International School on Nonsinusoidal Currents and Compensation

Lagow, Poland. 2008

The Geometric Algebra as a Power Theory

Analysis Tool
1 Electrical

Engineering Dept., 2Applied Mathematics Dept.,4 Electronic Technology Dept., 5 Applied Physic Dept.
(University of Sevilla),3 Spanish Research Council (CSIC).
e-mail: castilla@us.es, Web site: http://11/wlv.irnase.csic.es/users/invespot/index.htm

Abstract-In this paper, a multivectorial decomposition of

power equation in single-phase circuits for periodic nsinusoidal !linear and nonlinear conditions is presented. It
is based on a frequency-domain Clifford vector space
approach. By using a new generalized complex geometric
algebra (GCGA), we define the voltage and current
complex-vector and apparent power multivector concepts.
First, the apparent power multivector is defined as geometric
product of vector-phasors (complex-vectors). This new

expression result in a novel representation and

generalization of the apparent power similar to complexpower in single-frequency sinusoidal conditions. Second, in
order to obtain a multivectorial representation of any
proposed power equation, the current vector-phasor is
decomposed into orthogonal components. The power
multivector concept, consisting of complex-scalar and
complex-bivector parts with magnitude, direction and sense,
obeys the apparent power conservation law and it handles
different practical electric problems where direction and
sense are necessary. The results of numerical examples are
presented to illustrate the proposed approach to power
theory analysis.

I.

INTRODUCTION

The analysis of power theory has been discussed

extensively.
The large number of papers published
motivated by the contributions of Budeanu [1] in
frequency domain and Fryze [2] in time domain, suggest
that the work has not been finished. In n-sinusoidal
conditions, research on power definitions [3]-[ 12] has
been carried out with very different objectives as
mathematical meaning, physical meaning, power factor
improvement, distortionless conditions, etc. Moreover,
some noteworthy progress has been made by the
contributions [5], [6], [11-12]. In particular [12] is
concerned with a representation of power equation in the
mathematical framework of Geometric Algebra.
Therefore, it has been concluded that the typical nonlinear
behaviour of the distribution systems require, for its
complete analysis, a new mathematical structure that can
guarantee the multivectorial character of different
components. In this sense, our work considers a new
representation of power theory deduced from generalized
Geometric Algebra [13-14]. It is based on a
decomposition of apparent power into multivectorial
components in the frequency domain. The apparent power
multivector is derived in terms of the voltage and current
vector-phasors, and contains all power information
(magnitude, direction, and sense).

II.

B.

CLIFFORD SPACE-VECTOR THEORY: GENERALIZED

COMPLEX GEOMETRIC ALGEBRA ( CCI" )

Generalized Complex Geometric Algebra:

New Geometric Product (g).

Let us introduce vector-phasors (complex-vectors) in

order to analyze circuit power theory in nonsinusoidal
conditions. To define these new phasors, we start from an
n-dimensional linear space V n, of elements that are
termed vectors. If

{(J"J ,(J"2' (J"3' ...(J"n}

basis of V n, (n is equal to the number of harmonic

components in periodic sinusoidal signals), the unit
element of this algebra is denoted by (j 0 The vector basis
for

the

I,
s';;;;lar

'

(J"k

v~s

(k:J, ... ,n)

where

" /\ "

(J"k /\ (J'h

vector

Clifford

algebra {C In}

is

generated

, ... , O"J /\ 0"2 /\(J'3 ... /\O"n}

(J'k /\O"h

(k.h:l ..... n;k:t:-h)

pselld~scalar

by
(1)

denotes
the
outer product
and
[10]. Each coefficient of a basic

= (J"k(J'h = (J'kh

(J"j

replaces one of the orthonormal functions in the

Fourier decomposition. The elements in this geometric

algebra are termed multivectors [13]. But the electrical
quantities voltage and current have no easy interpretation
in classic Clifford Algebra. For this reason we will define
a new geometric algebra - a generalization of the classic
Clifford Algebra, which we have termed "Generalized
Complex Geometric Algebra" (GCGA) - . A more
complete information can be seen in [13-14] and
Appendix.
III.

A.

