Jurnal Pendukung Tugas Adsorbsi

INTERNATIONALJOURNALOFENVIRONMENTALSCIENCESVolume1,No5,2011
Copyright2010AllrightsreservedIntegratedPublishingAssociation
Researcharticle
ISSN0976 4402
Removalofnickel,copper,zincandchromiumfromsyntheticand
industrialwastewaterbyelectrocoagulation
KonstantinosDermentzis1,AchilleasChristoforidis2,EvgeniaValsamidou2
1DepartmentofEngineeringScience,LaboratoryofChemicalTechnologyand
Electrochemistry,TechnologicalEducationInstituteTEIofKavala,65404
AgiosLoucas,Kavala,Greece
2 DepartmentofPetroleumTechnology,LaboratoryofEnvironmentalProtection,
TechnologicalEducationInstituteTEIofKavala
demerz@otenet.gr
ABSTRACT
In this work, the performance of electrocoagulation with aluminum electrodes for
simultaneousremoval of nickel, copper, zinc and chromium from synthetic aqueousaliquot
solutions and actual electroplating wastewater was studied. Parameters affecting the
electrocoagulationprocess,suchasinitialpH,currentdensity,initialmetalionconcentration,
COD and contact time were investigated. Best removal capacity for all studied metals was
achieved in the pH range 48. Mixed solutions containing the same concentrations of all
metals i.e. 75, 150 and 300 mg/L were tested. Nickel, copper and zinc showed similar
removalrates.Theywerecompletelyremovedin 20,40and50minutesrespectively,while
for the corresponding complete removal of chromium 40, 60 and 80 minutes were needed.
Increased current density accelerated the electrocoagulation process, however, on cost of
higher energy consumption. Results revealed that best removal was achieved at a current
density of 40 mA/cm2. The electrocoagulation process was successfully applied to the
treatmentofanelectroplatingwastewatersample,wheretheconcentrationsofnickel,copper,
zinc,chromiumandCODwereeffectivelyreducedundertheadmissiblelimitsin60minutes.
Consequently,theelectrocoagulationprocessisareliable,safeandcosteffectivemethodfor
removingheavymetalsandCODfromwaterandwastewater.
Keywords:Electroplating wastewaterelectrochemicalcoagulationheavymetal
Removal,aluminumanode
1.Introduction
Industrialeffluentsfromelectroplatingindustriescontainhighamountsofheavy metalions,
such as chromium, nickel, copper, cadmium and zinc. These heavy metal bearing
wastewaters are of considerable concern because they are nonbiodegradable, highly toxic
andprobablycarcinogen.Only3040%ofallmetalsusedinplatingprocessesareeffectively
utilized i.e.platedon the articles. The rest contaminates the rinse waters during the plating
processwhentheplatedobjectsarerinseduponremovalfromtheplatingbath.Electroplating
rinse waters may contain up to 1000 mg/L toxic heavy metals which, according to
environmentalregulationsworldwidemustbecontrolledtoanacceptablelevelbeforebeing
discharged to the environment. Several treatment processes have been suggested for the
removal of heavy metals from aqueous waste streams: adsorption (Lazaridis et al., 2005),
biosorption (Senthikumar et al., 2010), ion exchange (Inglezakis et al., 2003), chemical
precipitation(Kurniawanetal.,2006)andelectrochemicalmethods:electrowinning(Bolger
ReceivedonOctober,2010PublishedonDecember2010
697
Removalofnickel,copper,zincandchromiumfromsyntheticandindustrialwastewaterbyelectrocoagulation
&Szlag,2004),electrodialysis(Marderetal.,2004),electrodeionization(Yeonetal.,2003
Lu et al., 2010), membraneless electrostatic shielding electrodialysis/electrodeionization
(Dermentzis, 2010 Dermentzis et al., 2010) and electrocoagulation. Chemical hydroxide
precipitation is the most economic and the most commonly utilized procedure for the
treatment of heavy metalbearing industrial effluentsbut after this treatment the wastewater
stream can still contain up to 5 ppm heavy metals (Kurniawan et al., 2006), which is an
unacceptable concentration for discharge to the environment. In order to remove heavy
metals down to the ppb concentration level, the wastewater stream must be further treated
usingasecondsulfideprecipitationasapolishingsteporaseriesofionexchangecolumns.
The large amounts of the precipitated sludge containing the concentrated heavy metal
hydroxidesorsulfidesisanextremelyhazardouswasteandmustbedisposedofusingspecial
facilities at great expense to industry. From the viewpoint of environmental protection and
resource saving, effective recycling and reusing of the heavy metal wastewater is strongly
expected.Closedrecycle system or socalled effluentfree technology shouldbedeveloped.
Chemical coagulation is a quite effective method for treating heavy metal bearing
wastewatersbutmayinducesecondarypollutionbyaddingcoagulants,suchasaluminumor
iron salts or organic polyelectrolytes to remove colloidal matter as gelatinous hydroxides.
Alsothiswastewatertreatmentprocessproduceslargeamountsofsludge.
Electrocoagulationusesnochemicalsascoagulatingagents.Theseare generatedduringthe
electrolysis process by electrodissolution of a sacrificial anode madeof aluminumor iron.
Electrocoagulationhasbeensuccessfullyperformedfordecolorizationtreatmentofdyesand
remediation of dyehouse wastewaters (Kobya et al., 2003 Akbal and Kuleyin, 2010),
treatment of oil wastes (Adhoum and Monser 2004 Un et al., 2009), diary effluents
(Tchamango etal.,2010),dieselandbiodieselwastewaters(ChavalparitandOngwandee,
2009 ElNaas et al., 2009), laundry wastewaters (Wang et al., 2009), slaughter house
effluents(Asselinetal.,2008),arsenicorfluoridecontainingwaters(Hansenetal.,2007Hu
et al., 2008) and heavy metal bearing effluents (Kongsricharoern and Polprasert, 1996
Adhoum etal.,2004HeidmannandCalmano2008Nouri etal.,2010).
Thispaperreportstheefficiencyofelectrocoagulationinremovingmetallicpollutants,such
asnickel,copper,zincandchromiumfromsyntheticaqueoussolutionsandactualwastewater
obtainedfromalocalelectroplatingunit.
2.MaterialsandMethods
2.1Chemicals
KCl,NiSO47H2O,CuSO45H2O,ZnSO47H2O,K2Cr2O7 andNaOHwereofanalyticalgrade
(Merck). pH was adjusted by 0.1 M solutions of HCl and NaOH as required. The actual
wastewater was obtained from an electroplating unit located near Thessaloniki, northern
Greece.
2.2Apparatus
A laboratory model DC power supply apparatus (PHYWE Systeme GmbH & Co. KG.
Germany)wasusedtomaintainconstantDCcurrent.Voltageandcurrentweremeasuredby
a multimeter(PHYWE). Conductivity was measuredby meansof aconductometer (inoLab
Cond.Level1,WTW).ThepHandthetemperatureweremeasuredusingaHanna(HI8314)
