Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Presented to:
MRS MELANIE R. ADOLFO, RN, MAN
Presented by:
MYRA C. BULUSAN, RN
JUVYLEE D. TUMACDER, RN
NS. EIRENE EUNIKE M. GAGHAUNA
NS. RIFAATUL MAHMUDAH
(3rd Trimester 2015-2016)
Tuguegarao
A. Background/Situational Analysis
The age of adolescence is the stage of very interesting age to consider. On this age,
many physical and psychological changes as a result of hormonal influences occur and need
to be monitored. These changes are shown from the development of sexual organs towards
the maturation of function organ and the growth of secondary genitalia. This exposes teens
close to the problems surrounding sexual deviant activities such as free sex behavior,
including criminal abortion, drugs as well as the development of sexually transmitted
diseases (STDS) and early pregnancy. There is an impression on teenagers, that sex is
something fun, the peak flavor of love, blissful paced so it does not need to be feared and
must be tested.
According to the results of the 2013 National Demographic and Health Survey
released by National Statistics Office (NSO) Philippines, out of 10 Filipino women aged 15
to 19 one of them is already a mother or is pregnant with her first child. This is very alarming
situation. In our institution alone, we already handled cases of teenage pregnant mothers as
young as 13 years old and there are even cases of multiparity (e.g. mother of 5 children at age
of 19) among adolescent women.
Pregnancies at this early age have an increased physical, social, emotional and
financial cost. Possible consequences
Lack knowledge and education of parents against juvenile condition causing teenagers
often fall on the lack social activities. Plus the teenage awkwardness and unwillingness to ask
the right people to strengthen the reasons why teens often behave inappropriately towards the
reproductive organs, in addition to other factors that relate to the problem above is a
knowledge and attitudes towards adolescent reproductive health, pregnancy and family
planning. (www.geocities.con/ejurnal/files)
Teen pregnancy is a multifaceted problem closely connected to economic, education,
social, cultural, and political factors. Several researches indicated that teenage pregnancy
resulted from unprotected sexual intercourse at an early age. For many young people, the
issues related to early pregnancy and childbearing include much broader social, economic,
cultural, and psychological factors, including poverty, school failure, and sexual abuse.
More intensive analysis of these issues will make us realize that teen age pregnancy
does not only carry health-related risks but also non-health risks specific to the stage in the
life of every adolescent. In a third class municipality like our place Lasam, young adult
pregnancy will further increase social and economic burden leading to a decreased economic
stability.
Evidently, the effect of these pregnancies has a lot of lasting repercussions. For this
reason this issue should be dealt with and given enough attention by different people from
various government sectors. The increased risks to both mother and child of too early
childbearing, as well as its socioeconomic effect, undermine efforts to pregnancy prevention
programs in any country.
Nurses as front line health care providers are in the ideal situation to assume the role
of leaders in fighting teenage pregnancy. Regardless of the affiliation of nurses be it in public
or private hospitals, rural health units or schools their position in the community allows them
to investigate and know the needs of these adolescents. It is our job then to design programs
and educational strategies along with other government sectors in order to prevent inevitable
unwanted adolescent pregnancies.
B. Literature
Promotion of competency in performing maternal roles is the main goal of perinatal
educators. Perceived maternal competency has been shown to facilitate maternal role
attainment (Mercer, 1985) and to promote positive infant nurturing and development (Mercer,
1985, 1995). In early parenthood, when a woman is confident in doing her maternal roles, she
is more comfortable in performing infant skills and interpreting infants cues.
The quality of life, comfort, and well-being during pregnancy are essential for every
country in the world. Pregnancy is considered a preparation period for becoming a mother.
Maternal role development, including confidence and satisfaction as a mother, is important in
the transition to motherhood. Negative psychosocial affect, such as increased anxiety and
distress, during pregnancy adversely influences the childbirth experience and childcare,
which contributes to postpartum depression. However, the impact of positive feelings on the
maternal role development remains unclear.