POWER MULTIVECTOR

Multivectorial Representation ofPeriodic Signals

Suppose that a nonsinusoidal voltage
u(t)=/2

Upsin(pOJt+a p )

(2)

pELvN

is applied to a nonlinear load, where p is the harmonic

order of u(l). The resulting current has an instantaneous
value given by

i(t) = /2

L
qENvM

978-1-4244-2130-5/08/$25.00 2008 IEEE

is an orthonormal

I q sin (qOJt + pq )

(3)

International School on Nonsinusoidal Currents and Compensation

where q is the harmonic order of i(t). It is assumed that a

group of voltage harmonics N exist that have
corresponding current harmonics of the same frequencies,
that components L of the supply voltage exist without
corresponding current, and that components M of current
exist without corresponding voltages. In linear
conditions, fJq == a q - qJq' qJq is the impedance phase angle

Lagow, Poland. 2008

and is associated to

linear

(Dun)

and/or nonlinear

(DNonlin) distortion power. It is seen from (6) that ILiI == \15\.

If a p == a q in linear operation, and a p == a q and/or
a p == 0 in non linear operation, eqn. (5) is now given by

and L == {} ,M == {} . The capital Up and 1q represent

S == LUp gI; == P+ jQ+D

rms values of up (t) andiq (t).

(7)

pEN
qEN

In the {CCln , g} structure spanned by orthonormal

and eqn.( 6) is given by

basis multivectors{lT j ,lT2 ,lT3 , ... lTn } , the associated p-th

harmonic voltage and q-th harmonic current can be
represented by the vector-phasors:
U- p

-10 I

U- pap

p e .lap lT p --

where

1 ==

lOp I == up' II 1==

q

L
1q ,
qENuM

112 ==

lq

.Then,

L
pELuN

10pI

==

pELuN

and

Note that, the squared value

Up,

1112 ==

L
qENuM

Sand one of this paper's main contribution.

IV.

conjugate"
operation
(C2).
is the active power or average

pEN

value of the instantaneous power in the time domain.

101 = UpIpsin rp p is the called reactive power and is not a

real physical quantity. It is merely the geometric

complement of active component. Note from eqn. (5) that
(p + jQ) (To is the complex-scalar. The complex-bivector,

p<q
p,qEN

jrpq

VJ

qp

ejrpp)a

pq

jap

- N,N
~ Lin

- L,N
~ Nonlin

Up Jqe -jf3q

a pq

== A

il Lin

1 == L
qEN

+ ilNonlin
A
==

and

(6)

~
DNonlm

- L,M
~ Nonlin

- N,M

+ ~ Nonlin

978-1-4244-2130-5/08/$25.00 2008 IEEE

+ j L 1 q l- + L
qEN

1 q ,Nonlin

(10)

qEM

Then, in linear operation according to (EI-E2)

DUn

BUDEANU'S, SHEPHERD'S, AND CZARNECKI'S

MULTIVECTOR POWER EQUATION

qEN

''-------v-----~

pELuN,qEM
pEL,qEN

==

pq

Shas magnitude, direction, and sense.

1 == ~I + jll- + 1Nonlin. == L 1q"

~ , named rotated distortion power, is given by

(V

In particular,

linear" currents

pEN

~
{ ej(ap-aq )
~

(9)

In this Section, widely accepted power equations have

been analyzed in multivectorial form. Particular emphasis
is given to the nonlinearity introduced by distorted source
voltage. In this sense, the resulting current vector- phasor
I eqn. (4), may be subdivided into three components:
~I denoted by "in phase", Il- "in quadrature" and lq "non

is the standard

Ipi L UpI pcosrpp

Li ==

+ Q2 + D 2

ISl2 is the sum of the squared values of the components of

S. It should be noted that whereas lSi is a simple value,

(5)
which consist of a complex-scalar and a complexbivector. In eqn. (5), "g" is the new "generalized

"complex
Clearly, =

p2

lSi,

the multivector

(*)

eqn.(5) may be

The suggested apparent power multivector is very

important, and represents a new concept of apparent
power. The eqn. (9) is the squared value of S, for linear
and nonlinear networks under nonsinusoidal conditions.
is a consequence only of the multivector
This value

qeNuM

complex geometric product" (B5), and

ISf in

2 2
2
S == U g]* == U ] ==
1-12 1- - 1 1-1 \-1

11ql2

Power Multivector
According to (Bl-B5), the apparent power at the
nonlinear load, can be obtained as a multivector S in
CCln , generated by the geometric product "g" of the
voltage and conjugate current vector-phasors
<To

(8)
pq

represented as

B.