pHmeter connected to a combined electrode comprising a temperature sensor (HI1217D).
KonstantinosDermentzis ,AchilleasChristoforidis,EvgeniaValsamidou
InternationalJournalofEnvironmentalSciencesVolume1No.5,2011
698
Thechemicaloxygendemand(COD)wasanalyzedusingaCODreactor(ThermoreaktorTR
420,MERCK)andadirectreadingspectrophotometer(SpectroquantPharo100,MERCK).
Electrolyses were conducted at room temperature in a cylindrical glass cell of 400 ml in
whichaliquotsolutionsof250mlwereplacedandslowlystirredwithamagneticbarat500
rpm. A pair of commercially obtained aluminum plates of size 10cm x 5cm x 0.5cm
immersedtoa6cmdepthwithaneffectiveareaof30cm2 each,wereusedaselectrodesin
the experiments. The interelectrode distance was 1.5 cm. To remove the oxide and
passivation layer from aluminium surface the electrodes were grinded with sandpaper and
energizedbydippingthem in5NHClfor1minute.0.5gKClwasaddedtoeverytreated
solution. The added KCl serves for prevention of passivation on the aluminium electrode
surfaceanddecreaseoftheexcessiveohmicdropinthesolution.Thepolarityofthecellwas
reversedevery30minutestolimittheformationofthepassivationlayersontheelectrodes.
Sampleswereextractedevery10minutesandfilteredusingWhatmanfilterpaper(Grade40).
The residual heavy metals concentrations were determined by Atomic Absorption
SpectroscopyAAS(PerkinElmer5100).Attheendofeachexperimenttheproducedsludge
andthemasslossofthealuminumelectrodesweremeasured.
2.3Briefdescriptionofelectrocoagulation
Electrocoagulation is a process consisting of creating metallic hydroxide flocs inside the
wastewater by electrodissolution of soluble anodes made of aluminium or iron. The main
reactionsoccurringduringelectrocoagulationproducealuminiumionsatthesacrificialanode
andhydroxideionsaswellhydrogengasatthecathode:
Al Al3+ +3e
2H2O+2e 2OH +H2
(anode)(1)
(cathode)(2)
The generated Al3+ and OH ions react to form various monomeric and polymeric species
such as Al(OH)2+, Al(OH)2+, Al2(OH)24+, Al(OH)4, Al6(OH)153+, Al7(OH)174+, Al8(OH)207+,
Al13O4(OH)247+, Al13(OH)345+ which finally result in situ formation of gelatinous Al(OH)3
effectingthecoagulationandcoprecipitationorH2 flotationofparticulatesfromthesolution
by adsorption (Kobya et al., 2003). The aluminum hydroxide flocs act as absorbents for
heavy metal ions. Furthermore, heavy metal ions combine with the electrogenerated OH
ionsatthecathodeandprecipitateinformoftheirinsolublehydroxides.Bothphenomenaact
synergisticallyleadingtoarapidremovalofheavymetalpollutantsfromwater.
3.ResultsandDiscussion
3.1Effectsofoperatingparameters
Theelectrocoagulationprocessisaffectedbyseveraloperatingparameters,suchasinitialpH,
pollutants concentrations, current density, COD and contact time. In the present study all
thesehavebeenexploredinordertoevaluateatreatmenttechnologyfornickel,copper,zinc
andchromiumremovalfromsyntheticsolutionsandactualelectroplatingwastewaters.
3.1.1InitialpH
According to literature (Viket al.,1984),pH has aconsiderable effecton the efficiency of
theelectrocoagulationprocess.Inaddition,pHchangesduringtheprocessdependentonthe
anodematerialandtheinitialpHvalueofthetreatedsolution.Viketal.(1984)reportedthat
699
theobservedincreaseofpHatlowinitialpH(<7)isascribedtothehydrogenevolutionand
thegenerationofOH ionsatthecathodes.Inalkalinemedium(pH>8)thefinalpHdoesnot
change markedly because the generated OH ions at the cathodes are consumed by the
generated Al3+ ions at the anode forming the needed Al(OH)3 flocs. Furthermore, OH ions
can also partially combine with the Ni2+, Cu2+, Zn2+ and Cr3+ ions to form the insoluble
hydroxide precipitates Ni(OH)2, Cu(OH)2, Zn(OH)2 and Cr(OH)3 respectively. For this
reason,inalkalinemediumnopHincreasebutaslightpHdecreasewasrecorded.(Fig.1).
ExperimentswereconductedusingsolutionsofNi2+,Cu2+,Zn2+ andCr6+ of50mg/Leachin
theinitialpHrange29.AscanbeobtainedfromFig.1theremovalefficiencyofallstudied
metals after 20 minutes of electrolysis time at the constant current density of 20 mA/cm2
reached very high values,>97% for Cu2+, Ni2+,Zn2+ and>80% for Cr6+ respectively in the
pH range 410. The removal percent for nickel, copper and zinc is very low at pH<2. It
increases considerably at pH 4, remains high and almost constant in the pH range 49 and
slightly decreases at pH>10. The removal percent of chromium declines substantially at
pH>8.
Figure1: RemovalefficiencyofmetalionsversusinitialpH.
ThedecreaseinremovalefficiencyatstrongacidicandalkalinepHwasdescribedbyother
researchers (Adhoum et al.,2004 Vasuderan et al. 2009).It was ascribed to an amphoteric
behavior of Al(OH)3 which leads to soluble Al3+ cations (at acidic pH) and to monomeric
anionsAl(OH)4 (atalkalinepH).Itiswellknownthatthesespeciesarenotusefullforwater
treatment.ForthesereasonstheelectrocoagulationprocesswasconductedinthepHrange4
8.
3.1.2Currentdensity
It is well known that the current density determines the coagulant dosage rate, the bubble
production rate and size and the floc growth resulting in a faster removal of pollutants
(Khosla et al.,1991 Holt et al.,2002).Measurements were carried out atdifferent current
densities10,20and40mA/cm2,withthesameconcentrationof300mg/Lofeachmetalin
aliquotsolutionofpH=7.AccordingtoFigs2a,b,c,dtheremovalratesofallstudiedmetals
increased, as expected, with increasing currentdensity. The removal rates ofnickel, copper
and zinc are very similar showing only a slight preference for zinc followedby copperand
nickel.
700
The removal mechanism of chromium is somehow different. Hexavalent Cr(VI) ions must
firstbereducedtotrivalentCr(III)ionsatthecathode,accordingtoreaction(3),whichthen
combinewiththegeneratedOH ionsandprecipitateasinsolubleCr(OH)3 orisadsorbedon
theAl(OH)3 flocs.
Cr2O72 +6e +7H2O 2Cr3+ +14OH
(3)
Consequently,theremovalrateofchromiumissomehowslower(Fig.2d).
Copper, beyond hydroxide precipitation and absorption on the Al(OH)3 flocs, is also
partially removed by direct electroreduction at the cathode or by electroless deposition
accordingtothereaction(4):
3Cu2+ +2Al 3Cu+2Al3+
(4)
The electroless deposition occurs mainly at the anode where, due to electrodissolution, the
aluminumsurfaceismoreactivethanthatofthecathode(EmamjomehandSivakumar2009).
A dark brown solid deposit of elemental copper is observed mainly in the vicinity of the
anode.
a)
b)
701
c)
d)
Figure2: Concentrationvariationwithtimeof a)Ni2+, b)Cu2+, c) Zn2+andd)Cr6+

