M.

Norazizi Sham Mohd Sayuti, PhD

Faculty Science and Technology

STROUD

Worked examples and exercises are in the text

KEH1123 Engineering Mathematics I

Differentiation

The gradient of a curve at a given point

Algebraic determination of the gradient of a curve
Derivatives of powers of x
Differentiation of polynomials
Derivatives an alternative notation
Standard derivatives and rules
Differentiation of products of functions
Differentiation of a quotient of two functions
Functions of a function

KEH1123 Engineering Mathematics I

The gradient of a straight-line graph

STROUD

Worked examples and exercises are in the text

The gradient of the sloping straight line in the figure is defined as:
the vertical distance the line rises and falls between the two points P and Q
the horizontal distance between P and Q

KEH1123 Engineering Mathematics I

The gradient of a straight-line graph

STROUD

Worked examples and exercises are in the text

The gradient of a curve at a given point

Algebraic determination of the gradient of a curve
Derivatives of powers of x
Differentiation of polynomials
Derivatives an alternative notation
Standard derivatives and rules
Differentiation of products of functions
Differentiation of a quotient of two functions
Functions of a function

KEH1123 Engineering Mathematics I

The gradient of a straight-line graph

STROUD

Worked examples and exercises are in the text

If we take two points P and Q on a curve and calculate, as we did for the
straight line, the ratio of the vertical distance the curve rises or falls and the
horizontal distance between P and Q the result will depend on the points
chosen:

KEH1123 Engineering Mathematics I

The gradient of a curve at a given point

STROUD

Worked examples and exercises are in the text

The gradient of a curve at a point P is defined to be the gradient of the

tangent at that point:

KEH1123 Engineering Mathematics I

The gradient of a curve at a given point

STROUD

Worked examples and exercises are in the text

The gradient of a curve at a given point

Algebraic determination of the gradient of a curve
Derivatives of powers of x
Differentiation of polynomials
Derivatives an alternative notation
Standard derivatives and rules
Differentiation of products of functions
Differentiation of a quotient of two functions
Functions of a function

KEH1123 Engineering Mathematics I

The gradient of a straight-line graph

STROUD

Worked examples and exercises are in the text

The gradient of the chord PQ is

dy
y
and the gradient of the tangent at P is
dx
x

KEH1123 Engineering Mathematics I

Algebraic determination of the gradient of a curve

10

STROUD

Worked examples and exercises are in the text

As Q moves to P so the chord rotates. When Q reaches P the chord is

coincident with the tangent.
2
For example, consider the graph of y = 2 x 5

KEH1123 Engineering Mathematics I

Algebraic determination of the gradient of a curve

11

STROUD

Worked examples and exercises are in the text

y y = 2( x x) 5

At Q:

= 2 x 2 4 x. x 2 x 5

So

y = 4 x. x 2 x and

As

x 0 so
Therefore

y
= 4 x 2. x
x

y
dy
the gradient of the tangent at P =
x
dx
dy
= 4x
dx

KEH1123 Engineering Mathematics I

Algebraic determination of the gradient of a curve

called the derivative of y with respect to x.

12

STROUD

Worked examples and exercises are in the text

The gradient of a curve at a given point

Algebraic determination of the gradient of a curve
Derivatives of powers of x
Differentiation of polynomials
Derivatives an alternative notation
Standard derivatives and rules
Differentiation of products of functions
Differentiation of a quotient of two functions
Functions of a function

KEH1123 Engineering Mathematics I

The gradient of a straight-line graph

13

STROUD

Worked examples and exercises are in the text

Two straight lines

(a) y = c (constant)

dy = 0 therefore

dy
=0
dx

KEH1123 Engineering Mathematics I

Derivatives of powers of x

14

STROUD

Worked examples and exercises are in the text

Two straight lines

(b)

y = ax

y dy = a ( x dx )
dy = a.dx therefore

dy
=a
dx

KEH1123 Engineering Mathematics I

Derivatives of powers of x

15

STROUD

Worked examples and exercises are in the text

Two curves
(a)

y = x2
y y = ( x x)2

so
2

y = 2 x. x x therefore

therefore

y
= 2x x
x

dy
= 2x
dx

KEH1123 Engineering Mathematics I

Derivatives of powers of x

16

STROUD

Worked examples and exercises are in the text

A clear pattern is emerging:

If y = x n then

dy
= nx n -1
dx

KEH1123 Engineering Mathematics I

Derivatives of powers of x

18

STROUD

Worked examples and exercises are in the text

The gradient of a curve at a given point

Algebraic determination of the gradient of a curve
Derivatives of powers of x
Differentiation of polynomials
Derivatives an alternative notation
Standard derivatives and rules
Differentiation of products of functions
Differentiation of a quotient of two functions
Functions of a function

