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mixed and difficult to interpret. The following is a summary of the major findings :
1. Motivation and attitudes are important factor, which help to determine the level proficiency
achieved by different learners;
2. The effects of motivation/attitudes appear to be separate from the effects of attitude. The
most successful learner will be those who have both a talent and a high level of motivation for
learning;
3. In certain situations an integrative motivation may be more powerful in facilitating
successful L2 learning, but in other situations instrumental motivations may count for more.
4. The level and type of motivation is strongly influenced by the social context in which
learning takes place, as has ready been noted.
Second language acquisition is defined as the learning and adopting of a language that is not
your native language. Once you have acquired a foreign language, you have mastered that
language.
8. Aptitude In Second
Language Acquisition English
Language Essay
9.
10. In second language learning, motivation, attitude and aptitude relate closely to each
other. It influences the learner and therefore dominates the particular individual
motivation towards learning the target language. In casual observations in our daily life
reveal to us that some people learn a foreign language easier, faster or better than others
do (Grigorenko, Sternberg & Ehrman, 2000). This commonplace phenomenon is best
encapsulated by the theoretical construct of foreign language aptitude which
presupposes that "there is a specific talent for learning foreign languages which exhibits
considerable variation between individual learners" (Drnyei & Skehan, 2003: 590). Such
an underlying assumption of foreign language aptitude has been put to considerable
empirical tests as early as the 50s and 60s of the last century.
11. When learning a foreign language, students must take something that is initially
unknown and make it a part of who they are. Techniques in the field of teaching foreign
language differ and can be unique learning experiences. Students experience diverse
emotions, as well as various levels of success, while learning a foreign language. The
difference could be a matter of motivation. Is there more to this puzzling picture than
motivation and attitude? Does the individual difference of aptitude hold the learners'
success or failure? Gardner, Tremblay & Masgoret (1997) have researched numerous
variables concerning success in foreign language learning. Some researchers
(Skehan,1989) consider aptitude as the number one indicator of success in foreign
language learning. Other researchers see motivation and attitude as the true indicators.
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17. Attitudes are considered to be one of the most important factors affecting the failure or
success of foreign language learners. Therefore, it has recently received considerable
attention from both first and second language researchers.
18. According to Gardner (1985:91-93), attitude is an evaluative reaction to some referent or
attitude object, inferred on the basis of the individual's beliefs or opinions about the
referent. On the other hand, Lambert (1967), (quoted from Macnamara, 1973: 37)
mentions about two types of attitudes; 'integrative' and 'instrumental' attitude to language
learning. An integrative attitude is a desire to know and become friendly with speakers of
a language, whereas an instrumental one is a desire to better oneself materially by
means of the language. He adds, "an integrative attitude is more likely to lead to success
than an instrumental one".
19. Brown (1994: 168), in his great work 'Principles of Language Learning and Teaching'
adds: "Attitudes, like all aspects of the development of cognition and affect in human
beings, develop early in childhood and are the result of parent's and peer's attitudes,
contact with people who are different in any number of ways, and interacting affective
factors in the human experience". Here it seems clear that there are many stimulants
lead to positive or negative attitude of an individual.
20. Nevertheless attitude can be simply defined as a set of beliefs developed in a due course
of time in a given socio-cultural setting. Although it does not necessarily determine
behavior but can have some impact on it. Chamber (1999) asserts that learning occurs
more easily, when the learner has a positive attitude towards the language and learning.
Gardner and Lambert (1972) in their extensive studies give evidence that positive
attitudes toward language enhance proficiency as well. Language attitude studies explore
how people react to language interactions and how they evaluate others based on the
language behavior they observe. Language learning is affected by the attitude and
motivation. Motivated, de-motivated and a motivated students have different perceptions.
Their perceptions are responsible to for their attitudes.
21. There has been considerable research conducted on the topic of attitudes and motivation
in second language learning, to show the role of the beliefs and attitudes of the students.
