Situation of Urban Children and Youth

Given their impoverished condition, children in BASECO are pushed to take on the
responsibilities of their parents early in life. In fact, when Racky (14 years old) was asked what
he considered as the youth's strengths and capabilities, he cited the capacity to help their
parents. These children were born into an environment where a carefree life is almost
impossible. Instead of thinking about how to divide their time between schoolwork and play, 10to 14-year-old children are already worrying about how they can help their parents cover the
family's daily living expenses and other basic needs.
The youth cope in part by forming barkada (peer groups or gangs), which serve as support
systems to help them deal with their many problems. Called fraternities, like Trese Hudas and
AKRO, they have about 50 members each.. They test their members' survival skills and loyalty
to the organization through violent hazing. Ranging from I 3 to 17 years of age, the youth that
join fraternities are usually the ones in conflict with the law.
Health
Among all the communities in Manila, BASECO is the only barangay with its own health center.
However, for some residents, especially those of Block I, the health center's location in Block
17-A poses problems of accessibility.
Organized and funded by the Department of Health (DOH), the. health center offers free
services. These include consultation, immunization (OPT, OPV, BCG, AMV-antimeasles, and
hepatitis B), and prenatal and postnatal checkup. The Manila Health Department supervises,
monitors, and evaluates the programs and services of the center, together with the barangay
health workers (BHWs).
The health center also has annual activities such as supplemental feeding for malnourished
children and the Garantisadong Pambata program involving the distribution of vitamin A
supplements and conducted in partnership with other agencies.
The use of iodized salt instead of natural rock salt is not popular in BASECO for cost and
accessibility reasons. A majority of the respondents do not even know if iodized salt is available
in any of the sari-sari stores. The health center is the only known source of iodized salt.
Water and sanitation
As mentioned earlier, the MAYNILAD service is the community's only source of potable water.
Most of the residents complain, however, that the water is not clear, especially after flooding.
Thus, they are uncertain whether the water is I OO-percent safe to drink.
Hygiene and sanitation remain primary problems in the community. Piles of stagnating garbage
are a common sight in the area. Upon entering each block, one feels the ground underneath

one's feet transform into a mushy flooring of garbage accumulated from the sea. Thinking about
the kinds of disease acquired from walking barefoot 011 the equivalent of hardened burak
(water from the canal mixed with garbage and soil) suggests a nightmarish scenario.
The absence of sanitary toilets, as is the case for the majority of the households, makes the
community, especially the children, further vulnerable to illnesses. The most common practice of
waste disposal is the "Antipolo" type, or throwing human waste into the seashore near the
breakwater. Some dispose of their waste in the open drainage or garbage dump; others use the
toilets of their neighbors, friends, or relatives. A number use the public toilet or bury their waste.
Child health and nutrition
Based on recent health center reports, there are approximately 56q newly identified secondand third-degree malnourished children in the community. In a family of five to seven children,
usually three are malnourished. The more children there are in a family, the higher the
frequency of malnourished children, as the parents cannot afford enough nutritious food for all
of them.
To address the nutritional needs of the children and help the parents minimize expenses, three
sets of feeding activities are presently implemented ,in the community. One is the KALAHI
program, which feeds a total of 260 moderately and severely malnourished children twice a day
at the barangay health center. The second is the twice-a-week feeding activity of the
Kababaihan ng Maynila (Women of Manila), which is funded by the Manila mayor. It is carried
out at the nutrition post in Block 7, identified as one of the most depressed areas in the
community. The third is the sporadic feeding program of World Mission Community Foundation
(WMCF).
Children aged 0 to 2 years are required to go to the health center at the end of each month for
checkups and weighing. According t_ the BHW, however, a majority of the "caregivers" take
their children to the health center only when - they are sick. Most rely on the house visits of the
BHWs.
There are seven BHWs at the health center. Each of them has an assignment, covering one to
four blocks, depending on size. By conducting house visits, they are able to monitor the children
closely. Most children thus get vitamin A supplements and complete immunization. Problem
arises, though, . when the families change residence.
One factor affecting the health of children relates to the religious or ethnic beliefs of their
parents or families. Muslim_ in Block 13, for instance, resist immunization. They believe that
injecting foreign objects into the body makes the body impure. Once, a Muslim child died of
measles complication after being immunized. The parents blamed the doctors for having given
the child anti measles vaccination, convinced that this was what worsened the child's condition.
There have been no recorded cases of infant deaths in recent years, but the BHW reports that,