One purpose of a study was to clarify the relationship between comfort in late
pregnancy and maternal role attainment and childcare during early postpartum. They
designed a descriptive, longitudinal, correlational study by using the Prenatal Comfort Scale,
the Postpartum Maternal Role Confidence Scale, and the Postpartum Maternal Satisfaction
Scale. Among 339 participants who had received care at a university hospital located in
Sendai city in Japan, 215 subjects completed the longitudinal study by answering a
questionnaire for the respective Scale late in their pregnancy or during early postpartum. The
subjects consisted of 114 primipara (32.0 5.4 years) and 101 multipara (33.4 4.9 years).
In primipara, comfort with motherhood was significantly correlated with maternal confidence
regarding knowledge and childcare skills and maternal satisfaction. In multipara, comfort in
late pregnancy was related to maternal confidence and satisfaction. Positive affect was related
to maternal confidence and maternal satisfaction in early postpartum. They concluded that a
prenatal nursing intervention helps women become more comfortable with impending
motherhood, thereby promoting maternal role attainment after delivery.
In a study by Copeland and Harbaugh on Transition of Maternal Competency
of Married and Single Mothers in Early Parenthood Mercer's Maternal Role Attainment
Theory served as the theoretical framework for this study. The theory is incorporated with
ecological environmental system by Bronfenbrenner's which is composed of interactions
between the microsystem, exosystem, and macrosystem of an individual.
From a theoretical perspective, maternal competence is a component of the maternal
role and is embedded within the microsystem of the mother. Maternal role attainment is a
process in which the mother achieves competence in the role and integrates the mothering
behaviors into her established role set, so that she is comfortable with her identity as a
mother (Mercer, 1985). Learning how to read and respond to her baby's cues, such as how to
soothe a crying infant, facilitate the mother's maternal competence (Mercer & Ferketich,
1995).
In a study by Secco and colleagues (2002) they investigated the perceived and
performed infant-care competence of 78 younger and older adolescent mothers, of which half
the samples were single mothers. They observed that from prenatal to four-week postpartum
mothers became more competent. Nevertheless, older adolescent mothers provided more
sensory stimulation for their infants than younger adolescent mothers. Their study indicated
that younger mothers experienced an increase in mothering skills over time, but they
displayed less competence in one important area of infant development that is infant
stimulation.
C. Program Description
The program is ten-month campaign plan for the healthy and smart choices of teen
agers with the key topics on sex education, early pregnancy prevention, family planning,
breastfeeding and smart parenting.
Through an outreach activity by the MSN students, sexuality education will be
conducted in different high schools in the area. This will increase the knowledge of
adolescents and explore their attitudes feelings and values about human development,
reproductive health, gender roles and healthy sexual decision-making. To reach a broad teen
audience, this educational program will involve key members of the school administration.
In the hospital setting, comprehensive reproductive health services for young parents
will be included in the program. These will comprise of obstetric and gynecological exams
and pre natal, intra and post natal care to pregnant mothers. Active participation of
husband/partners during parenting classes is greatly encouraged.
During parenting classes, common maternal complications, birth preparation,
breastfeeding and newborn and infant care will be discussed. A family planning staff will also
conduct a counselling process to help the adolescent parents to decide on what method of
contraception is most appropriate for them after delivery of the newborn. Follow up care after
delivery will be instructed to all teenage mothers.
This program is intended to promote healthy reproductive lifestyle for teen agers and
to deal with the reproductive needs and health issues of pregnant adolescents and young
parents. It is in line with the Ramona Mercers Maternal Role Attainment Theory that is
defined as an interaction and developmental process occurring over time, in which the mother
becomes attached to her infant, acquires competence in care-taking tasks involves in the role
and expresses pleasure and gratification role. As health professionals, nurses have the most
sustained and closest interaction with women in the maternal cycle; consequently, they can
educate women during pregnancy and assist them as they attain maternal roles.
D. Objectives
This comprehensive program on reproductive health of adolescents generally aims to
provide a comprehensive care to the pregnant adolescent, her partner and infant. It
specifically intends to:
care.
Reduce pregnancy among women 19 years old and below by educating them on
family planning.
E. Timeline/Work Plan
F.
G.
All components of the program must be implemented and evaluated from June 2016 to April 2017. The activities to be
performed in a health program should be laid out in detail, and prescribed time limits or specific dates when the program must be
completed.
H. DATE
J. March 2016
st
nd
M. April 2016 3
rd
week
I. TASKS/EVENTS
Coordinate with Heads of different High schools of Lasam regarding the conduct of
health education on Reproductive health.
