Professional Documents
Culture Documents
BAGASSE IN THE
SOCIETY MAURITIAN
CONTEXT
RAMJAN ABDALLAH IRFAAN
- 1413803
HALKHARI VEDHISH
- 1413874
- 1413875
RUGHOOA ASHISH
- 1414148
- 1414202
Faculty of Engineering
Mechanical and Production Engineering Department
University of Mauritius
Authors:
- 1413803
HALKHARI VEDHISH
- 1413874
- 1413875
RUGHOOA ASHISH
- 1414148
- 1414202
ABSTRACT
This assignment aimed at identifying and harnessing the capacity of one source of energy on the society.
The chosen energy source in this case was energy obtained from bagasse fibre.- extracted from
sugarcane a widely grown crop plant in Mauritius. In line with the green energy systems and
mechanisms, the island is geared towards a sustainable environment. Thus, in the assignment, it
enlightens both the positive and negative impacts of tapping energy from bagasse. The rationale behind
using this natural fibre can be attributed to its cost-effectiveness and tackling climate improvement, the
benefits to the environment and achieving the Renewable Energy Target. This assignment detailed the
impact of engineering work, where the pyrolysis of biomass, gasification and direct combustion is
explained. Bagasse is highly suitable for production of electricity as well as coal, but since one of them is
ought to be the best, further description has been given in line during this assignment. Besides, health
and safety issues relation to the installation and use of bagasse has been explained, including
engineering controlled measures. Crucial factors influencing bio energy potential is discussed and key
issues such as land controlled measures and impacts examined. Moreover, measures for assessing a
better environmental potential through the impacts are suggested in the concluding comments such as
the use of CO2 scrubbers.
CONTENTS
PAGE NO.
TABLE OF TABLES
iii
TABLE OF FIGURES
iii
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION
1.1: OBJECTIVES
1.2: REPORT OUTLINE
1.3. PROJECT SCHEDULE
1.3.1. Gantt chart
CHAPTER 2. RATIONALE BEHIND THE USAGE OF BAGASSE FOR ENERGY PRODUCTION
CHAPTER 3. ENERGY FROM BAGASSE IN THE LOCAL CONTEXT
3.1: DEFINING ENERGY SOURCE
3.2: INDUSTRY DESCRIPTION
3.3: COMPARING BAGASSE WITH PETROLEUM (USAGE OF ENERGY PRODUCTION) IN
MAURITIUS
3.4: FUEL OIL IN MAURITIUS
CHAPTER 4. FEASIBILITY OF BAGASSE FOR ENERGY PRODUCTION IN MAURITIUS
4.1: FUEL CHARACTERISTICS
4.2: BAGASSE AS A BIOMASS
CHAPTER 5. BAGASSE CONTENT
1
2
3
10
13
14
15
16
17
19
20
7.2 Operation
7.2.1. Atmospheric pollution
7.2.2. Visual degradation
7.2.3. Water pollution
7.2.4. Fire risk
7.2.5. Transportation
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
33
35
REFERENCES
36
ii
TABLE OF TABLES
CONTENTS
PAGE NO.
Table 2: Assumptions of calorific values and environmental effects on survey from power
plants
10
10
13
17
17
TABLE OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Gantt chart
Figure 2: Bagasse fibre remains after extraction
Figure 3: Energy flows for an efficient system described in electricity production
Figure 4: Stages of sugar cane till generation of electricity
Figure 5: Welding
Figure 6: Factory workers in India
Figure 7: Process of loss of phosphorus
Figure 8: Pivot irrigation system
3
5
8
10
14
15
16
18
iii
18
18
23
iv
1. INTRODUCTION
Energy production, ingress and consumption are an integral part of financial development. After UN
declaring the year 2009 as the International year of natural fibre, industries are attempting to
decrease the use of synthetic and petroleum based materials due to the increased environmental
awareness. Eventually this leads to explore eco-friendly materials to replace the present (mostly
synthetic) ones. Today bagasse remains the central source of green renewable energy with a total of
17% and only 4.2% from other renewable sources (United Nations, 2009).