Most of the researches on the issue have concluded that student's attitude is an integral
part of learning and that it should, therefore, become an essential component of second
language learning pedagogy. Dornyei (2001) argues that unsuccessful learners' lack of
learning attitude and motivation affects their learning in a negative way. Attitude and
motivation play a significant role in determining the learners' level of achievement in
language learning.
22. According to Gardner (1985), there is a strong connection between achievement and
language attitude, motivation and anxiety. A study of Gardner and Lambert (1959) has
been done in order to find out if the research findings of Gardner and Lambert in regard
to 'attitude and motivation' towards language learning are applicable in this context.
Gardner, Lambert and Smythe (1979) have done extensive research on attitude and
motivation and their co-relation with linguistic performance of learners. They suggested
that an L2 learner needs to be psychologically prepared to acquire a second or a foreign
language as it is a part of different ethno-linguistic community.
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31. In his two studies about the psychology of second language learning, Lambert (1963,
1967, Cited in Reynolds & Lambert 1991) discussed some psychological theories related
to language learning of Hebb (1949) and Skinner (1957) and the concept of language
attitude of Carroll (1959). Lambert, in his article in 1963, described his "Social
Psychology of Second Language Learning" and "Psychology of Bilingualism." Lambert's
theory proposes that a learner who is acquiring a second language gradually gets various
aspects of behavior that are unique to the members of another cultural group. The
learners' attitudes toward the other group are believed to determine their success in
learning the new language and their motivation to learn is thought to be determined by
their attitude.
32. An L2 learner is required to impose elements of another culture into one's own life space
(Khanna & Agnihotri: 1994). Therefore, he needs to be psychologically prepared. There
are other factors like age, anxiety, aptitude and amount of exposure responsible for the
language learning. The present investigation is also being done to study the influence of
these factors on the target group learner. It is also being observed how the classroom
environment and teachers' attitude influence the attitude of target learners. According to
Gardner and Lambert (1959, 1972) - when a language is learnt only for the utilitarian
purposes, the success in a foreign/second language is supposed to be lower than if it is
learnt for integrative purposes.
33. Burstall (1975), claims that indices of attitudes and motivation are strongly related to
success in the second language. Likewise, McDonough (1986) and Skehan (1998) assert
that second language acquisition is a cyclical process: strong motivation and positive
attitude may lead to the desired level of success in learning a second language process.
However, in this study it is clear that most of the participants had a negative attitude
towards compulsory English courses and therefore, this may cause them failure.
34. In a study carried out at Dokuz Eyll University by akc (2007), it was determined
that there was no significant difference between the gender and the attitudes of the
students. Similarly, Kara (1996) and Saracalolu (1996) found no gender difference
in their studies. However, Graham (1990), Saracalolu(2000), and Spolsky (1989)
found out that females had a significantly much more positive attitude towards foreign
language learning. Our study is in paralel with Graham and Spolsky, as female students
had a significantly more positive attitude than males did.
35. There are several reasons why research on students' attitudes toward language learning
is important. First, attitudes toward learning are believed to influence behaviors, (Kaballa
& Crowley, 1985) such as selecting and reading books, speaking in a foreign language.
Second, a relationship between attitudes and achievement has been shown to exist.
Schibeci and Riley (1986), report that there is support for the proposition that attitudes
influence achievement, rather than achievement influencing attitudes.
36. How attitudes towards learning are formed, how affect learning has been increasingly
interest of language teachers and researchers as well. The reason is that attitude
influence one's behaviors, inner mood and therefore learning. So it is clear that there is
an interaction between language learning and the environmental components in which
the student grew up. Both negative and positive attitudes have a strong impact on the
success of language learning. The attitude of an individual depends heavily upon
different stimuli.
37. To sum up, attitude refers to our feelings and shapes our behaviors towards learning.
Here are some studies taken from literature review that indicate the relationship between
attitude and achievement:
38. Haitema (2002) and Saracalolu (2000) in their studies reveal that there is a positive
relationship between affective characteristics and foreign language achievement. In her
study, Saracalolu refers to the students' attitudes that they differ according to the type
of high school. Private high school showed high positive attitudes towards foreign
language compared to government high schools. This result contrasts with al
(1995:7). Her study was carried out on university freshmen. She asserts that, graduates
showed negative attitude towards foreign language at the university level.