overall, poor nutrition and tuberculosis are the leading causes of infant mortality.
Education
All programs and projects for children and youth development are geared toward education and
skills enhancement. It is the non-government and government agencies that commonly
implement these. The role of the barangay is to coordinate with these groups.
Preschool students
Seven programs that focus on Early Childhood Development (ECD), i.e., day care centers, are
currently operating in BASECO, particularly in Isla Laki (Blocks I, 6, 7, 17, and 17-A). Four of
these are carried out by non-government organizations (NGOs), particularly the Educational
Research Development Authority (ERDA) School Foundation, HOPE, Teacher Center of the
Philippines (TCP), and Open Heart Foundation. Two are run by church-based or religious
groups (World Mission Community Foundation and Living Word Mission Church). One, found in
17-A, was established by DSWD. These ECD programs had an' aggregate student population of
550 as of 2001. Given the number of preschool aged children in the barangay, more schools
offering ECD are needed in the area if all children are to be reached.
Moreover, the average teacher-student ratio (I :75) is low. Some teachers complain that they
handle too many students, making it difficult for them to focus on those who need extra help.
This partly accounts for the increase in dropout rate.
Elementary and high school students and out-or-school youth
According to young key informants, their biggest problem is their need to work to afford an
education and even send their younger siblings to school. Owing to extreme poverty, their value
system gives priority to work as their primary obligation, virtually forcing them to make education
a secondary priority. In a survey conducted by an NGO, from a sample of 1,036 children and
youth aged 7 to 16 years, 624 were in school in 200 I. One youth group representative
estimates that 80 percent of the children stop schooling after graduating from elementary, while
the remaining 20 percent go to high school. Of the 20 percent, only half finishes high school.
The youth cite lack of financial resources as the primary reason for quitting school. Although the
government and numerous NGOs offer free education, there are still the costs of transportation,
school projects, and food that the students (or their parents) have to shoulder. Poor health and
nutrition, family problems, and migration to provinces or change of residence make up other
reasons for dropping.
ERDA is one NGO that extends schooling assistance in the form of monthly allowances, school
supplies, and uniforms. It prioritizes children from large and low-income families, and broken
homes. To identify the beneficiaries, it conducts house visits and interviews.
HOPE, a prominent NGO in BASECO, provides high school graduates with free computer

education as an alternative to a college education. It believes that the program is very effective
in that 60 percent of its graduates get jobs after completing the program.
The Department of Education, Culture and Sports (DECS) notes that there is a serious
participation problem among school-aged children in the barangay. Given the island location of
BASECO, schools are not as accessible as when one comes from a barangay on the mainland.
To address this problem, Marcella Agoncillo Elementary School, a DECS public school,
established an annex in Block 17-A. The facility accommodates approximately 1,250 students.
This comes as a great relief to the parents as no transportation cost is incurred in going to
school. However, the annex offers education only up to grade 5. Students who want to finish
elementary school must go to the main school in Binondo, some 10 to 15 minutes away by
public transport.
Some elementary students go to Almario Elementary School in Tondo, a child friendly school
with transport service so the children can easily go to and from school.
Most high school students go to Pedro Guevarra in Tondo, which also offers transport service.
Others go to Manila High School, Tondo High School, Rajah Soliman High School, and Jose
Abad Santos High School.
Those who are not able to pursue formal schooling enroll in the World Mission CommunityCenter for Alternative Education (WMC-CARE), the only program in BASECO that offers nonformal education as well as functional literacy classes to parents and caregivers. WMC also
refers its students to potential donors for college sponsorships. The beneficiaries recognize
WMC-CARE for being the only educational center in BASECO that accepts overage children
and OSY, giving them a chance to go back to school.
Protection
The Prevention and Identification of Child Sexual Abuse (PICSA), a program of HOPE, identified
79 cases of child abuse in BASECO in 200 I. According to the adviser of the community youth
organization, Movement for the Advancement of Youth Power (MAYP), who is also the barangay
secretary, 5 percent of the children in the barangay are sexually harassed or abused, while 10
percent are maltreated. Owing to their unfavorable living circumstances, caregivers, parents, or
adults in the neighborhood tend to take out their frustrations on the most vulnerable individuals
in the community-the children.
MA YP believes that almost all incidents of child abuse are reported. This is not surprising as the
houses in BASECO are situated close to each other. If the party involved refuses to report, there
will surely be a concerned neighbor who will do so.
Another group of children in need of special protection consists of working children and street
children, who, according to some youth, comprised approximately 30 percent of the total child
and youth population of the barangay as of 200 I. The children in these two categories are ,most