Reserve all the site location and dates
Set the theme for the Sexuality Education.
Prepare sponsor proposals and solicit sponsorship from Local Government Units.
Set a tentative health Education schedule for the eight High Schools.
Prepare the materials needed for the Health Education.
Let the chief of Hospital of Lasam District Hospital know the program proposal and
receive their blessings.
Identify and contact keynote speakers on early pregnancy prevention, family
planning, breastfeeding and smart parenting
Set schedule of training/workshop of nurses at Lasam District Hospital
Surveillance and Discovery of cases of teenage pregnancy in Lasam
Find out the frequency and distribution of teenage pregnant by coordinating with
Lasam Municipal Health Office and barangay rural health units as well as Lasam
District Hospital
L.
Confirm training/workshop schedules with speakers.
Determine venue for the seminar/workshop within the hospital
Prepare budget by coordinating with the Hospital Administrator
P.
Q. Plan of Action
R. Activitie
s
S. Purpose
T. Tar
get
U. Cos
t/
V. Sou
rce
W. Time
X. Place
Y. Perso
n in
charg
e
Z. Indicators of
success
AA.
AM.
After
ealth
being given
Educatio
information
n about
High
scho
ol
stud
reproductive
AB.
health and
AC.
various
AD.
methods of
AE.
pregnancy
AF.
prevention it is
AG.
expected that
AH.
teens in Lasam
AI.
can make
AJ.
healthy sexual
AK.
decisionI
making and
understand the
on
dangers of pre-
dissemin
ation
early
regardin
pregnancy.
AN.
ents
300
2
weeks
BE.8 High
BF. MSN
schools
studen
BG.
0.00
BD.
J
une 1-3,
of
At the
end of the
school year,
ts
school
Lasam
administrators
6-10,
will be asked
2016
to list cases of
drop-outs due
am
to early
AP.
pregnancy,
AQ.
miscarriage,
AR.
abortion if
AS.
there is any.
BO.
AT.
BP.
AU.
BQ.
BR.
AV.
AW.
AX.
To
BC.
of
Las
nformati
g RH
BB.Php
about
sex
AL.
AO.
AY.
Both
students and
mothers will
be aware of
their rights
and they will
law
educate teens
AZ.
subject
on the duty of
the State to
protect the life
of the mother
and the life of
the unborn
child from
conception
themselves for
BA.
care in clinics
Both
and hospitals
Hig
to avail
services
Sch
offered by the
ool
government
stud
ents
and
teen
age
mo
BU.
BS.Case
Finding/
BT.
egistrati
on to list
of
Expecta
nt teen
To find
out the
frequency,
ms
BV.Tee
nag
BW.
BX.
3
rd
week
distribution and
preg
prevalence of
nant
adolescent
who
pregnant
cons
ult
at
of June
onwards
BY.
BZ.
Lasam
Staff
Distric
nurse
s at
Hospit
LDH
al
CA.
age
the
mothers
hos
pital
CB.
CD.
To have
istory and
a baseline
PE
information
CE.
CF.
Teenage
rd
3
week
mot
Taking
about the
hers
including
condition of
who
Routine
every teenage
are
Lab exam
pregnant
on
CC.
CG.
of June
onwards
CH.
Lasam
CI. Staff
nurse
history of
teenage
Distric
s at
LDH
pregnants are
well
accomplished
Hospit
their
CJ.Obstetrical
al
st
trim
este
r
CK.
CW.
renatal
condition of the
care of
mother if they
mot
every
are at risk of
hers
pregnant
maternal
mother
complications
enrolled
CQ.
Teenage
CX.
CY.1st and
2nd
trimest
er
every
DB.
DC.
Lasam
Staff
DD.
Based
on statistics by
record section
Distric
nurse
s at
Hospit
LDH
there will be
decrease in
percentage of
in the
CR.
program
CS.
1stMond
al
maternal
morbidity and
ay of
CL.
CT.
CM.
CU.
CN.
CV.
mortality rate.
the
month.
CO.
CZ.
3
rd
trimest
er
DA.
very 1st
and 3rd
Monday
s of the
DE.
DF.
DG.
