENISO14713ortospecial
chemicalrequirementsinthestandards,seeTable7.Theselimitsconcernthethicknessand
appearanceofthezinclayer.
Table7:Classesforthesuitabilityforhotdipzinccoating(ladleanalysis)
Classes
Compositionwt%
Si
Si+2.5P
Class1
0.030
0.090
Class2
0.35
Class3
0.14Si.25
0.035
Class2appliesonlyforspecialzincalloys
Forclass2themaximumcarbonequivalentCEshallbeincreasedby0.02,forclass3by
0.01.Forthesteelstreatedhereclass2isthemostrelevantone.Galvanizingisacomplexissue
andonlygeneraladvicewillbegiven.Fordetailedinformationthesteelmanufactureror
companiesperforminggalvanizingortheirnationalassociationsshouldbeconsulted.The
outcomeforthehigheststrengthsteelsisgreatlyinfluencedbydetailsofthegalvanizingprocess
andtheapplication.Itisimportantthatthegalvanizingcompanyisinformedaboutthesteeltype.
Themainproblemforhighstrengthsteelsishydrogencrackingorzincpenetrationintothegrain
boundariesoftheparentmaterial.Localstressconcentrationsorresidualstressesfromwelding,
gascuttingorcoldformingwillincreasetherisk.Theseproblemsmayoccurevenforsteelsofthe
S355J2type.Stressrelievingandanabrasivewaterjetinsteadofflamecuttingmayreducethe
problem.
ThisarticleoriginallyappearedinHighPerformanceSteelsinEuropeandwaswrittenbyAnders
SamuelssonandFalkoSchroter,HeadofMarketingatDillingerHutte.Allimagesandtext
copyrightofDillingerHutte.
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HighStrengthSteelPlateProduction,PropertiesandUse
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