,~= P'~L up gi; =(~u/ pCOS9'p + j~U/p sin9'p )

Uplqe-jf3q a

pELuN,qEM
pEL,qEN

(4)

Iq == 11q Ie.ifi a q == 7q ITq

lq

== ~I + jll-

(11)

International School on Nonsinusoidal Currents and Compensation

Lagow, Poland. 2008

In these conditions, we define the apparent power

multivector as

S= ug1* = (I +I
Up

pEL

=I

Up

pEN

Up

pEN

(19)
-

SD -

-"
Up g

[ pEL

] [ qEN

pEL uN

Jg[I (1;11 +j1;l-) +I I;] =

qEN

Iq

qEM

_ - L,N
- ~Nonlin

- L,M

- NM

+ ~Nonlin + ~Nonlin

and Shepherd's power equation multivector is given by

qEM

g(I 1;11 +I 1;l-J+ Iu gI I; +

p

qEN

qEN

pEL

+IU gI1;+ IU
p

pEN

qEM

pEL

qEM

g(I1;,,+ Il;l-J
qEN

- L,N

- N,N

- L,M

- NM

The terms ~Act.,Lin' ~Nonlin' IJ.Nonlin '~Nonlin

in (EI0), (EI4)-(EI6).

qEN

(12)
where the products

C.

can be seen

Czarnecki's Multivector Power Equation

Czarnecki [4], distinguishes current components due to

linear load and nonlinearities. In this sense, the goal of
their power equation is the identification of the physical
phenomena responsible of each current component,
active, reactive, scattering and harmonic currents. He
proposed that the power equation related to this current
decomposition as

(13)

are defined in Appendix.

S~za

A.

Budeanu's Multivector Power Equation

Budeanu suggested that the apparent power consist of
three components as in eqn.(5). The multivectorial form of
this equation is given by

= p2 +D; +Q~ +S~

In GCGA framework,

(21)

Ds component coincides, for linear

operation, with "scattering" power defined in [5]

+~
L.J

B. Shepherd and Zand's Multivector Power Equation

According to the current decomposition (11), these
authors have proposed in [3] the power equation

p<q
p,qEN

j(ap-a q )

R (U I
e

p qe

jCPq -

U I

q pe

jCPP)rr
v

pq

AL,N
LJAct.Nonlin

AN,N
LJAct.Lin

Dpq .Lm

Reactive power is given by

(16)
where SR is the "apparent active power ", Sx

is the
"apparent energy-storage reactive power" and SD the
"apparent distortion power". Applying (BI-B5) (EI0),
the different power multivector components are found as
follows

q
ej(ap-a ) Im( UpIqejcpq

)0"

(22)
pq

'-----v--"

pEL,qEN

Dpq,.Vonlin

SR =( I OpJg( I I';IIJ =
pEN

=?+

and Sit apparent harmonic component, may be written

qEN

ej(ap-aq\UplqcosCfJq -UqlpcosCfJp)O"pq

(17)

p<q
-

Sit =

-N N

= P + ~A~t,Lin

c~x =C~ Up Jg(q~i;L J=

=

jQ+

ej(ap-aq)(Uplq

sinq?q -UqI psinCfJp)O"pq

(~
L.J

pELu:V

-J"g (~*JI -

Up

L.J

LN
AVonlin

-V,M
+ L1Nonlin

Then,

(18)

(24)

p<q

= jQ + :i~~~ct.,Lin

where

SCza

is the Czarnecki's power multivector.

Thus, eqn.(9) can be written

978-1-4244-2130-5/08/$25.00 2008 IEEE

(23)

qEAI

International School on Nonsinusoidal Currents and Compensation

Lagow, Poland. 2008

an instantaneous value

(25)

Consequently, today's power equation approaches can be

analyzed from the proposed algebraic structure, but those
cannot explain the results obtained by this one.

v.

,2

In this case, 0. 1 = 40,0. 2 = 30 , and the corresponding

vector-phasors are respectively

NUMERICAL EXAMPLES

In this section, a numerical example is developed. Units of

physical quantities are the standard ones of the MKSA
system, and are thus omitted everywhere.