KEH1123 Engineering Mathematics I

The gradient of a straight-line graph

19

STROUD

Worked examples and exercises are in the text

To differentiate a polynomial, we differentiate each term in turn:

If y = x 4 5 x 3 - 4 x 2 7 x - 2
dy
then
= 4 x3 5 3x 2 - 4 2 x 7 1 - 0
dx

Therefore

dy
= 4 x 3 15 x 2 - 8 x 7
dx

KEH1123 Engineering Mathematics I

Differentiation of polynomials

20

STROUD

Worked examples and exercises are in the text

The gradient of a curve at a given point

Algebraic determination of the gradient of a curve
Derivatives of powers of x
Differentiation of polynomials
Derivatives an alternative notation
Standard derivatives and rules
Differentiation of products of functions
Differentiation of a quotient of two functions
Functions of a function

KEH1123 Engineering Mathematics I

The gradient of a straight-line graph

24

STROUD

Worked examples and exercises are in the text

Standard derivatives
The table of standard derivatives can be extended to include trigonometric
and the exponential functions:

d
( sin x ) = cos x
dx
d
( cos x ) = - sin x
dx
d x
e = ex
dx

( )

KEH1123 Engineering Mathematics I

Standard derivatives and rules

27

STROUD

Worked examples and exercises are in the text

The gradient of a curve at a given point

Algebraic determination of the gradient of a curve
Derivatives of powers of x
Differentiation of polynomials
Derivatives an alternative notation
Standard derivatives and rules
Differentiation of products of functions
Differentiation of a quotient of two functions
Functions of a function

KEH1123 Engineering Mathematics I

The gradient of a straight-line graph

28

STROUD

Worked examples and exercises are in the text

Given the product of functions of x:

y = uv
then:
dy
dv
du
=u
v
dx
dx
dx
This is called the product rule.

KEH1123 Engineering Mathematics I

Differentiation of products of functions

29

STROUD

Worked examples and exercises are in the text

If:

y = uv

then
dy
dv
du
=u
v
dx
dx
dx
For example:

y = x 3 .sin 3 x then
dy
= x 3 .3cos 3 x 3 x 2 sin 3 x
dx
= 3 x 2 ( x cos 3 x sin 3 x )

KEH1123 Engineering Mathematics I

Differentiation of products of functions

30

STROUD

Worked examples and exercises are in the text

The gradient of a curve at a given point

Algebraic determination of the gradient of a curve
Derivatives of powers of x
Differentiation of polynomials
Derivatives an alternative notation
Standard derivatives and rules
Differentiation of products of functions
Differentiation of a quotient of two functions
Functions of a function

KEH1123 Engineering Mathematics I

The gradient of a straight-line graph

31

STROUD

Worked examples and exercises are in the text

Given the quotient of functions of x:

y=
then:

dy
=
dx

u
v

du
dv
-u
dx
dx
v2

This is called the quotient rule.

KEH1123 Engineering Mathematics I

Differentiation of a quotient of two functions

32

STROUD

Worked examples and exercises are in the text

If:

y=

u
v

then
dy
=
dx
For example:

du
dv
-u
dx
dx
2
v
sin 3 x
y=
then
x 1

dy ( x 1)3cos 3 x - sin 3 x.1

=
dx
( x 1) 2

KEH1123 Engineering Mathematics I

Differentiation of a quotient of two functions

33

STROUD

Worked examples and exercises are in the text

The gradient of a curve at a given point

Algebraic determination of the gradient of a curve
Derivatives of powers of x
Differentiation of polynomials
Derivatives an alternative notation
Standard derivatives and rules
Differentiation of products of functions
Differentiation of a quotient of two functions
Functions of a function

KEH1123 Engineering Mathematics I

The gradient of a straight-line graph

34

STROUD

Worked examples and exercises are in the text

Differentiation of a function of a function

To differentiate a function of a function we employ the chain rule.
If y is a function of u which is itself a function of x so that:
y ( x ) = y (u[ x ])
Then:
dy dy du
=

dx du dx
This is called the chain rule.

KEH1123 Engineering Mathematics I

Functions of a function

35

STROUD

Worked examples and exercises are in the text

If:

y = f (u ) and u = F ( x )

then
dy dy du
=
.
dx du dx

For example:

(called the 'chain rule')

y = cos(5 x - 4) so y = cos u and u = 5 x - 4

dy dy du
=
.
dx du dx
= ( - sin u ).5
= -5sin(5 x - 4)

KEH1123 Engineering Mathematics I

Functions of a function

36

STROUD

Worked examples and exercises are in the text