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Abstract
Dynamic and real-time simulation models are developed to simulate the thermal, hydraulic, mechanical, environmental
and energy performance of building a variable air volume VAV. air-conditioning system and its building management
system BMS.. On-line direct digital control DDC. and supervisory strategies of the BMS controlling the dynamic
air-conditioning system are simulated. A window-based users interface is developed to simulate the manmachine interface
of a BMS, through which users can monitor the on-line operation, tune the local control loops, and reset the supervisory
control strategies. This paper presents models, simulation software, and examples that users practice on the simulated on-line
BMS and air-conditioning system using the software. q 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Building management system; Control strategy; Dynamic simulation; Energy; Indoor environment; Learning; Optimal control
1. Introduction
Building management systems BMS. have become an essential part of a modern building that
contributes significant saving potential and function
feasibility. However, the actual achievement of BMS
relies on well-developed and commissioned BMS
hardware and software, well-trained BMS users, and
system designers of adequate knowledge and experience on BMS and dynamic performance of HVAC
systems. Practices show that the lack of knowledge
and experience on BMS andror self-confidence of
)
Corresponding author. Tel.: q852-2766-5858; fax: q8522774-6146.
E-mail address: beswwang@polyu.edu.hk S. Wang..
0926-5805r01r$ - see front matter q 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
PII: S 0 9 2 6 - 5 8 0 5 0 0 . 0 0 0 8 5 - 6
488
Nomenclature
A
Area m2 .
C
CO 2 concentration ppm.
c, c p
Specific heat, specific heat of air kJrkg P K.
C2
Pollutant concentration ppm.
CS
Strength of CO 2 source 10y6 m3rs.
DP
Differential pressure Pa.
G
Humidity kgrkg.
GS
Strength of humidity source kgrs.
H
Damper position 01.
h
Convection coefficient kWrm3 K.
M
Mass of air kg.
m
mass flow rate kgrs.
N
Number of occupants
P
Pressure Pa.
PS
Strength of pollutant source 10y6 m3rs.
Q
Heat load kW.
R
Heat resistance KrkW.
T
Temperature K.
V
Volume m3 .
489
490
491
Fig. 2. Illustration of air-conditioning system, AHU local DDC control loops, and outdoor air flow supervisory strategy.
dTi
dt
s Q i q m vav ,i c p Tvav y Ti .
q m cav ,i c p Tcav y Ti .
q m inf ,i c p Tamb y Ti .
y m exf ,i c p Ti q m i j c p Tj y Ti .
j
Tw ,i y Ti
R wi ,i
Tfut ,i y Ti
R fut ,i
Tsa ,i y Ti
R win ,i
1.
492
Mi
dGi
dt
s GS i q m vav ,i Gvav y Gi .
q m cav ,i Gcav y Gi . q m inf ,i Gamb y Gi .
y m exf ,i Gi q m i j Gj y Gi .
2.
Vi
dCi
dt
3.
Vi
dC2 i
dt
s PS i q vav ,i C2 vav y C2 i .
q cav ,i C2 cav y C2 i .
q inf ,i C2 amb y C2 i . y exf ,i C2 i
q i j C2 j y C2 i .
4.
ws
js
4a
2
p D N
2 PTfan
ra p DN .
ls
800Wfan
4
p D N ra
js
ls
m1
C1 i , j . w iu j
is0
js0
n2
m2
is0
Wmot s
8.
air
9.
2
/
nom
Wfan
10 .
11 .
hfanhmot
ta ,in y t c
Cc
6.
ta ,ex s ta ,in y
/
/
C2 i , j . w iu j
js0
5.
7.
493
dt
t c y t w ,in
R1
R2
SHR ta ,in y t c .
t w ,ex s t w ,in y
R 1Ca
t c y t w ,in
R 2 Cw
12 .
13 .
14 .
494
UA
Cmin
s f Nrow ,
Rs
A
s
Cmin R a q R m q R w .
Cmin
Cmax
Ta ,in y Tw ,in
Q
, NTU
1
s
Cmin
15 .
16 .
17 .
495
Fig. 5. Relationship between control signals and outdoor air enthalpy of combined enthalpy and DVC control implemented.