A.

~[40Sin(mt-13.10)+ 11.7sin(2mt-39.4 0)+]

+10sin(3mt + 30)

(1) = -v 2

U2 = 200e J4 0a l

i2 =

13 1
40e-J . (Jj

+ 100e J3 0a 2 ,

j39
+ 11.7e- .4(J2

(J3'

Example 1

Let a periodic n-sinusoidal voltage with instantaneous

value given by u1(t)=J2"[200sin(wt)+100sin(2wt)] be
applied to a non linear load. Note that a 1 = a 2

= 0 phase

~[40sin( mt - 53.1) + 11. 7 sin(2mt - 69.4)

, (1) =-v2
1
+10 sin(3mt + 30)
.

,IVI

200e Jo a1+ 100e JO a 2

+]

+(1970+ j347.3)(J13 +(1000+ jO)(J23

wherelP21 =5215.4 , IQ21=7494,

223.60
TABLE II.

p=l, q=2

81 = vgI* = (5215.4 + j7494)ao + (-1578 - jl006)a/ 2+

+(1732 - jl000)a 13 + (866 - j500)a 23

and power factor

P~=0.54

ILl 1=2916, IS/\ = 9584.15

p=l, q=2

L1L~

fJ

Di2 = -1578 - jlO06

Di3 = 1732 - jlOOO

ILiI

IL1L~I= 1871

I]L:, I = 2000

1]i;~1

115121 = 1871

115131 = 2000

115231 = 1000

L1~~

1970 + j3.J7.3

L1i;~

15

Di2 = -1578 - j1006

Di3 =

1732 - jl000

D23 =c

ILiI

I]L~I = 1871

lL1i~1 = 2000

lL1i~1 = 1000

15

ID12 = 1871

ID

ID

13 1 =

2000

1000 + jO
866 - j500

23 I =

1000

1732 - j j000

same. From Shepherd's, and Czarnecki's multivectors,

applying (18), (22), (EI0), (EI4)-(EI6), reactive power
multivectors are given by

p=2, qc=3

i1L~ = -1578 - jl006

15

L1L~ =-1379- j1265

For possible compensation purposes, it is interesting to

note that on Budeanu's approach in Example 1 and 2, the
reactive power, Q/=Q2=j7494rro vector-scalars are the

I.

Li

p=2, q=3

Li

.Table I, illustrates the

p=l, qc=3
=

p=l, q=3

simulation results.
TABLE

Table II, illustrates the simulation results.

=

From (5), and according to (8), the apparent power

multivector may be written

1J11 =5215.4 ,IQ11 =7494,

ILl21=2916 , 821=9584.15

and power factor PF;=0.54

11 = 40e-J53.1a1 + 11.71e-J69.4a2 + 10eJ30a3,III = 42.86

where

Iii = 42.86

32 = ugl* = (5215.4+ j7494)(Jo +(-1379- j1265)(Jj2 +

The corresponding vector-phasors are respectively

V1

223.60

From (5), and according to (6), the apparent power

multivector can be given by

angles. The resulting current has an instantaneous value

B.

+ 10e

lUi =
J3

L1i;~

866 - j500

Su:=j7494ao-j1006a12 ,

D2j = 866 - j500

=

Q/r =j7494ao-j 1006a/ 2

1000

and consistent with (6), (19) and (23), distortion power

bivectors on the first example are found to be
LJ/=D1= (-1578-j1006)a/ 2+(1732-j1000)a/3+
+ (866-j500)a 23

Example 2

Let a periodic n-sinusoidal voltage with instantaneous

value given by

SiD =( 1732-j1000)a13 + (866-j500)a 23

S/Il =( 1732-j1000)a/3 + (866-j500)a 23

On the second example, these components are given by

be applied to a non linear load. The resulting current has

978-1-4244-2130-5/08/$25.00 2008 IEEE

International School on Nonsinusoidal Currents and Compensation

Q2r =j7494(Jo-.j1265(J/2

vector subspace [CCln

B.

Zp

power

9584.15, thus they

A.

Jap

and

~ = Iz~ le Jl1q = Iz~ leJ(aq- iPq), we define a

p'

g)

(BI)

(B2)

where N

= On \{I.