39. There are some studies, which show a relation between knowing second foreign
language and attitude. Gardner & Lambert (1972)'s study showed that bilingual children
have markedly more favorable attitudes toward another language and culture. Quadorf
(2002) in his/her studies figured out the close relation between bilingualism and attitudes
towards foreign language and continues; "Bilingualism increases positive attitudes
towards foreign language".
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45. Aptitude in general is a talent. Aptitude can be considered as a talent in one individual
because it is a competency to do something. It can be mentally or physically depends on
the individual itself. It is not knowledge or the ability to understand, learned or acquired
abilities or attitude. The innate nature of aptitude is in contrast to achievement, which
represents knowledge or ability that is gained. In short, aptitude means an inherent
capacity, talent or ability to do something. It is like having a high aptitude for something
means will show how well or good a person doing that something.
46. Contrastive, in a foreign or second language acquisition, aptitude actually refers to the
prediction of how well an individual can learn the second language in given time and
conditions. It means that aptitude was not used to determine the learners' success or
failure in learning the target language but explain why there are some learner can learn
faster than the others.
47. Language aptitude has been suggested as " one of the central individual differences
in language learning." (Skehan, 1989, pp. 25, 38 as cited by Harley & Hart, p.379). It
has also been declared to be the most consistent predictor of one's success in
learning a foreign language (Skehan, 1989 as cited by Harley & Hart, p. 379 and Drnyei,
p. 61, 2005). Due to the conceptual issues involved, the matter of differentiating among
ability, aptitude, and intelligence must be considered. Aptitude is commonly used in
reference to a specific area of performance, intelligence carries a broader meaning; it is
not specific to a discipline, but rather entails all areas of learning.
48. The research on language learning aptitude has primarily focused on the Modern
Language Aptitude Test (MLAT)
49. What is MLAT? Surely no review of foreign language aptitude research can fail to
mention the American psychologist J. B. Carroll and his work. At the very least, he has
dominated this sub-area of applied linguistics with four unsurpassable contributions: First,
for his conceptualization of aptitude as speed of learning in which he operationalizes
aptitude in terms of the rate (i.e. speed) of learning a foreign language in the context of
some sort of formal instruction, be it a language course or a self-study program (see
Sawyer &Ranta, 2001). Second, for his formulation of a model of school learning in which
he offers a possible explanation for the interactions between variables comprising
aptitude in order to predict learning outcomes in a classroom setting (cf. Skehan, 1986b
for a more developed view). Third, for his MLAT test (Carroll and Sapon, 1959) that
measured, as well as anything can, some of the components of individual variation in
ability to speak a FL" (Spolsky, 1995: 322). As a matter of fact, the MLAT has become
something of a model guiding almost all subsequent aptitude research (see Sawyer
&Ranta, 2001). Fourth, for his conceptualization of foreign language aptitude as
containing multiple-components which Skehan (2002) pointed out, has proved to be more
enduring and interesting even than the MLAT test battery itself.
50. These classical four components are shown in Table 1 (see Drnyei&Skehan 2003: 592):
51. Aptitude Components
52. Definitions of Abilities
53. Phonemic coding ability
54. Capacity to code unfamiliar sound so that it can be retained.
55. Grammatical sensitivity
56. Capacity to identify the functions that words fulfill in sentences.
57. Inductive language
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
learning ability
Capacity to extrapolate from given corpus to create new sentences.
Associative memory
Capacity to form links in memory.
Table 1.Carroll's Four-Factor Aptitude Model
In the most research on foreign language aptitude following the publication of the MLAT
can be grouped into three major categories (also see Skehan, 2002) :
measurement oriented research that targets the development of aptitude tests
themselves
research based on the different components of aptitude as conceptualized by Carroll
research which sets out to address aptitude-treatment interactions
In order to have a complete grasp of these lines of research, the empirical studies in
each of these categories are brief in Table 2 (together with other orientations) along with
their major findings.