ionsatdifferentcurrentdensitiesinaliquotsolutionscontaining300mg/L
ofeachmetal..
Atcurrentdensitiesof40,20and10mA/cm2 theinitialconcentrationsof300mg/Lofnickel,
copperandzincfellunderthepermissiblelimitsforeffluentdischarge(2mg/L)in50,80and
130 minutes respectively. At the same current densities the corresponding concentration of
chromiumwaseffectivelyreducedin70,110and170minutes.
3.1.3Initialmetalionconcentrations
Todemonstratetheeffectofinitialmetallicpollutantsconcentrationandthetimerequiredfor
theirquantitative removal, a setof experiments were conducted with three different aliquot
solutions containing same concentrations of 300, 150 and 75 mg/L of each metal ion
respectively. The mixed solutions were treated at a constant current density of 40 mA/cm2
and different times of electrolysis. Figs 3a,b,c,d show the variations of the initial
concentrations of nickel, copper, zinc and chromium with time. The three different initial
702
concentrations of 300, 150 and 75 mg/L of nickel, copper and zinc in the aliquots were
reduced to admissible levels after 50, 40 and 20 respectively. The corresponding
concentrationsofCrneeded70,60and40minutestobequantitativelyremoved.According
to Figs 3a,b,c,d, no direct correlation exists between metal ion concentration and removal
efficiency.Certainly,forhigherconcentrationslongertimeforremovalisneeded,buthigher
initial concentrations were reduced significantly in relatively less time than lower
concentrations. The electrocoagulation process is more effective at the beginning when the
concentrationishigherthanattheendoftheoperationwhentheconcentrationislow.
a)
b)
703
c)
d)
Figure3: Effectofinitialconcentrationof a) nickel, b)copper,c)zincandd)