This new product for vectors

and

is given by
(B3)

and the basis transposition holds that

Note that the transposition operation is involutive.

In particular, for two complex-vectors

where p,q EN, the product (BI) can be written

ZiZ'= Llzpllz;,I/9'p + L/(ap-aq)lzpll~I/9'qapq+

p

We denote as C the complex-vector space and Cln the

Clifford algebra generated from the n-dimensional real
vector space V n We define the set

p<q

+LeJ(,xq-a p)IZq liz;,IeJ9'p aqp = Llzpllz;,I/9'p +

+L {i(,xp-aq)Izpll~ le Nq - ~ap'aq i(aq-ap)\Zq liz;,IeJ9'p }apq
q<p

(AI)

p<q

k-l,2 ... n

978-1-4244-2130-5/08/$25.00 2008 IEEE

zp(jp

associated to any multivector product when; it is given by

ApPENDIX

ZI ...k(J'l...k}

The letter "g" represents the usual geometric product

and map ,aq is an application in the complex planes

CONCLUSIONS

{,_L

a vector basis of CCln For two vectors

g : (91 a

Generalized Complex Clifford Algebra

CCln =

new geometric product termed "generalized complex

geometric product", g :

In this paper a generalized geometric complex algebra

(GCGA) approach for power equation representation
under n-sinusoidal conditions has been proposed.
Adopting this tool all the theoretical bases of circuit
theory keep their validity. In the mathematical framework
of our theory, the multivectorial apparent power , power
multivector (magnitude, direction and sense), is
determined in a natural way, from a new generalized
geometric product of voltage and conjugated current
vector-phasors. This is the main and original contribution
of our formulation. Therefore, the classic apparent power
S, (9), is simply a consequence of multivectorial apparent
power, S. In addition, by means of the GCGA structure, a
geometric representation of apparent power components is
obtained with a complex-scalar and a complex-bivectorial
parts, that can be applied to the any classic approach. The
suggested representation can provide a new vision and
detailed information for power quality and power factor
improvement, by means of new possible devices,
strategies and control algorithms. The extension of this
mathematical framework to power theory in multi- phase
networks is possible.
VII.

{(jt' ... , (jn}

zp =1 zp le

have the same power factor PF=O.54. It is logical to

assume, that any difference between them must be based
on power multivector concept, which takes into account
voltage phase angles, and the attributes: magnitude,
direction and sense.
VI.

C and

(p E 0) and Z; = z~(jq (q E \{I) where

0, \{I ~ {I, 2, ..., n}, with associated complex numbers

Ipi = 5215.4 , reactive power

is a pq-th complex-bivector.

Generalized Complex Geometric Product:

Let

power multivector decompositions,

distortion

=p

p:t=q

Zpq(jpq ,

As can be seen, these two examples cannot be

distinguished in terms of classical power approaches.

IQI = 7494, rotated distortion and

ILiI 1151 2916, apparent power lSi

where

L L

S2h =( 1970-j347.3)(J/3 + (1000+jO)(J23

have the same active power

Zp(J'p ,

(jp E Cl". The generic element zp(jp, is a p-th complexvector,. In complex-bivectors case, we obtain the vector
subspace [CCln = Zpq(J'pq. The generic element

S2D =( 1970-j347.3)(J/3 + (1 000+jO)(J23

S2

1= L

(jl...k

p=l

il2 = (-1379-j1265)(JI2+(1970+j347.3)(J/3 +
+ (1 000+jO)(J23

and

Zl...k

and distortion power bivectors are given by

SI

C and the basis

Cln
It is trivial that CCln is a vector space over R . According
to (A 1) definition, in complex-vectors case we obtain the
where the coefficients

S2x=j7494(Jo-.j1265(J/2 ,

Both,

Lagow, Poland. 2008

International School on Nonsinusoidal Currents and Compensation

Lagow, Poland. 2008

(B5)

= IOpgII; = IOpgICI;" + jI;1-) =

fun

where

pE,V

qEl\;

=IOpgI~~1 + IOpgIIq*1p

'---v-

rUn,;

Lm ,1I

The structure

{CCln,g}

IS

where

a complex geometric

algebra because the properties associative, distributive

with respect to the sum, and contraction, are fulfilled.
C.