Bagasse is widely known for its fibrous characteristics. It is the biomass remaining after processing
sugarcane for extraction of sugar. About 30% by mass of bagasse is generated by sugar mills expressed
on total amount of cane crushed (Deepchand, 2005). Bagasse is burnt to produce steam and the later is
used for production of electricity for the needs of industry. The electricity produced in excess is then
sold to the electricity grid (K.Elahee, 2010). Bagasse is also used as an emerging attractive feedstock for
bioethanol production. For bioethanol production, the calorific value of bagasse plays a major role,
which is affected by its composition water content and calorific value of the Sugarcane crop i.e.
sucrose content (Salman Zafar, 2015). Bagasse has a net calorific value of about 8000kJ/kg at a
moisture content of 48%. In 2010, 1,406,371 tonnes of bagasse was used to generate 550.4GWh of
power. (J.Chummun, 2012) This statement validates that the use of bagasse for production of energy is
highly efficient and is thus important.
The assignment focuses on the energy production from bagasse (through comparisons with the energy
obtained from coal) and the impacts on society. Health and safety issues related to the installation and
use of bagasse and others are also discussed. An attempt has equally been made to try to streamline the
impacts in the Mauritian context. The points mentioned describe the importance of bagasse chosen
1.1. OBJECTIVES
The aim of this assignment is to harness the impact of production of energy from bagasse on the
society. The points addressed include,
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1. The impacts of using Bagasse as an energy source on the environment which is compared to
coal which is further detrimental.
2. The impact of engineering work which is related to bagasse and how it affects the
environment.
3. The benefits which are also brought by bagasse as a use of energy source.
4. The health and safety hazards related to the installation and use of bagasse.
5. The nature of pollution net energy ratio and CO2 emission to the environment.
6. Environmental impact assessment both positive and negative aspects.
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3|Page
Renewable energy options are exploited and this sustainable development is promoted.
When burnt in quantity, sufficient heat energy is produced to supply needs of a typical sugar
mill, enough energy to be spared.
Compared to other sources of energy i.e. coal for example, bagasse is more beneficial to
the environment (discussed below in the contents).
Additional power delivered can be sustained once again into the framework for a benefit.
Vitality from bagasse produces less nursery gas outflows than customary fossil-fuel era.
On the off chance that bagasse were left to decay, it would separate and discharge nursery
gasses, especially methane, which is 27 times a larger number of hazardous to the ozone
than carbon dioxide.
It assumes an essential part in offering Mauritius some assistance with achieving its
Renewable Energy Target.
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It has the good point of interest of being carbon impartial, implying that utilizing it as a fuel does notadd
to the creation of carbon dioxide and subsequently greenhouse effects. It is likewise promptly accessible
in plenitude during half of the year. Mauritius produces around 6 million tons of sugarcane consistently
(every year) and around 35% of this is left as bagasse in the wake after handing out. Coal utilized as a
part of Mauritius is foreign made from South-Africa or Mozambique and is usually low in sulfur content.
The fundamental issue connected with coal-fired generation is as to its carbon-dioxide emission.
(tradechakra, nd)
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Bagasse is mainly used in energy production. Bagasse is burnt for generation of steam in sugar cane
factories the high pressure steam obtained is used for prime movers and generation of power is
commonly known in Mauritius. (vcampus.uom, nd). The power segment in Mauritius has experienced
intense changes amid the most recent couple of years. The country has moved from a condition of
practically finish reliance on petroleum items for power era to another position whereby the greater
part of the power is produced from coal and bagasse. The sugar business has contributed colossal sums
to produce more power from bagasse amid yield season and from coal within off-season. (tradechakra,
nd)
Realization of system reliability is met when the generation capacity is able to adjust the need efficiently
at all times, even under conditions of scheduled maintenances and forced outages (Google.mu, 2015).
Sugar cane, representing over 85% of the cultivable land in Mauritius, is the one of the most productive
plant in terms of its regeneration properties that is from solar energy to chemical potential energy.
However, on the grounds to international crisis, the sugar industry is at cross-roads (Ramjeawon, 2015).
Fortunately, with the scope of breakthrough co-generation techniques, the sugar industries not only
produce the own electricity but also can produce additional electricity for sale to other electricity users
such as the national grid. So in one line, we could say that bagasse has already helped us a lot.
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Mauritius has been one of the first countries across the globe to implement the use of cane bagasse to
achieve cogeneration capacity. This has been part of the countrys Sugar Sector Strategic Plan (the
production of power from renewable assets, particularly bagasse.)