chromiumionsontheremovalefficiencyfromaliquotsolutionscontaining
300,150and75mg/Lofeachmetal respectively.
3.2Treatmentofactualwastewater
The applicability of the electrocoagulation process for actual wastewater was validated by
treating an industrial effluent sample, collected from an electroplating unit. The main
characteristics of the effluent sample before and after the electrocoagulation treatment are
showninTable1.
Table1:Characteristicsoftheelectroplatingwastewaterbeforeandafterthe
electrocoagulationtreatment.
Parameter
beforetreatment
aftertreatment
pH
Conductivity
(mS/cm)
COD(mg/L)
3.2
6.3
4.0
3.2
486
119
704
Ni(mg/L)
Cu(mg/L)
Zn(mg/L)
Cr(mg/L)
376
283
75
167
<2
<2
<2
<2
The relatively high COD content of the wastewater indicates the presence of organic
compoundsaddedtotheelectroplatingbathsasbrighteners,levelers,complexingandwetting
agents.
At a constant current density of 40 mA/cm2 and an electrolysis time of 60 minutes the
concentrationsof all metals (Ni. Cu,Znand Cr)fell under the admissible limits, as can be
obtainedfromFig.4.
Figure4: Concentrationvariationwithtimeofnickel,copper,zincand
chromiumpresentintheelectroplatingrinsewatersample.
Compared to the removal from synthetic solutions (Figs 2a,b,c,d) the removal rates of the
studiedmetalsfromwastewaterseemtobeslower.Thisshouldbeattributedtothepresence
oftheorganiccompounds,whichalsocompeteforabsorptionontheAl(OH)3 flocsresulting
inasubstantialreductionofthemetalionsremoval.TheinitialCODof486mg/Ldecreased
to less than 120 mg/L after 100 minutes showing a removal efficiency of about 75 %. It
reachedthenaplateauandremainedalmostconstantatlongerelectrolysistime(Fig.5).
600
COD(mg/L)
500
400
300
200
100
0
0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Time(min.)
Figure5: RemovalofCODversustimefromtheindustrialwastewater.
705
Duringthe electrocoagulation treatment of the wastewater, pH was found to increase at the