(E3)

'----v--"

fLin,11

= IOpgII;" = IOp' I
pES

Reverse and Conjugated Operations

We define the bivector reverse element as

qEV

1: + IOp
11

'---vinner product

Inner product:P= IOp'

pEN
qEN

(CI)

Outer product:

where (t) is the "reverse" operation.

=I

The "conjugated" operation ( * ) is given by

p<q

pI qe

pES

j(a -a )
p

0p A I

qEe\'

1:

11 =

Ii:
q "

(E4)

'--v----'
outer product

IU pI pcosrpp(5p
p=q

(E5)

1: =
11

mc a
cos 't'q
m (5 pq ~l

- a q)UqI Pe j(a

-a )

cos 't'mP (5 pq

=~
ej(CXp-CXq)CU I cos m - U I cos m )(5
,
~
P q
'1'q
qP
'1'p pq = ~N,N
Act,Lm,

(C2)

p<q

(E6)

D.

and 9tCap - a q) = e2j (a

Norm Definition.
The norm, value or magnitude, of a multivector

unique scalar

Iltll calculated by

is a

The "in quadrature" product is given by

f Lin ,1- = IOpgII;1- = IOp' I 1;1- + IOp A

qEiV

pElV

pEN

E.

(*)

in C ,and

(t)

Outer product:

current

q E N can be

--

decomposed as follows

= Iqe-J(('q(jq = Iq(cos((Jq - jsin((Jq)(jq =

The subscripts

"II"

1;1- (E7)

0p A

qEN

~
~

'
e j(ap-aq)CU pIqSIn
rpq -

p<q

j(a
pI qe

-a)
q

1;1- =

.
)
j(a
SIn
(Jl (5
- o""C
J\ a - a
i' q pq
P
q UqI P e

Ip<q

(E8)

qIp'SIn rpp) (5 pq --

-a ) .
p

SIn 'IFmP (5 pq

~N,N

React"Lin.

(E9)
Combining outher product expressions, eqn. (E6) and
(E9), we obtain

Iq = I qe Jaq e - jtPq(jq =
=lq cos ((Jq(jq -

pE}..'

qEM

lq harmonic current for

qEN

Current Complex- Vector Decomposition

multivector, where

pEN

'--v----'
ollter product

Inner product:Q= IOp'

1;1- = IU pl p sinrpp(5p
pEN
qEN
p=q

in Cln

1) Linear Group ofPower Components

Let a j = '"'
I eJ(aq-(('q) a q + '"'
I e.i(f/q} a q a
LJq
LJq
qEN

qEN

'--v----'
inner product

(DI)
where we apply

is a rotation operator.

-a )

(E1)

jIqsin((Jq(jq = Iq,,(jq - jIqi-

and "1-" indicates "in phase" and

"in quadrature" respectively, being

I q'l = I q cos qJq

and

Iqi- = I q sin qJq the q-th current harmonic vector-phasors

in phase and in quadrature correspondingly. On the other

hand, by introducing conjugate operation (*), the

J;

The total linear group of power components is found to

be

harmonic is written as

I: = 1: + j1:1- = ~~I(5q + jJq*1-(5q =

11

=I q*COS ((Jq(5q + jlq*sen((Jq(5q

f Lin

(E2)

=[11 +[1- = IUplpllCYo + jIU pl p1-(5o +~~~~v=

p

and the generalized complex geometric product [; g j* is

given by

978-1-4244-2130-5/08/$25.00 2008 IEEE

=IUpl pcosqJp(5o + iIUpl p sinqJp(5o + l1~;IN

(Ell)

International School on Nonsinusoidal Currents and Compensation

2)

Nonlinear Group ofPower Components

I = L I qe

Let

(/l

) O'q

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

a nonlinear current multivector,

We would like to thank the Ministry of Education and

Science for supporting this work as part of a research
through project DPI-2006-17467-C02-01.

qEM

1q

where

Lagow, Poland. 2008

is the harmonic current for q EM, the total

nonlinear group of bivectorial components are given by

t Nm,/i"

P'~N Opg ~ 1, + ~Opg(~ 1;11 + ~.1;~)

REFERENCES
[1]