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3. Sugar factories are capable of now harnessing the on-site bagasse supply to go
ahead of meeting their own energy necessities and generate surplus electricity for
trade to the national grid or directly to users.
Figure 3: Energy flows for an efficient system described in electricity production (Dr J Woods, PhD
Thesis, 2000)
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5. BAGASSE CONTENT
Bagasse consists mainly of cellulose, hemi-cellulose, pentosans, lignin, sugars, wax and minerals. The
fibre content in bagasse varies from 22 to 36 %.
Parameter
Weight %
Proximate Analysis
Moisture
58.7
Ash
0.8
Volatile Matter
35.8
Fixed Carbon
4.7
Ultimate Analysis
Carbon
19.2
Hydrogen
2.6
Sulfur
< 0.1
Ash
0.8
77.1
Heating value
7620kJ/kg
The table above describes the composition of bagasse. Proximate analysis exhibits behavior on internal
mechanisms/properties of bagasse whereas ultimate analysis implies on the origin nature of the natural
fibre. (yahoo, nd)
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Cane cultivation
and Harvest
Machine time
hours
Tractor fuel
consumption
Irrigation
Herbicides and
fertilizers
application
Cane harvest
Nutrient
leaching and
emissions
Cane burning
Transportations
Emissions
Cane transport
Fertilizer
transport
Sugar
processing and
electricity
generation
Fertilizer and
herbicides
manufacture
Herbicides
manufacture
Water
consumption
Fertilizers
manufacture
Wastes
generation
Herbicides
transport
Electricity
generation
Sugar transport
Subsystem
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Assumptions
Cane burning
Transportation
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generation
NOTE:
The net energy ratio may be defined as the electric energy received by the utility grid per amount of
fossil fuel energy provided within the system. (energy-reality.org, nd)
Results
Table 3: Net energy ratio defined as per source energy used
Fuels
Bagasse
Fossil fuels
Natural gas
13.0
0.3
0.4
(Ramjeawon, 2015)
It is found that the net energy ratio of bagasse is approximately 13. When compared to coal is
0.3 and to that of natural gas electricity is 0.4 (Ramjeawon, 2015).
That is for the same amount of electricity generated; much less fossil fuels are involved within
the system for bagasse compared to that of coal and natural gas.
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This makes bagasse a very reliable and renewable energy source but only to a certain extent
when 7% of its electricity is from fossil fuels indirectly through its fertilizers and production
process.
The emissions due to fossil utilization in the production of sugar cane and in sugar manufacture,
The methane emissions from sugar cane burning and the N2O emissions from the soil,
The avoided emissions due to bagasse substituting for fuel oil (or coal) in sugar manufacture
The emissions avoided due to the export of electricity, substituting for fuel oil.
The table shown below represents the gaseous emissions from oil, coal and bagasse, producing 1GWh of
electricity under the African conditions.
Table 4: Variation of parameters alongside electricity form used
ELECTRICITY FORM
Parameter
Oil
Coal
Bagasse
Greenhouse, kg CO2 eq
898,000
1,030,000
35,600
Human toxicity, HC
15,600
8290
449
Acidification, kg AP
10,700
6110
356
920
81
23.8
Non-renewable energy
12,400,000
12,000,000
261,000
(Ramjeawon, 2015)
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Comparing bagasse-based electricity to oil-based electricity, the former provides a total saving of 900 t
of CO2 (eq)/GWh and 10 t of SO2 (eq)/GWh.
The use of bagasse substituting for oil as fuels results in about 310,000 t CO2 which equivalent to about
15%-18% of the entire CO2 emissions from fossil fuels on the island.
From the statistics described in the table above, it can be deduced that from all the parameters, the
most favorable source for production of electricity is bagasse. The only drawback amongst is the cause
of eutrophication and this is due to the use of fertilizers and is explained in the next section.
Electricity provided to
small welding businesses
through gasification.
Figure 5: Welding (ashden.org, nd.)
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Respiratory inorganics
Eutrophication
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Climate change
(Anon, 2015)
Figure 7: Process of loss of phosphorus
A better systematic way of irrigation will efficiently lead to a more justified use of water irrigations in the
future.
Over the past four decades, the use of fertilizers in the sugar industry has greatly increased.