496
Fig. 6. Overall lighting, equipment, and sensible occupancy load at high occupancy load condition.
497
498
Fig. 8. Tuning VAV temperature controller settings before a test off-line tuning..
Fig. 10. Window demonstrating the current operation status of space control.
499
500
Fig. 11. Tuning of VAV temperature controller during a test on-line tuning..
501
502
Table 1
Summary of energy and environment data of tests in Spring Case high occupancy.
Strategy
Conventional
AHU
temperature
optimisation
VAV
pressure
optimisation
DVC
Enthalpy
control
Outdoor
air flow
optimisation
Overall
control
optimisation
90.32
42.60
67.35
200.28
1799.60
847.09
2646.69
494.35
812.64
987.66
1.39
2.36
5.66
12.6
92.39
42.60
70.23
205.22
y2.47
1792.98
799.02
2592.00
2.07
493.23
0.23
813.12
987.06
1.40
2.35
5.33
7.45
72.54
42.60
67.22
182.37
8.94
1797.03
847.72
2644.76
0.07
476.23
3.67
819.56
987.23
1.36
2.35
5.64
12.3
89.22
42.60
65.97
197.79
1.24
1770.44
845.37
2615.81
1.17
488.44
1.2
860.83
1017.52
1.76
2.94
5.69
13.1
88.94
42.6
67.44
198.98
0.65
1651.86
791.63
2443.49
7.68
470.48
4.83
578.99
1259.01
0.51
2.12
5.67
12.6
90.18
42.60
68.63
201.4
y0.56
1695.94
798.49
2494.43
5.75
478.56
3.19
521.29
916.27
0.38
1.4
5.67
13.9
75.71
42.6
72.12
190.43
4.92
1628.95
712.70
2341.66
11.52
450.61
8.85
519.90
931.02
0.39
1.4
5.34
7.01
503
Table 2
Summary of energy and environment data of tests in Spring Case low occupancy.
Strategy
Conventional
AHU
temperature
optimisation
VAV
pressure
optimisation
DVC
Enthalpy
control
Outdoor
air flow
optimisation
Overall
control
optimisation
84.95
42.6
63.17
190.72
1679.38
835.32
2514.69
470.13
582.51
666.46
1.41
2.42
5.67
11.6
86.58
42.6
66.02
195.2
y2.35
1663.57
781.21
2444.78
2.78
466.84
0.7
581.88
666.12
1.40
2.41
5.29
6.8
66.55
42.6
63.07
172.22
9.7
1677.17
835.54
2512.71
0.08
451.41
3.98
582.60
666.62
1.41
2.42
5.65
11.4
83.15
42.6
60.98
186.73
2.09
1630.49
833.59
2464.08
2.01
460.52
2.05
654.37
747.02
2.11
3.16
5.71
12.2
83.51
42.6
62.96
189.08
0.86
1542.98
785.24
2328.23
7.42
447.77
4.76
454.77
778.74
0.46
2.17
5.69
11.6
84.14
42.6
63.50
190.24
0.25
1567.18
790.25
2357.43
6.25
452.18
3.82
457.14
695.62
0.48
1.65
5.68
11.6
68.68
42.6
66.91
178.19
6.57
1495.78
698.42
2194.19
12.75
421.99
10.24
453.07
695.58
0.47
1.65
5.31
6.59
Table 3
Summary of energy and environment data of tests in Summer Case high occupancy.