+P~N Op. ~ 1; + P~N Op ~ 1; + ~Opg(~I;1I + ~ 1;~)

[2]

[3]

(E12)

[4]

Eqn. (E 12) represents an identifiable and separate group

of non linear power components. Thus,
[Nonlin

= Og1;onlin =

[5]

(IO J"(I1*J
g
+ (IO J"(I1*J+(IO J"(I1*J=
g
pEL

qEN

pE L P g

qE;\[

pEL,qEN

pE N

qEM

[6]

ej(ap-aq )

pEN,qEM

jap U

p qe

j{3q

(J" pq -

AL,N
D.Nonlin

+ +

[7]

~N,A[

AL,M
D.Nonlin

lVonlin

[8]

D pq

(E13)

[9]

Similarly decompositions to eqn. (E4), (E5) Y (E6), the

different terms of t Nonlin can be developed to obtain

[10]

[11]

;5.~~~NOlllill =

[12]
q
ej(ap-a ) ReUplqejrpq(}pif

pEL,qE}';

(E14)

Dpq

[13]

-L:I.f
~l\~nlin

[14]

~jap Uplqe -jf'q(J"pq

= (~-J"(~-*J
~ Up g ~ I q = ~e
pEL

qEM

~
Dpq

p,q

(E15)
~L,M

React.,Nonlin.

=~
jap
~e
p,q

AN,A[.
D.Act.,i\onlin.

~ j ap
~e
p,q

ImU

1 e- j {3q(J"

p q

pq

R U I e- j jl
e p q

(J"pq

(E16)

D pq

978-1-4244-2130-5/08/$25.00 2008 IEEE

C. I. Budeanu, "Puisances reactives et Fictives", Instytut Romain

de I'Energie. Bucharest, Romania 1927.
S. Fryze, "Wik-,Blind, un Scheinleitung in Elektrischen
Stromkreisen mit nichtsinusoidalem Verlauf von Strom und
Spanung" Elekt. Z., voI.53,pp.596-599,625-627,700-702,1932.
W Shepherd and P. Zhakikhani. " Suggested definition of reactive
power for nonsinusoidal systems". Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng.
VoI.I19,pp.l361-1362, Sep.1972.
L.S. Czarnecki "An Orthogonal Decomposition of the Current of
Non-Sinusoidal Voltage Sources Applied to Non-Linear Loads".
Circuit Theory and Applications. Vol. 11,235-239. 1983
L. S. Czarnecki, "Considerations on the reactive power in nonsinusoidal situations" lEE Trans.on Instr. and Meas. 1985, IM-34,
pp.399-404.
L. S. Czarnecki:," Distortion power in systems with nonsinusoidal
voltage". lEE Proceeding-B,VoI.139,No.3 May 1992.
D. Sharon. "Reactive power definitions and power factor
improvement in nonlinear systems". Proc lEE, Vol. 120, N6, June
1973.
M.A Slonim J.D. Van Wyk. " Power components in a system with
sinusoidal and nonsinusoidal voltages and/or currents". lEE
Proceedings, Vol. 135, Pt.B,No.2, March 1988.
M.A Slonim. "Distortion power in linear and non-linear systems"
Int. J. Electron., vol. 68,no 5,pp.769-778,1990.
F.Ghassemi," New Apparent Power and Power Factor with NonSinusoidal waveforms". Power Engineering Society Winter
Meeting, 2000.IEEE.Volume 4, 23-27 Jan. 2000, pp.:2852 - 2857
A.M. Sommariva, " Power Analysis of One-Ports Under Periodic
Multi-Sinusoidal Operation", IEEE Trans. On Circuits and
Systems.-I: Regular Papers, VoI.53.N9. September 2006.
A. Menti, T. Zacharias, J. Milias-Argitis: "Geometric Algebra: A
Powerful tool for Representing Power Under Nonsinusoidal
Conditions". IEEE Trans. on Circuits and Systems, Vo1.54, N3,
March 2007.
D. Hestenes, G. Sobczyk: " Clifford Algebra to Geometric
Calculus: a unified language for Mathematics and Physics".
(Kluwer Academic, Dordrech/Boston 1986).
Ch. Doran, A. Lasenby:" Geometric Algebra for Physicists".
Cambridge University Press 2005.