often. the same individuals. Children who belong to a very poor family will have to either fend for
themselves or contribute to the family income. They most commonly _engage in vending. Boys
and girls as young as 8 to 10 years old sell plastic bags in Manila's largest wet market, Divisoria,
which is a boat and a jeepney ride away from BASECO. Some children pick up vegetables that
have fallen off delivery trucks and sell these along the streets or in the barangay itself. Others
hang out at Pier 12 to collect ban2nas coming off boats from the south. Still a number collect
rotten or nearly spoiled food from the market and sell this as kanin baboy (pig feed) to pig
raisers. Older boys (15 to 18 years old) dive for tahong (mussels) along the seawall. After
cleaning and repacking the tahong with the whole family, they sell these in small plastic bags for
as low as P5 per bag. The younger boys and girls (8 to 9 years old) help sell the packed tahong
in or around the area.
In indigent communities, it is very difficult to keep the children from working. They have become
accustomed to finding sources of income even in the filthiest and most dangerous
environments. In response to this problem, the DSWD District V Office proposed to provide free
insurance to 150 children in hazardous work, including vendors in Divisoria, garbage collectors,
and porters. In BASECO, 35 children and youth aged 7 to 17 years, including males and
females, were chosen.
BASECO has no Barangay Council for the Protection of Children (BCPC). DSWD and the
barangay council handle directly all cases and reports related to child protection. These two
agencies cooperate to prevent any violation of children's rights. Petty or accidental incidence of
child abuse is settled at the barangay level. The toned (village peacekeeping force),
accompanied .by the assigned social worker in the barangay, visits the parties involved and
resolves the matter peacefully. The perpetrator is interviewed and educated on his or her errors.
More serious cases that are deliberate and repetitive are forwarded to the DSWD District Office,
which takes the appropriate legal action. In addition, DSWD promotes children's rights and
awareness by conducting seminars in the barangay hall every other month. The participation
rate, however, is very low.
MAYP claims that community awareness of child abuse and children's rights has significantly
increased owing to the interventions of DSWD and NGOs, such as HOPE, Open Heart
Foundation, and ERDA, which conduct widespread advocacy against child physical and sexual
abuse. HOPE identifies and rescues physically and sexually abused children in the barangay
through its PICSA program. The goal of the program is to inform the children about sexual
abuse, build the self-esteem of victims, and help them recover through therapy.
The first phase of the program was conducted in July 2000-August 200 I. An advocacy
presentation in the form of a puppet show took place in the community, teaching children the
eight rules for safety. Through a series of presentations and conversations with the children, the
program was able to identify those who were in need of protection. In the second phase, HOPE
partnered with another NGO, the Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Child Sexual
Abuse (CPTCSA) , which helps in the treatment and recovery of affected children. HOPE has
also initiated a drop-in program to address the needs of children in need of special protection.

Providing a center to which. children can go for help. it has as its target beneficiaries the street
children, OSY. and working children aged 7 to 15 years. Through the program, the children are
rescued and receive non-formal education.
Participation
There is a long list of activities for children and youth in BASECO, yet the level of participation
remains low. The most common activities that promote the participation of children aged 3 to 6
years are those carried out at the day care center. .
There are very few projects implemented by internal organizations in the barangay. The projects
are usually initiated by government agencies, such as DSWD, in coordination with the barangay
council. As BASECO itself lacks funds to initiate new programs or projects. the role of external
agencies becomes very significant.
Some youth claim that the Sangguniang Kabataan (SK, or Youth Council) is not active. There is
only one identified active youth organization in BASECO, the Movement for the Advancement of
Youth of the Philippines. The ages of its members range from 15 to 22 years. MA YP has a mix
of young men and women, some in school, others out of school. It holds sports and social
events in the community. such as a Christmas party. liga (sportsfest) , and sayawan (dance),
which have become annual traditions. The members themselves take care of organizing,
directing, implementing, monitoring, and evaluating their activities in the community, although
they also seek the assistance of the barangay council as well as their adviser, the barangay
secretary.
Before MA YP was organized, another youth group called BASECO Youth Movement (BYM)
was popular in the barangay. As BYM did not recruit new members. the group eventually
disbanded as the members became older and got married.
Programs that allow the children and youth to initiate and direct their own projects and activities
with very little adult intervention represent only a handful. These include HOPE's Computer
Learning Program, which encourages a good deal of independence among the students. In
exchange for the free education, the students render voluntary community service and
evaluate .one anothers performance. Under the program, they are made to brainstorm and
submit their awn project proposals, in consultation with the adults.
Other forms of youth participation previously existed in fraternities and gangs, which the youth
regarded as a support group far teenagers. These groups initiated their awn activities which
mostly involved troublemaking and riots. The tanod claims that these groups have now been
eradicated in the area and that peace and order have came to the community. There appears to
be a reasonable basis far this assertion.

