Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Metallic Materials I:
Basic Concepts, Mineral Processing, &
Metal Extraction
OBJECTIVES
Describe important properties of metals
Explain the process used for extracting
ELECTRONIC
MATERIALS
COMPOSITES
METALS
METALS
Good thermal
and electrical
conductors
Strong yet
deformable
METALS
Do not easily
break
Malleable
Ductile
Not
transparent
Lustrous
High-density
Ductility of Metals
Deformation under tensile stress
Malleability of Metals
Deformation under compressive stress
A gold nugget of 5 mm in
diameter can be expanded
through hammering into a gold
foil of about 0.5 square meter.
Toughness
Electrical Conductivity of
Metals
Thermal Conductivity of
Metals
So where do metals
come from?
Metal Sources
NATURAL
RECYCLED
VALUABLE
MINERAL
GANGUE
COPPER
IRON
HEMATITE
(Fe2O3)
LIMONITE
(Fe2O3H2
O)
ALUMINUM
BAUXITE
(Al2O3H2
O)
MAGNETITE
(Fe3O4)
LEAD
GALENA
(PbS)
CHALCOPYRITE
(CuFeS2)
BORNITE
(FeS2CU2S
CuS)
SILVER
ARGENTITE
(Ag2S)
Thinking Part
Thinking Part
Advantages:
as sorting of scrap
Metal
Energy
Energy
Expended
Expended Net Energy
on
on Recovery Savings on
Production
from Scrap Recycling
from Ore
(secondary)
(primary)
Magnesium
372
10
362
Aluminum
253
13
340
Nickel
150
16
134
Copper
116
19
97
Zinc
68
19
49
Steel
33
14
19
Lead
28
10
18
MINERAL PROCESSING
liberation of valuable minerals from the ores by crushing and
grinding, and their separation by physical methods
COMMINUTION
SIZING
CONCENTRATION
DEWATERING
1. Comminution
Crushing of ore to smaller sizes necessary for mechanical
CRUSHING
GRINDING
2. Sizing
Separation of fractions into component sizes
SCREENING/SIEVING CLASSIFICATION
3. Concentration
Separation and collection of valuable minerals
in bulk.
GRAVITY SEPARATOR
FLOTATION
MAGNETIC
ELECTROSTATIC
3. Concentration
Gravity Concentration
Collection of valuable minerals wherein specific gravity and
4. Dewatering
Removal of water from solids
Objectives:
Decrease pulp weight to reduce handling and shipping
cost
Adjust the characteristics of the process streams so that
they are suitable for subsequent treatments
Necessary to be able to recover and recycle water within
the plant and prevent contamination of freshwater
resources
4. Dewatering
THICKENING
FILTERING
Thickening
Allows a dilute suspension of fine
solids in a liquid to settle in a
tank, until a clear liquid layer is at
the top of thicker mud layer
Filtering
Done by removing solid particles
from the liquid by passing the
fluid through a filtering medium
on which the solids build up
METAL EXTRACTION
chemical processing of a concentrate
PYROMETALLURGY
ELECTROMETALLURGY
HYDROMETALLURGY
Pyrometallurgy
High-temperature, non-aqueous reactions
changing temperature
Pyrometallurgy
separation
melting
smelting
Slag
Matte
less dense
(nonvaluable
constituent)
solutions of various
sulfides (usually of
copper, iron and
nickel)
Hydrometallurgy
Production of metallic materials/ compounds
Solution
Purification
and
Concentration
Metal
Recovery/
Winning
1. Leaching
dissolution
a. Concentration Leaching desired metal is
Methods:
Ion Exchange uses synthetic polymer resins
designed to exchange ions for ions in solution
2. Solvent Extraction a distributive process
wherein the valuable metal is allowed to
partition itself between two immiscible phases
1.
3. Metal Winning
Final recovery of metal
Electrometallurgy
Utilizes electrons for reduction of metal ions
Uses reactivity series for:
Metal recovery from solution
ELECTROWINNING
Metal purification ELECTROREFINING
Application of metallic coating ELECTROPLATING
Electrowinning
electrolytic process in which cathodic
Electrorefining
involves dissolution of the impure metal
Electroplating
process that uses
electric current to
reduce dissolved
metal cations so
that they form a
coherent metal
coating on an
electrode.