68.
69.
70.
71.
Orientations
Representative Studies
Major Findings and Implications
Measurement-oriented
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76. Pimsleur's PLAB, 1966; Green's York Language Aptitude Test, 1975; Petersen and AlHaik's DLAB, 1976; Parry and Child's VORD, 1990; Sternberg and Ehrman's CANAL-F,
2000
77. Psychometric in nature;
78. Empirically based;
79. Mostly were MLAT alternatives or complementary tests;
80. Mostly associated with military or government initiatives/funding.
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
Components-oriented
Sparks and Ganschow, 1991; Skehan, 1982 & 1986a; Sasaki, 1996; Ranta, 2002
The concept of factor-components is still viable;
Relatively little research has been conducted;
Much room for development (esp. memory).
88. Aptitude information (profile) is not only desirable but also has tremendous pedagogical
implications under different L2 learning conditions.
89.
90. Johnson & Newport, 1989; Dekeyser, 2000; Harley and Hart, 1997 & 2002
91. Younger learners tend to show higher correlations with memory components and older
learners with analytical components.
92.
93. Skehan, 1982; Wesche, Edwards & Wells, 1982; Sasaki, 1996;
94. Skehan reported low to moderate correlations;
95. Wesche et al & Sasaki reported moderate correlations.
negative, their desire to achieve the L2 proficiency and the levels of anxiety towards the
L2 learning. For example, if a learner has the positive attitude along with being motivated
and having confidence in learning L2, they will definitely be a competent user of a L2.
106.
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Bidang lain penelitian bahasa kedua dan praktek bahwa akuisisi-learning
hipotesis membantu untuk menafsirkan adalah pekerjaan di bakat bahasa
kedua dan sikap, memberikan penjelasan pelit untuk apa yang telah
muncul menjadi sebuah temuan aneh: kedua bakat bahasa (yang diukur
dengan tes standar) dan sikap (variabel afektif) tampaknya berhubungan
dengan bahasa kedua prestasi, tetapi tidak terkait satu sama lain. Hal ini
dimungkinkan untuk memiliki bakat yang tinggi dan sikap rendah, bakat
rendah dan sikap yang tinggi, atau keduanya tinggi, atau keduanya
rendah. Pada bagian ini, kita survei penelitian di kedua daerah, dengan
fokus khusus pada hipotesis bahwa banyak bakat apa yang disebut secara
langsung berkaitan dengan pembelajaran sadar, sedangkan faktor sikap
saya menjadi lebih erat terkait dengan akuisisi.
Bakat
aptitude bahasa asing, yang Carroll (1973) mendefinisikan sebagai
"tingkat di mana orang di sekolah menengah, universitas dan tingkat
dewasa belajar untuk kriteria" (hal. 5), memiliki paling
-baru ini telah diukur dengan tes standar seperti Modern Bahasa Aptitude
Test (MLAT) dan Aptitude Battery Bahasa (LAB). Menurut Carroll (1973),
ada tiga komponen utama dari tes bakat modern. Pertama, fonetik
kemampuan coding, adalah kemampuan untuk menyimpan bahasa baru
terdengar di memori. Komponen ini tidak akan menjadi perhatian kita di
sini. Dua komponen lainnya muncul untuk berhubungan langsung dengan
pembelajaran.
sensitivitas gramatikal, komponen kedua, didefinisikan sebagai
"kemampuan individu untuk menunjukkan kesadaran tentang pola
sintaksis kalimat dalam bahasa" (Carroll, 1973, hlm. 7). Carroll membuat
jelas bahwa meskipun kinerja pada komponen ini tidak memerlukan benarbenar mengetahui terminologi tata bahasa subjek, itu tidak melibatkan
meta-kesadaran tata bahasa. Carroll kontras semacam ini pengetahuan
bahasa dengan pengetahuan alam bawah sadar atau tacit terkandung
dalam istilah "kompetensi" Chomsky:
Meskipun sering dikatakan bahwa linguistik "kompetensi" dalam arti yang
didefinisikan oleh
Chomsky (1965) melibatkan beberapa jenis "pengetahuan" dari aturan
gramatikal bahasa, "pengetahuan" adalah biasanya kami kesadaran ...