Under the South African conditions the aerial parts of an adequately fertilized 12 month-old rain fed
plant cane crop contained 168kg of N, 18kg of P and 214 kg of K /ha. An irrigated plant cane crop of
similar age and variety removed 276 kg N, 29kg P and 790kg K /ha. (Wood, 1990)
As it can be seen the sugar cane plants rapidly deplete the nutrients from the soil, notably N and K.
This extract was taken from a test carried: (T Mardamootoo, 2015)
The test revealed that the agronomic threshold range of 80 to 100 mg P kg-1 overlays the environmental
critical range of 85 to 95 mg P kg-1. These demonstrate that the soils which are agronomically suitable
for sugarcane cultivation in Mauritius are unsafe from the freshwater viewpoint. 52%, implying 32, 000
ha of the sugarcane lands of the island consisted of excessive P after soil testing was carried out. This
can damage the quality of the existing freshwater and eventually the biodiversity of those resources if
no corrective actions are taken. (T Mardamootoo, 2015)
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Electricity from
Eutrophication, kg NP
Oil
Coal
bagasse
270
392
442
Unfortunately bagasse comes from a green renewable source. Thus, it requires some fertilizers and
water, which gradually leads to eutrophication.
IRRIGATION
1996
2005
SYATEM
(Ha.)
Ha.)
6 350
4 500
-29%
Surface irrigation
1 600
780
-51%
5 950
10 500
+76%
% change
Total
13 900
16 300
+17%
(Anon, 2015)
It can be therefore deduced that the increase in the pivot, drag line, and drip techniques seem to be
the most appropriate to ensure proper water usage and for maximum water delivery to the plants.
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7.1.5. Socio-economic
During period of harvest, a lot of workers will be hired, hence providing local employment
opportunities.
7.2 Operation
7.2.1. Atmospheric pollution
Atmospheric pollution is on different levels depending whether it is crop season or not. When the
plant operates on coal, it releases greenhouse gases contributing to global warming. Ever during
crop season, carbon dioxide gas is released; however, it is also argued that the sugar cane plant
absorbs a considerable amount of carbon dioxide that is given off during the whole process of
harvesting the crop, transporting it to the plant and the burning of the bagasse.
Carbon monoxide emissions contribute to global warming, such that 1 gram of CO is considered to
harm the same harmful effect as that of CO2. This gas also poses health risks affecting the nervous
system, the circulatory system in the human body as well as the respiratory system.
Release of oxides of nitrogen contributes to greenhouse effect, acid rain and eutrophication as
described before in the previous chapter 6.6.
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7.2.5. Transportation
Increase in traffic due to greater number of lorries being used to transport coal/sugarcane to the
plant. It also increases noise and air pollution. In addition, fuel is used to power the lorry which
makes another environmental negative effect by release of harmful gases.
absorb from the atmosphere during its growing phase, which makes the process of cogeneration
greenhouse gas-neutral. (Salman Zafar, 2015)
In many countries including Mauritius, bagasse is used as a biomass for ethanol production.
8.2.Gasification
It is the conversion of biomass into gaseous fuels. This is achieved by the oxidation of the biomass at
high temperatures. This process allows the production of methanol and hydrogen, each of which can be
used as a fuel in the near future. (Some details about the impacts of gasification on the society have
been discussed in section 6.4.)
Gasification normally occurs in gasifiers. This takes place in four stages:
Pyrolysis: When a high temperature is applied to the dry biomass, it decomposes into organic
vapours, gases, carbon and tars.
Reduction: A series of gases reaction occurs in this process. Hydrogen, methane and carbon dioxide
is produced when water vapour reacts with carbon. Carbon monoxide is produced when carbon
dioxide reacts with carbon.
Combustion: The carbon and tars that is produced during pyrolysis reacts with oxygen to produce
heat and carbon dioxide. The heat is used further in the gasification stages.
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8.4. Fermentation
It is the process whereby ethanol is produced. There are two most commonly used methods to produce
ethanol. One way is to ferment the starch in the plant using yeast and the other way is to use enzymes
to break down the cellulose in the plants fibers.
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8.5.Anaerobic digestion
This is the conversion of organic matter to biogas. Biogas is a mixture of methane and carbon dioxide. In
this process, biomass is converted by bacteria in the absence of oxygen. Anaerobic digestion is widely
used for treating wet organic wastes. The biogas produced can be upgraded to natural gas and use it in
grids.