firstfewminutesoftheoperationandchangedonly slightlyafterwardsupto70minutesof
operationtime(Fig.6).ThepHincreaseatthebeginningcouldbeattributedtothegeneration
ofOH ionsdissociatedfromwateratthecathodeaccordingtoEq.2.Therelativestabilityof
pHafterwardscouldbeprobablyduetotheformationoftheinsolubleAl(OH)3 flocsandthe
restmetalhydroxidesaspointedoutinsection3.1.1.
Figure6: pHvariationwithtimeintheindustrialwastewater.
Electrocoagulationisasafe,reliableandefficientmethodforremovalof,both,heavymetals
andorganicsfromelectroplatingwastewaters.
3.3Electrodemasslossandenergyconsumption
To determine the amount of the aluminum mass loss, the electrocoagulation process was
repeatedwiththesameoperatingconditionsandchangingonlythesyntheticwastewaterfor
an aqueous solution containing the same NaCl concentration. The generated Al(OH)3 flocs
weredissolvedin4NHNO3 beforetheanalysisbyatomicabsorptionspectroscopy.Figure7
showstheexperimentalandthetheoreticalfaradaic(equation5)amountmAl ofthedissolved
aluminumversustime.
mAl =
I t M
z F
(5)
where
I =currentintensity(A)
t=time(s)
M=Molecularweightofaluminum(g/mol)
z=numberofelectronstransferredinthereactionAl Al3+ +3e
F =Faradaysconstant(96500Cb/mol).
The experimentally measured concentration of aluminum is higher than the theoretically
expected. This is attributed to chemical dissolution beyond electrodissolution of the
aluminumelectrodes(Canizaresetal.,2009).ThegenerationofO2 andH2 gasesduringthe
706
electrolysismakesthesolutionacidicandalkalineinthevicinityoftheanodeandthecathode
surfacerespectively.Aluminum,asknown,dissolvesinboth,acidicandalkalinemedia.
Figure7: Comparison ofexperimental andtheoreticalmasslossmAl ofaluminum

electrodeversustime.
Thecostsinwastewatertreatmentwithelectrocoagulationaretheexpenditureonmasslossof
electrodes and the electrical energy consumption. The mass loss per liter of the aluminum
anode mAl /L (concentration cAl) during the wastewater treatment can be calculated from
equation(6)usingtheFaradayslaw:
mAl
I t M
= cAl =
L
z F V
(6)
where
V =volumeoftreatedwastewater(L).
Undertheoperatingconditionsgiventhemasslossofthesacrificialaluminumanodeforthe
electrocoagulationis2.73g Al/Loftreatedwastewater.
Similarly,theelectricalenergyconsumption Eiscalculatedfromequation(7):
E =
U I t
V
(7)
where
U=appliedvoltage(Volts)
Theenergyconsumptionamountsto0.041Kwh/Loftreatedwastewater.
3.4Sludgecharacteristics
The precipitated sludge wascollected, driedat103 oC for24 h, cooled in a desiccator and
weighed. Its amount is determined by the Faradays law. The electrocoagulation treatment
produces apparently lower amounts of sludge compared to the conventional chemical
precipitation coagulationprocesses.
707
4.Conclusions
Electrocoagulation with aluminum electrodes is a safe and convenient route for effective
removalofheavymetals,suchascopper,nickel,zincandchromiumfromsyntheticsolutions
andactualwastewater.Bestremovalcapacity forallstudiedmetalswasachievedinthepH
range 48. Removal rate increased with increasing current density. Nickel, copper and zinc
were faster removed than hexavalent chromium. Dissolved organic compounds and COD
present in electroplating wastewater were also removed. In comparison to chemical
coagulation, where an increased coagulant dosage and several hours are needed,
electrocoagulationisafasterandmoreeconomicalmethodforremovingmetallicandorganic
pollutantsfromwaterandindustrialeffluents.
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INTERNATIONALJOURNALOFENVIRONMENTALSCIENCESVolume1,No5,2011

Figure2: Concentrationvariationwithtimeof a)Ni2+, b)Cu2+, c) Zn2+andd)Cr6+

Figure3: Effectofinitialconcentrationof a) nickel, b)copper,c)zincandd)

Duringthe electrocoagulation treatment of the wastewater, pH was found to increase at the

Figure7: Comparison ofexperimental andtheoreticalmasslossmAl ofaluminum

10) ElNaas M H, AlZuhair S, AlLobaney A, Makhlouf S, 2009, Assessment of

23) Marder L, Bernardes A M, Ferreira J Z, 2004, Cadmium electroplating wastewater

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