MANILA, Philippines - The countrys unemployment rate hit 27 percent equivalent to

12.4 million jobless Filipinos in the last quarter of 2014, the latest survey made by the
Social Weather Stations (SWS) showed.
According to the SWS, the latest jobless rate was higher than the 22.9 percent
equivalent to an estimated 10.4 million Filipinos recorded in the third quarter of last
year.
The fourth quarter adult joblessness rate consisted of those who resigned or voluntarily
left their old jobs (14 percent, or 6.5 million adults), those who involuntarily lost their jobs
due to economic circumstances beyond their control previous contracts not renewed,
employers closed operation, and were laid off (nine percent, or 4.3 million adults), and
those who were first-time job-seekers (three percent or 1.5 million adults).
The SWS poll was conducted from Nov. 27 to Dec. 1 involving using 1,800 adults
nationwide as respondents.
Of those retrenched, six percent consisted of those whose previous contracts were not
renewed (from four percent in September), and two percent who were laid off (from one
percent), and two percent whose employers shut operations (same as the previous
period).
The proportion of those who quit rose by two points from 12 percent in September.
Those who were retrenched also increased by two points from seven percent, while
first-time job seekers, hardly moved, staying at three percent.

Business ( Article MRec ), pagematch: 1, sectionmatch: 1

Joblessness rose across most age segments except among the youth (18 to 24 years
old), the SWS said.
It rose to 32 percent from 30 percent among those aged 25 to 34, to 22 percent from 18
percent for the 35 to 44 age group and to 19 percent from 15 percent among those
aged at least 45 years.
By gender, unemployment among women rose sharply to 41.7 percent from 33.2
percent, the SWS said, noting this was the highest since 42.5 percent in August 2012.

Joblessness among men barely moved in December, rising to 15.6 percent from 14.9
percent in September.
The fourth quarter results brought 2014s joblessness rate average to 25.4 percent,
slightly higher than the 2013s annual average of 25.2 percent.
Quarterly joblessness was at a record-high 34.4 percent in March 2012, and has been
hovering between 21.7 and 29.4 percent since, the pollster said.
But even as joblessness among Filipinos worsened, the same survey found more
Filipinos who are optimistic that work would become available in the next 12 months.
Net optimism on job availability increased by four points to +16 from the +12 recorded in
the third quarter, but stayed within fair category.
Thirty-six percent (from 33 percent in September) of respondents said the number of
available jobs in the next 12 months will increase, 32 percent (from 33 percent) said it
will not change, and 20 percent (from 22 percent) said the number of positions available
will decrease.
The SWS classifies net optimism on job availability scores of +30 and above as very
high; +20 to +29, high; +10 to +19, fair; +1 to +9, mediocre; zero to -9, low; and
-10 and below, very low.
SWS said its definition of joblessness differs from that used by the government for its
Labor Force Survey.
SWS respondents are at least 18 years old compared to the lower official boundary of
15 years of age. In the survey, SWS defines joblessness as those who have no work at
present and looking for a job. Those not working, without a job but not looking for one
(housewives, students, etc.) are excluded.

THE employment rate in Metro Manila had increased to 2.38 percent during the
third quarter of 2013 from the 2.35 percent in 2012, the Department of Labor
and Employment (DOLE) announced on Monday.

DOLE Secretary Rosalinda Baldoz said the 2.38-percent employment growth in

Metro Manila was based on the results of the Labor Turnover Survey (LTS) of the
Bureau of Labor and Employment Statistics (BLES), which showed that the
number of workers hired had increased compared to the number of workers
who were fired or those who opted to resign.
Employment in large enterprises in Metro Manila continued its growth in the
third quarter of 2013 driven by the robust growth in the domestic economy,
Baldoz said.