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The health and safety are essential for the good unwinding of the company. Due to health and
safety issues, the plant must be operated within the limits of the environmental standards and
guidelines and it must be in line with international standards.
For the safety of the workers, regular maintenance programmes must be performed to reduce
dust nuisance, smoke nuisance, odour nuisance and noise nuisance.
Spontaneous combustion
Environmental impacts
If bagasse were left to decompose, it would break down and release greenhouse gases such as
methane which is more dangerous to the ozone than carbon dioxide. So bagasse needs to be
suitably stocked in order not to rot or spontaneously combust. (Purchase BS et al., 2013)
An improvement in storing bagasse is that it is stocked in piles. This lead to advantages like
a) Economise space
b) Reduce fire risk
c) Prevent deterioration
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Even though information is lacking, the risk of severe loss during storage is obvious. In the
situation of overall efficiency in the conversion of biomass to electricity, the storage phase is
significant because it can most likely affect energy recovery by as much as 25%.
Smoking: a potential cause of fire in sugar mills is smoking. Workers tend to throw
their lighted cigarette everywhere and due to bagasse combustible nature, it can easily
spread fire rapidly.
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Hot surface: conduction of heat from boilers, furnaces and pipelines can cause ignition
and setup a fire.
Mechanical sparks: sparks from drilling and grinding operations can set fire to bagasse
fibres.
Bagasse can also catch fire by cause of electrical motors or wiring if any defects or short circuits
are noted.
9.5. Bagassosis
This is a respiratory disease while handling bagasse due to the inhalation of dried bagasse dust.
It occurs mostly when bagasse are baled in a warm moist state.
The symptoms of bagassosis
Cough
Chest pain
Weakness
Loss of weight
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a) Fencing- the area where bagasse is handled and stored must be well fenced to prevent
intruders from getting access and to prevent any malicious act
b) Intermittent spray system- this system controls the temperature in bagasse piles
minimising the risk of spontaneous ignition. Water is sprayed all over the piles when the
temperature reaches a critical value. But it contributes to bagasse decaying due to the
presence of water.
c) Ventilation- both natural and artificial system are important depending where bagasse
is stored. For the reason that the workers do not suffocate and also for their safety.
d) Fire fighting equipment- different places in the same section where bagasse is stored
must contain appropriate fire fighting equipments just in case of any outbreak of fire.
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The ease of use of land for energy crops manufacture (as against for food crops production) and
other competing land uses.
Different methods of land use possibilities for degraded land, like protected and recreational
areas, carbon confiscation, or for example the usage of nitrogen fixing crops.
The accessible technology for energy crop production, treatment and transport and alteration to
energy. Technology is a main concern as it impacts energy expenses as well as being vital to
make certain, the most favorable carbon/energy balances, and also to lessen local emissions (air
quality issues).
Biomass manufacture improvements could likely improve biomass yield (plant genetic
and breeding technology), as fit to reduce manufacture costs and progress
environmental quality.
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These are critical elements to be taken into account in a biomass resource supply chain.
The cost of biomass crops as aligned with other crops (farmers participation relies on financial
aspects: profitability is a key choice criterion), as well as the decisive manufacture cost of the
renewable energy which regulates its competitiveness with fossil fuels.
Policy and regulatory surroundings, and the degree at which it is conducive to the progress of
renewable energy circumstances.
The significance of these key problems will turn out to be all the more logical by turning out awareness
to sugarcane biomass, the leading biomass source in Mauritius (covering more than 80 percent of its
arable land). (Emission factor documentation, April 1993)
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11. DISCUSSION
Based on the comments made by several authors, the following general analysis has been made.
As it is seen in this research work, till now bagasse has already offered Mauritius a successful approach
towards the green society. The numerous clear-cut impacts of bagasse make it suitable to be used in
multiple of ways to meet our necessary requirements. However, despite being the primary green energy
in Mauritius, it contributes to only a small extent of about 16-18% of the total electricity generated.
