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Technical Note
Beam Design
This Technical Note describes how this program completes beam design when
the BS 8110-97 code is selected. The program calculates and reports the required areas of steel for flexure and shear based upon the beam moments,
shears, load combination factors and other criteria described herein.
Overview
In the design of concrete beams, the program calculates and reports the required areas of steel for flexure and shear based upon the beam moments,
and shears, load combination factors, and other criteria described herein. The
reinforcement requirements are calculated at a user-defined number of check
stations along the beam span.
All beams are designed for major direction flexure and shear only.
Effects resulting from axial forces, minor direction bending, and torsion that may exist in the beams must be investigated independently
by the user.
The beam design procedure involves the following steps:
Overview
Page 1 of 10
Beam Design
Page 2 of 10
Beam Design
based on whether M is greater than, less than, or equal to Msingle. See Figure
1.
0.67fcu/c
Calculate the ultimate moment of resistance of the section as a singly reinforced beam.
Msingle = K'fcubd2, where
(BS 3.4.4.4)
K' = 0.156.
If M Msingle, no compression reinforcement is required. The area of tension reinforcement, As, is obtained from
As =
M
, where
( 0.95 fy )z
K
z = d 0.5 + 0.25
0.95d, and
0.9
(BS 3.4.4.4)
(BS 3.4.4.4)
Page 3 of 10
K=
M
f cu bd 2
Beam Design
(BS 3.4.4.4)
This is the top steel if the section is under negative moment and the bottom steel if the section is under positive moment.
f s'
M M single
0.67 f cu c ( d d' )
(BS 3.4.4.4)
where d' is the depth of the compression steel from the concrete compression face, and
2d'
0.95 fy.
f s' = 700 1
d
(BS 3.4.4.4)
This is the bottom steel if the section is under negative moment. From
equilibrium, the area of tension reinforcement is calculated as:
As =
M single
( 0.95 f y ) z
M M single
K '
z = d 0.5 + 0.25
= 0.776887 d.
0.9
(BS 3.4.4.4)
(BS 3.4.4.4)
As is to be placed at the bottom of the beam and As' at the top for positive
bending and vice versa for negative bending.
Design as a T-Beam
(i) Flanged beam under negative moment
The contribution of the flange to the strength of the beam is ignored. The design procedure is therefore identical to the one used for rectangular beams,
except that in the corresponding equations, b is replaced by bw. See Figure 2.
(ii) Flanged beam under positive moment
With the flange in compression, the program analyzes the section by considering alternative locations of the neutral axis. Initially the neutral axis is as-
Page 4 of 10
Beam Design
sumed to be located in the flange. On the basis of this assumption, the program calculates the depth of the neutral axis. If the stress block does not
extend beyond the flange thickness, the section is designed as a rectangular
beam of width bf. If the stress block extends beyond the flange width, the
contribution of the web to the flexural strength of the beam is taken into
account. See Figure 2.
0.67fcu/c
(BS 3.4.4.5)
where,
f = 0.45
hf
d
1 bw 1 hf + 0.15 bw
bf
2d
b
(BS 3.4.4.5)
Page 5 of 10
Beam Design
If the above conditions are not met, the T-beam is designed using the general
principle of the BS 8110 code (BS 3.4.4.4, BS 3.4.4.5), which is as follows:
Assuming that the neutral axis lies in the flange, the normalized moment is
computed as
K=
M
f cu bf d 2
(BS 3.4.4.4)
K
z = d 0.5 + 0.25
0.95d,
0.9
(BS 3.4.4.4)
1
(d z), and
0.45
(BS 3.4.4.4)
(BS 3.4.4.4)
If a hf, the subsequent calculations for As are exactly the same as previously defined for the rectangular section design. However, in that case the
width of the compression block is taken to be equal to the width of the
compression flange, bf for design. Compression reinforcement is required
if K > K'.
If a > hf, the subsequent calculations for As are performed in two parts.
The first part is for balancing the compressive force from the flange, Cf,
and the second part is for balancing the compressive force from the web,
Cw, as shown in Figure 2.
In this case, the ultimate resistance moment of the flange is given by
Mf = 0.67 (fcu /c) (bf bw) hf (d 0.5 hf),
(BS 3.4.4.1)
Page 6 of 10
Beam Design
Mw
f cu bw d 2
(BS 3.4.4.1)
Mf
Mw
, where
+
0.95 fy ( d 0.5 hf ) 0.95 fy z
(BS 3.4.4.1)
K
z = d 0.5 + 0.25 w 0.95d.
0.9
(BS 3.4.4.1)
(BS 3.4.4.4)
The compression reinforcement is required to resist a moment of magnitude Mw Mlw. The compression reinforcement is computed as
A's =
f s'
Mw M uw
0.67 f cu / c ( d d' )
(BS 3.4.4.1)
where d' is the depth of the compression steel from the concrete compression face, and
2d'
0.95 fy.
f s' = 700 1
d
(BS 3.4.4.1)
M uw
M M uw
Mf
1
+
+ w
0.95 f y d 0.5 hf
0.777 d
d d'
(BS 3.4.4.1)
Page 7 of 10
Beam Design
Situation
Definition of
percentage
bw
< 0.4
bf
Minimum percentage
fy= 250 MPa
fy = 460 MPa
As
bh
A
100 s
bw h
100
0.24
0.13
0.32
0.18
bw
0.4
bf
100
As
bw h
0.24
0.13
100
As
bw h
0.48
0.26
The minimum flexural compression steel, if it is required, provided in a rectangular or T-beam section is given by the following table, which is taken
from BS Table 3.25 (BS 3.12.5.3) with interpolation for reinforcement of intermediate strength:
Table 2 Minimum Percentage of Compression Reinforcing (if required)
Section
Situation
Definition of
percentage
Minimum
percentage
'
Rectangular
Web in tension
T-Beam
As
bh
'
A
100 s
bf hf
100
0.20
0.40
'
Web in compression
100
As
bw h
0.20
Page 8 of 10
Beam Design
area (BS 3.12.6.1). The program reports an overstress when the ratio exceed
4 percent.
Calculate the design shear stress and maximum allowable shear stress as
v=
V
, where
Acv
(BS 3.4.5.2)
v 0.8 RLW f cu ,
v N/mm2 ,
Acv = bw d, and
RLW is a shear strength reduction factor that applies to light-weight
concrete. It is equal to 1 for normal weight concrete. The factor is
specified in the concrete material properties.
If v exceeds 0.8RLW f cu or 5 MPa, the program reports an overstress. In
that case, the concrete shear area should be increased.
Note
The program reports an overstress message when the shear stress exceed 0.8RLW f cu
or 5 MPa (BS 3.4.5.2, BS 3.4.5.12).
100 As
bd
3 400
Page 9 of 10
Beam Design
where,
k1 is the enhancement factor for support compression,
and is conservatively taken as 1,
f
k2 = cu
25
1,
m = 1.25, and
(BS 3.4.5.8)
100 As
3,
bd
400
1, and
d
,
sv
0.95 f yv
(BS 3.4.5.3)
sv
0.95 fyv
(BS 3.4.5.3)
else if v vmax,
a failure condition is declared.
In shear design, fyv cannot be greater than 460 MPa (BS 3.4.5.1). If fyv is
defined as greater than 460 MPa, the program designs shear reinforcing
assuming that fyv equals 460 MPa.
Page 10 of 10