bagaimanapun, beberapa remaja dan orang dewasa (dan bahkan
beberapa anak) dapat dibuat untuk menunjukkan kesadaran struktur
sintaksis kalimat mereka berbicara ... bahkan di antara orang dewasa ada
perbedaan besar dalam individu dalam kemampuan ini, dan perbedaanperbedaan individual terkait dengan keberhasilan dalam belajar bahasa
asing, rupanya karena kemampuan ini dipanggil ketika siswa mencoba
menemukan korelasi yang tinggi antara harga diri global dan peringkat
guru produksi oral (global yang self-esteem didefinisikan sebagai evaluasi
individu senilai sendiri). Oller, Hudson, dan Liu (1977), dalam penelitian
mereka dari siswa ESL berbahasa Cina di AS, menemukan bahwa berbagai
persepsi diri yang positif berhubungan dengan kinerja pada tes Cloze.
Subyek yang melihat diri mereka sebagai "demokrasi, berwawasan luas,
dan tenang" cenderung untuk berbuat lebih baik pada Cloze (r = 0,36),
seperti yang dilakukan orang-orang yang melihat diri mereka sebagai
"baik, ramah, tidak seperti bisnis, perhatian, dan membantu" (r = 0,34).
Sejak ciri ini ditemukan untuk dinilai positif oleh subyek, Oller et al.
menyimpulkan bahwa "semakin positif konsep diri subjek, prestasi subjek
yang lebih tinggi di ESL" (hal. 14). Juga, Naimon, Frhlich, Stern, dan
Todesco (1977), setelah mewawancarai guru untuk pandangan mereka
dari pelajar bahasa yang baik dan buruk,
melaporkan bahwa guru merasa bahwa peserta didik miskin di kelas tidak
memiliki "kepercayaan diri". kepribadian keluar. kepribadian keluar juga
sesuai dengan persyaratan dari prediksi
tidak. 3 sampai batas tertentu. Chastain (1975) melaporkan bahwa kinerja
dalam bahasa asing di tingkat perguruan tinggi terkait dengan skor pada
Skala Marlowe-Crowne dari milik vs kepribadian keluar, dengan siswa
keluar cenderung untuk mendapatkan nilai yang lebih tinggi. Pritchard
(1952;. Dikutip dalam Pimsleur et al, 1962) mengamati perilaku bermain
dari tiga puluh dua anak laki-laki sekolah dasar dan menemukan "korelasi
0,72 antara ukuran nya 'sosialisasi' dan kapasitas untuk berbicara dengan
lancar dalam bahasa Perancis" (Pimsleur et al., p. 168).
Wesche (1977), mempelajari tiga puluh tujuh pegawai negeri Kanada di
Perancis intensif
Tentu saja, menemukan korelasi antara "bermain peran" dan kemampuan
dalam mendengarkan
pemahaman dan keterampilan berbicara (r = 0.60). "Role-playing"
mengacu pada kesediaan siswa untuk mengambil bagian dari karakter
dalam dialog atau role-playing situasi, "dengan pidato ditandai dengan
ekspresi prosodi perasaan sesuai dengan konteks dan dengan menyertai
gerak tubuh dan ekspresi wajah" ( p. 359). Hal ini dapat mencerminkan
keterbukaan, kepercayaan diri, dan / atau kepuasan dengan situasi
belajar, serta tingkat kecemasan umum.