In the same period, the survey showed that 84 per 1,000 workers got employed
due to expansion or replacement of workforce, while only 60 percent per 1,000
were either laid off or quit from their job.
The strongest growth was recorded in the industry and service sector with 3.07
percent, including the expansion in manufacturing at 4.7 percent making up for
the slack in mining and quarrying (-3.7 percent).
Construction grew by a modest 1.9 percent. So did agriculture, fishery and
forestry, which slightly inched up by 1.16 percent, the BLES said.
Meanwhile, the employment in services was up by 2.25 percent, but growth
was mixed across sub-sectors.
Among the biggest gainers were education at 4.95 percent; transportation and
storage at 3.79 percent; and administrative and support service activities at
3.65 percent.
Accession due to replacement of workers had increased to 5.1 percent, which
is higher than the 3.27 percent accession because of expansion of businesses or
a 1.83 increased.
The accession due to expansion registered high in construction, 8.02 percent;
mining and quarrying, 7.35 percent; transportation and storage, 4.87 percent;
and manufacturing, 4.76 percent; and professional, scientific, and technical
activities, 2.53 percent.

The BLES noted that employer-initiated separations, or lay-offs, were higher at

3.26 percent compared to employee-initiated separations, or resignation, 2.73
percent.
The survey conducted by the bureau has a total of 763 respondents and a
retrieval rate of 99.1 percent, which the result was issued this month.
The LTS is a quarterly sample survey of the BLES of enterprises, which it aims
to capture job creation or accession and job displacement or separation as
indicators of labor market activity.
Further, the survey was intended to generate timely labor market signals as
sound basis in planning, policy formulation, and decision-making.
Labor turnover is the difference between accession and separation.
Citing the accession rate, the BLES said that it increased to 8.7 percent, which
is higher than the 5.99 percent separation rate during that period.

Employment rate in Manila increases to 2.38%

DOLE
January 20, 2014 9:46 pm

by Robertzon F. Ramirez

THE employment rate in Metro Manila had increased to 2.38 percent during the
third quarter of 2013 from the 2.35 percent in 2012, the Department of Labor
and Employment (DOLE) announced on Monday.
DOLE Secretary Rosalinda Baldoz said the 2.38-percent employment growth in
Metro Manila was based on the results of the Labor Turnover Survey (LTS) of the
Bureau of Labor and Employment Statistics (BLES), which showed that the

number of workers hired had increased compared to the number of workers

who were fired or those who opted to resign.
Employment in large enterprises in Metro Manila continued its growth in the
third quarter of 2013 driven by the robust growth in the domestic economy,
Baldoz said.
In the same period, the survey showed that 84 per 1,000 workers got employed
due to expansion or replacement of workforce, while only 60 percent per 1,000
were either laid off or quit from their job.
The strongest growth was recorded in the industry and service sector with 3.07
percent, including the expansion in manufacturing at 4.7 percent making up for
the slack in mining and quarrying (-3.7 percent).
Construction grew by a modest 1.9 percent. So did agriculture, fishery and
forestry, which slightly inched up by 1.16 percent, the BLES said.
Meanwhile, the employment in services was up by 2.25 percent, but growth
was mixed across sub-sectors.
Among the biggest gainers were education at 4.95 percent; transportation and
storage at 3.79 percent; and administrative and support service activities at
3.65 percent.
Accession due to replacement of workers had increased to 5.1 percent, which
is higher than the 3.27 percent accession because of expansion of businesses or
a 1.83 increased.
The accession due to expansion registered high in construction, 8.02 percent;
mining and quarrying, 7.35 percent; transportation and storage, 4.87 percent;
and manufacturing, 4.76 percent; and professional, scientific, and technical
activities, 2.53 percent.
The BLES noted that employer-initiated separations, or lay-offs, were higher at
3.26 percent compared to employee-initiated separations, or resignation, 2.73
percent.
The survey conducted by the bureau has a total of 763 respondents and a
retrieval rate of 99.1 percent, which the result was issued this month.