Researchers have been trying to increase the level of the fibrous content for generation of power and in
line such that our sugarcane plants are more reliable and efficient. More energy will be released
producing more electricity. However, the choice will then be between sugarcane with more fibre and
sugarcane with more sugar content. Of course this will have an impact on the socio-economic
development. (mrc.org.mu, 2016)
While other sections (social factors) such as cutting labour, transportation labour, milling factories are
already developed, there are some sections such as the above mentioned, biotechnology still imparts
some employability. Hence, this offers the potential individuals an opportunity to explore and apply the
theory.
The impacts related to bagasse are eutrophication, climate change and respiratory inorganics. The
impacts are due to fly ash emissions from the boiler. A solution to this problem would be to equip the
plant with fly ash removal systems. Besides, fertilizers and pesticides should be effectively used.
Electricity produced from bagasse offer eco-friendly benefits for human toxicity, acidification, and nonrenewable energy input and greenhouse gas emissions). On the other hand, it does not stipulate
environmental benefits for freshwater consumption and eutrophication.
The environmental impact assessment shows that only a few problems arises during the construction
and operational period, notably air pollution and water pollution being the most important ones.
However, we do also notice the creation of employment during and after the construction phase namely
for the running of the plant exploiting bagasse as an energy source as well as in the cultivation of
sugarcane plant, from which the bagasse is extracted. As such, the process of harnessing energy from
bagasse isnt as harmful compared to other fuels used in plants. The environmental impact triggered by
the manufacture of bagasse through sugar cane cultivation is almost five times more than that of
electricity production in the power plant itself. (T Ramjeawon, 2007)
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Flue gases are also treated by a series of chemical processes and scrubbers. Fly ash from bagasse
combustion are usually used as fertilizers in the sugarcane fields itself, hence reducing amount of
chemical fertilizers used and reducing the risk of water pollution and eutrophication by the chemicals.
Flue-desulfurization eliminates oxides of sulphur from the exhaust gas while oxides of nitrogen are
reduced by altering the combustion process.
Another point to consider is fire risk due to storage of coal in the plant. To reduce this risk, the storage
needs to be done in a secluded place from the plant and coal sent to the boilers by conveyor belts only.
Also the storage area should be strictly regulated and no flammable objects or objects which may cause
sparks leading to fire should be handled in that space.
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12. CONCLUSION
This assignment has thrown light onto the benefits and impacts of using bagasse as a source of energy
production (and coal). Most, specifically the impacts on both socio and environmental sides have been
analyzed. Mauritius must branch out its energy supplies beyond dependence on petroleum. The use of
coal is encouraged by companies since it is cheap and is readily accessible anytime during the year.
Contrarily, bagasse is available only during crop-harvest season of sugarcane. Mauritius should evade
any jeopardy of locking itself into a never-ending coal energy prospect. We must keep its options open
for other cleaner, less costly energy source (fuel) of the future. Without coal, bagasse power plants
would be unprofitable, and without bagasse as a mitigating factor, the higher level of environmental
damage caused by coal power plants would have been unacceptable. (Felix Ah-Kee, 2013). Sugarcane
is considered to have high bioconversion efficiency due to its high ability of capturing sunlight
to fix atmospheric carbon into biomass. The biomass is considered to be a major renewable
energy in countries producing sugarcane like Mauritius. The usage of bagasse as a fuel and form of
energy result in sustainable production and power generation which in turns can solve the essential
issues of environmental pollution, energy crisis, wasteland development, power transmission losses and
rural employment generation. From the research carried out, it has been found that the positive impacts
outnumber the negative impact. Bagasse is a non-polluting fuel if it is completely burnt to produce CO2
which forms part of the natural carbon cycle. However safety measures should be taken in consideration
when using bagasse in plants and alternative policies should be implemented to counter drawbacks,
which side-effects the environment. Thus, bagasse is a renewable, elegantly available carbon neutral
fuel and can greatly increase employability in the thermal industry. This is because bagasse can reduce
the dependency on other fuel which needs to be imported from other countries and this is costly but
has proven to be very positive for the environment.
However, the government should definitely consider reviewing the percentage use of coal for
production of electricity such that an appropriate balance is made between the generated profits and
the level of damage to the environment to be minimized. Concerning the Gas Carbo (leading food
grade gas supplier) project at Omnicane, again, the government should review the amount of CO2
released in air by other powerplants so as to reduce the emission of CO2 in the atmosphere which would
eventually lessen the contribution to global warming. More CO2 scrubbers should be used such that the
exhaust gases are treated before release to the atmosphere.
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