Naimon, Frhlich, Stern, dan Todesco (1978) tidak menemukan hubungan
antara
kemahiran dan introversi / ekstroversi, yang diukur dengan Kepribadian
Maudsley
Inventaris. Naimon et al. meragukan validitas ukuran ini dalam kaitannya
dengan situasi kelas, namun: "Seringkali, siswa yang melaporkan bahwa
mereka malu dan malu, dan bahwa mereka takut untuk berbicara di kelas
dan takut orang menertawakan mereka, dan juga , yang para peneliti
dianggap sebagai yang introvert atas dasar observasi kelas, mencetak
tidak berbeda pada banyak kesempatan pada skala keterbukaan daripada
siswa yang melaporkan bahwa mereka 'ekstrovert' dan bertindak sesuai
"(hlm. 261).
Empati. bukti di sini adalah tidak berlebihan. Naimon, Frhlich, Stern, dan
Todesco (1978) digunakan ukuran Hogan empati, tapi tidak menemukan
hubungan yang signifikan dengan baik pemahaman mendengarkan atau
imitasi (r = 0,025 dan 0,008) bagi siswanya Perancis sebagai bahasa
kedua di sekolah tinggi Toronto. Guiora dan rekan-rekannya juga telah
menyelidiki empati dan akuisisi bahasa kedua dalam serangkaian studi
dengan hasil yang agak variabel. studi percontohan mereka (Guiora, Lane,
dan Bosworth, 1967) menemukan 0,60 rank agar korelasi antara akurasi
pelafalan bahasa Perancis dan skor pada Micro-Sesaat Ekspresi Perangkat
(MME) selama empat belas guru Perancis. Subjek diminta untuk
mendeteksi perubahan ekspresi wajah dan menekan tombol dengan
setiap perubahan yang dirasakan; ini dianggap refleksi empati. penelitian
selanjutnya tidak jelas mendukung hipotesis bahwa empati, yang diukur
dengan MME, terkait dengan kedua akurasi pengucapan bahasa. Taylor,
Guiora, Catford, dan Lane (1970) menemukan bahwa kinerja MME
berkorelasi negatif dengan skor pengucapan berdasarkan pada dialog
setelah kursus singkat dalam bahasa Jepang (28 mahasiswa menjabat
sebagai subjek). Ada korelasi positif antara produksi lisan dan kinerja pada
TAT Sensitivitas tes Perasaan. Taylor et al. komentar sebagai berikut:
"Sebuah interpretasi hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa orang-orang yang lebih
menyadari perasaan lebih sensitif terhadap detail dan aspek-aspek
tertentu dari bahasa kedua dan mencerminkan hal ini dalam berbicara" (p
154.).
Dalam sebuah penelitian ketiga, 401 siswa Pertahanan Language Institute
mempelajari berbagai bahasa diberi MME dan tes lainnya. Skor MME tidak
berkorelasi dengan skor pengucapan beberapa bahasa (Spanyol, Rusia,
dan Jepang), tetapi korelasi negatif ditemukan untuk Thailand dan Cina.
Guiora, Brannon, dan Kusam (1972) menunjukkan bahwa hasil ini mungkin
karena ukuran sampel yang kecil untuk bahasa ini (Thailand dan Cina).
Mengomentari seri pelajaran ini, Schumann (1975) mengemukakan: "...
kita harus menyimpulkan bahwa tidak Taylor et al atau Guiora et al
menetapkan bahwa MME adalah ukuran valid empati, dan bahwa
penelitian tidak membuatnya diragukan lagi jelas bahwa.. MME (dan
karenanya empati) yang positif berkaitan dengan pengucapan otentik dari
bahasa kedua "(hlm. 222).
Tapi Schumann terus mengatakan bahwa sementara "spekulasi teoritis
Guiora ini kurang
verifikasi eksperimental ... mereka membawa daya tarik intuitif "(hlm.
224).
Alkohol Studi (Guiora, Beit-Hallahmi, Brannon, Kusam, dan Scovel, 1972)
mungkin yang paling sugestif dari kelompok ini. Ditemukan bahwa
pengucapan kalimat Thai yang terbaik setelah 1-1 ons alkohol (tapi
tidak dengan perut kosong). Lebih atau kurang alkohol tidak menghasilkan
hasil yang sama. Para peneliti menyarankan bahwa alkohol diinduksi
"seorang paranormal negara fleksibel" (hal. 51, Guiora, Paluszny, BeitHallahmi, Catford, Cooley, dan Kusam, 1975), dengan hambatan
sementara yang lebih rendah dan mungkin meningkat empati.
lain. kapasitas ini, bagaimanapun, "adalah inti dari egosentrisme remaja ...