The LTS is a quarterly sample survey of the BLES of enterprises, which it aims
to capture job creation or accession and job displacement or separation as
indicators of labor market activity.
Further, the survey was intended to generate timely labor market signals as
sound basis in planning, policy formulation, and decision-making.
Labor turnover is the difference between accession and separation.
Citing the accession rate, the BLES said that it increased to 8.7 percent, which
is higher than the 5.99 percent separation rate during that period.

Economic growth and economic development

1. 1. Economic Development & Economic Growth

2. 2. Economic Growth is a narrower concept than economic development.
It is an increase in a country's real level of national output which can be
caused by an increase in the quality of resources (by education etc.),
increase in the quantity of resources & improvements in technology or in
another way an increase in the value of goods and services produced by
every sector of the economy. Economic Growth can be measured by an
increase in a country's GDP(gross domestic product).
3. 3. Economic development is a normative concept i.e. it applies in the
context of people's sense of morality (right and wrong, good and bad). The
definition of economic development given by Michael Todaro is an increase
in living standards, improvement in self- esteem needs and freedom from
oppression as well as a greater choice.
4. 4. The Human Development Index (commonly abbreviated HDI) is a
summary of human development around the world and implies whether a
country is developed, still developing, or underdeveloped based on factors
such as life expectancy, education, literacy, gross domestic product per
capita. The results of the HDI are published in the Human Development
Report, which is commissioned by the United Nations Development
Program(UNDP) and is written by scholars, those who study world
development and members of the Human Development Report Office of
the UNDP.

5. 5. According to the UNDP, human development is about creating an

environment in which people can develop their full potential and lead
productive, creative lives in accord with their needs and interests. People
are the real wealth of nations. Development is thus about expanding the
choices people have to lead lives that they value.
6. 6. In the year 1990 the United Nations Development Programme in its
first Human Development Report introduced the concept of Human
Development Index. It is the cumulative measurement of: (a) Longevity
(b) Knowledge (c) Decent Standard of Living.
7. 7. (a) Longevity: It shows the life expectancy. It is a choice to live long
and healthy life. (b) Knowledge: It is a choice to acquire literacy,
education, information, etc. It is measured by the literate percentage in
ratio with the total population. The literacy rate may be compared in the
primary, secondary and tertiary levels. (c) Decent standard of life: It is a
joy to enjoy a quality and standard life. It depends upon the purchasing
power of the people and the per capita income of the people etc. The
rank of a country is determined by the overall developments in these three
basic dimensions of human developments. ADI ranks countries, in relation
to each other to tell them how for a country has travelled and how for yet it
has to travel in the part of Human Development
8. 8. The most accurate method of measuring development is the Human
Development Index which takes into account the literacy rates & life
expectancy which affect productivity and could lead to Economic Growth. It
also leads to the creation of more opportunities in the sectors of education,
healthcare, employment and the conservation of the environment. It
implies an increase in the per capita income of every citizen.
9. 9. Difference between economic growth and economic development.
Economic Growth does not take into account the size of the informal
economy. The informal economy is also known as the black economy
which is unrecorded economic activity. Development alleviates people from
low standards of living into proper employment with suitable shelter.
Economic Growth does not take into account the depletion of natural
resources which might lead to pollution, congestion & disease.

10.
10. Development however is concerned with sustainability which
means meeting the needs of the present without compromising future
needs. These environmental effects are becoming more of a problem for
Governments now that the pressure has increased on them due to Global
warming.
11.
11. Basis Economic Development Economic Growth Economic
development implies changes in income, savings and investment along
with progressive changes in socio-economic structure of country
(institutional and technological changes). Economic growth refers to an
increase in the real output of goods and services in the country. Factors:
Development relates to growth of human capital indexes, a decrease in
inequality figures, and structural changes that improve the general
population's quality of life. Growth relates to a gradual increase in one of
the components of Gross Domestic Product: consumption, government
spending, investment, net exports.
12.
12. Basis Economic Development Economic Growth Measurement:
Qualitative.HDI (Human Development Index), gender- related index (GDI),
Human poverty index (HPI), infant mortality, literacy rate etc. Quantitative.
Increase in real GDP. Shown by PPF. Concept: Normative concept
Narrower concept than economic development
13.
13. Basis Economic Development Economic Growth Effect: Brings
qualitative and quantitative changes in the economy Brings quantitative
changes in the economy Relevance: Economic development is more
relevant to measure progress and quality of life in developing nations.
Economic growth is a more relevant metric for progress in developed
countries. But it's widely used in all countries because growth is a
necessary condition for development.