Strategy
Conventional
AHU
temperature
optimisation
VAV
pressure
optimisation
DVC
Enthalpy
control
Outdoor
air flow
optimisation
Overall
control
optimisation
97.22
42.6
72.03
211.85
2691.18
1216.29
3907.48
646.01
866.28
1062.81
1.62
2.53
5.36
8.79
100.35
42.6
74.85
217.79
y2.8
2707.16
1157.67
3864.83
1.09
647.22
y0.19
866.22
1063.51
1.61
2.53
5.35
8.31
77.16
42.6
71.93
191.7
9.51
2688.49
1217.86
3906.35
0.03
625.74
3.14
867.07
1062.97
1.61
2.52
5.36
8.06
96.89
42.6
71.64
211.13
0.34
2614.4
1181.03
3795.43
2.87
632.85
2.04
872.34
1036.19
1.80
2.98
5.37
8.99
94.49
42.6
69.47
206.56
2.5
2312.78
1076.55
3389.33
13.26
583.15
9.73
1080.37
1340.95
2.81
3.44
5.42
9.14
96.89
42.6
71.65
211.14
0.33
2614.19
1180.91
3795.1
2.88
632.82
2.04
872.99
1035.8
1.81
2.98
5.37
9.00
79.95
42.6
74.33
196.88
7.07
2632.39
1123.96
3756.35
3.87
614.25
4.92
871.94
1036.05
1.80
2.99
5.35
8.25
504
Table 4
Summary of energy and environment data of tests in Winter Case high occupancy.
Strategy
Conventional
92.66
0
42.6
135.26
1317.08
0
1317.08
281.60
809.04
1020.43
1.16
1.89
6.13
18.1
AHU
temperature
optimisation
VAV
pressure
optimisation
DVC
Enthalpy
control
Outdoor
air flow
optimisation
Overall
control
optimisation
102.23
0
46.49
148.72
y9.9
1291.73
0
1291.73
1.92
292.24
y3.78
845.43
1053.04
1.28
1.89
5.43
13.4
71.28
0
43.14
114.42
15.41
1258.28
0
1258.28
4.46
254.22
9.72
762.89
948.61
1.01
1.68
6.15
18.2
92.55
0
42.48
135.03
0.17
1338.3
0
1338.3
y1.61
283.73
y0.76
803.32
980.28
1.23
2.16
6.12
17.8
92.78
0
44.16
136.95
y1.2
358.33
0
358.33
72.79
176.76
37.23
518.37
609.16
0.41
1.1
6.35
19.3
70.27
0
44.12
114.39
15.43
353.74
0
353.74
73.14
153.69
45.42
517.61
607.31
0.40
1.05
6.35
19.4
82.75
0
49.04
131.79
2.57
326.18
0
326.18
75.23
168.03
40.33
528.86
718.53
0.55
1.4
5.57
14.7
age CO 2 and pollutant concentrations were significantly reduced as a result of more outdoor air used
most of the time. When optimal control of fresh air
flow was used, there was 5.8% saving in cooling coil
energy consumption and the indoor air quality was
improved significantly as indicated by both the average and maximum CO 2 and pollutant concentrations.
When three optimal control strategies were used in
the control of the system, there was 4.9% saving in
fan energy consumption and 11.5% saving in cooling
coil consumption 8.9% overall electricity saving..
The indoor air quality and thermal comfort were
improved significantly.
In the Spring Case with low occupancy load
Table 2., the overall control optimisation contributed 6.6% saving in fan energy consumption,
12.8% saving in cooling coil energy consumption,
and 10.2% saving in overall electricity consumption.
The indoor air quality was improved significantly
most time of the day and the thermal comfort was
noticeably improved as indicated by the maximum
and average values of PPD.
In the Summer Case with high occupancy load
Table 3., the overall control optimisation contributed 7.1% saving in fan energy consumption,
3.9% saving in cooling coil energy consumption, and
8. Conclusions
Tests and teachingrlearning practices show that
dynamic system simulation is a convenient and attractive tool for the learning and training purposes of
BMS users and students. They can learn the dynamic
operation characteristics, the energy and environmental performances of air-conditioning system and BMS
supervisory control strategies. The users can get the
direct personal experiences on the control dynamics, environmental and energy performances of airconditioning system, and their on-line control strategies.
The users can get the experience on the tuning of
the local loop controllers, the operation of the supervisory control strategies, the air-conditioning system
dynamics, the effects of the control settings and
strategies on the air-conditioning system control, energy and environmental performance by playing window-based software on the computer. The users get
the experience of operating the BMS in a safe and
relax environment. Such an environment gives great
encouragement to the usersrstudents in learning and
practicing BMS and control strategies.
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Acknowledgements
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References
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w1x J. Lebrun, S.W. Wang, Evaluation and Emulation of Building Energy Management Systems Synthesis Report, IEA
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