(remaja) gagal untuk membedakan antara benda-benda ke arah yang
pikiran orang lain diarahkan dan orang-orang yang menjadi fokus
perhatian sendiri" (hal. 67). Dengan kata lain, remaja membuat kesalahan
berpikir bahwa orang lain berpikir tentang apa yang dia paling peduli
dengan: dirinya sendiri. Keyakinan ini "yang lain sibuk dengan
penampilannya dan perilaku" (hal. 53) mengarah ke kesadaran diri yang
meningkat, perasaan kerentanan, dan menurunkan citra diri yang
berkaitan dengan usia ini. Dalam istilah kami, itu mengarah ke
peningkatan penyaring afektif dan kemampuan kemudian diturunkan
untuk memperoleh bahasa kedua. (Pengucapan tampaknya menjadi aspek
yang paling sulit dari bahasa kedua untuk memperoleh setelah usia ini,
mungkin karena berjalan "lebih dalam ke pusat kepribadian siswa dari
aspek lain dari bahasa" (Stevick, 1976, hlm 64;. Lihat juga Seliger,
Krashen, dan Ladefoged, 1975).
Hipotesis ini memiliki prediksi juga.
Prediksi ada. 1. Aptitude, karena berkaitan langsung dengan pembelajaran
bahasa sadar, atau Monitor, tidak akan menjadi prediktor kuat
keberhasilan bahasa kedua pada anak-anak memperoleh bahasa kedua.
Prediksi ini telah dikonfirmasi. Tucker, Hamayan, dan Genesee (1976)
memberi tiga kelompok kelas 7 siswa dari sikap dan bakat tes Perancis.
Untuk semua mata pelajaran, langkah-langkah dari sikap dan motivasi
berhubungan dengan prestasi di Perancis dan adalah prediktor jauh lebih
baik daripada bakat dan IQ tindakan. Prediktor terkuat adalah sikap positif
terhadap bahasa target dan pencapaian kebutuhan yang tinggi. Gardner
et al. (1976) data laporan yang juga mendukung prediksi ini. Di kelas 7
bahasa Prancis sebagai bahasa kedua, bakat ditemukan menjadi kurang
penting sebagai prediktor prestasi Perancis daripada di kelas nanti.
Prediksi ada. 2. Faktor Attitudinal akan memprediksi pencapaian bahasa
kedua untuk
anak setiap kali asupan tersedia. Ada sedikit bekerja di daerah ini. Fillmore
(1976), dalam studi kasusnya lima anak menguasai bahasa Inggris
sebagai bahasa kedua di TK Amerika, tidak memberikan beberapa bukti
yang jelas. Nora, Fillmore paling
pengakuisisi sukses, "itu sangat termotivasi untuk dihubungkan dengan
berbahasa Inggris
anak-anak ... ia mencari mereka untuk bermain dengan ke tingkat yang
tak satu pun dari anak-anak lain dalam penelitian ini tidak "(hlm. 706). Ini
dapat ditafsirkan sebagai motivasi integratif. Nora juga dipamerkan
kepercayaan diri dalam pendekatannya ke bahasa akuisisi: "berbeda
(dengan beberapa anak-anak lain) Nora cukup tanpa hambatan dalam
upaya nya di berbicara bahasa baru ... dari pertama dia lebih peduli
dengan komunikasi dari bentuk" (hal 710). Hatch (1976). juga telah
mendokumentasikan kasus dari studi buku harian di mana faktor afektif
dan sikap memainkan peran dalam keberhasilan akuisisi bahasa kedua
anak. Menggunakan pendekatan yang lebih eksperimental, Swain dan