To
onduct
prepare the
smart
young parents
DH.
DI.
Teenage
1st and
preg
parenting
nant
classes
healthy delivery
on
of newborn and
month
DJ. Every
rd
3rd
Monday
DK.
Lasam
Distric
t
DL.
Assigned
DM.
Roomi
ng-in is done.
com
Young parents
mitte
will perform
e for
bathing of
trim
newborn.
este
s of the
Hospit
month
al
r
for 3rd
incl
udin
each
newborn,
activi
diaper care,
ties
trimeste
midwives.
There will
their
also be
hus
decreased in
ban
percentage of
ds
infant
DN.
DO.
To
DW.
DX.
Teenage
ounselin
increase the
g on
number of
preg
Family
couples that
nant
Planning
will use
and
contraceptives.
Breastfe
eding
DP.
rd
To
decrease the
number
1st and
3rd
Monday
s of the
trim
este
DQ.
DR.
on
DY.Every
incl
month
for 3rd
trimeste
udin
g
DZ.
Lasam
Distric
t
Hospit
al
EA.
Assigned
mortality rate.
EB.
There
will be an
com
increase in
mitte
number of
e for
couples
each
enrolled in the
activi
master list of
ties
family
planning
program.
EC.
adolescent
their
births.
hus
on the
DS.
ban
statistics
DT.
ds
prepare by the
DU.
DV.
ED.
Based
Record officer
To
of the hospital
increase the
there should
number of
be a decrease
mothers who
in number of
are
teenage
breastfeeding.
mothers.
EE.
EF.Exclusive
breastfeeding
of newborns is
fully
implemented.
Feeding
bottles used
for feeding
will be
captured are
caught.
EG.
EH.
EI.
Buget
EJ.THE BUDGET FUNDS FOR THE HEALTH EDUCATION IN HIGH SCHOOL
EK.
MATERIALS
1. Administrative expenses Chamber usage
2. The estimate for Consumption:
PHP 1000.00
EN.
EM.
25 x 1 0
EL.
2 packs/box, tissue)
3. Souvenirs:
PHP 250.00
EQ.
EO.
70 x 5= PHP 350.00
EP.Souvenirs to Schools
4. Counseling Formulary
COST
PHP 700.00
PHP 500.00
ER.
10 pages x 50 participants
5. Stationary
6. Unexpected Fund (others)
ES.Total
PHP. 300.00
PHP 150.00
PHP 3000.00
ET.
EU.
EW.
MATERIALS
1. Meals & Snacks for the 3-day seminar/workshop of staff
EX.
EY.
COST
- 20 participants
- 1 speaker/day (3 speakers)
2. Travel expenses of speakers
EZ.
FA.
FB.
3,000.00
FC.
Php 300.00/speaker
Php
900.00
FD.
Php 1000.00/speaker
Php
5. Certificate of participants
3,000.00
FE.
150.00
FF.
FG.
of Program
Php 100.00/participant/day =
Php 250.00/speaker
=
Php 1000.00/speaker
Php 6,000.00
Php 750.00
Php
Php
Php 1,500.00
Php
500.00
FH.
TOTAL
FI.
Php 15,800.00
FN.
FO.
General Instructional Objectives
FP.
FQ.
After being given information about reproductive health and various methods
I.
of pregnancy prevention it is expected that teens in Lasam can make healthy sexual
decision-making and understand the dangers of pre-marital sex and early pregnancy.
II.
METHODS
1. Lectures
2. Leaflets
IV.
MATERIAL
FS.TEENS AND SEX PRE MARRIAGE
FT.
FU.
FW.
Introduction
FV.
Adolescents including children living in extreme conditions and great
unprotected sex. Latest data on these shows that majority of people engaged in sex work are
young and 70 % of HIV infections involve male-to-male sex. The proportion of young
people reported to have STDs/HIV and AIDS is increasing.
FX.
obtain antibiotics from pharmacies or drug hawkers or resort to advices from friends (e.g.
drinking detergent dissolved in water) without proper diagnosis to address problems of STDs.
Improper or incomplete treatment may mask the symptoms without curing the disease
increasing the risk of transmission and development of complications. The limited use
of
condoms to protect adolescents from risk of HIV is an issue to reflection for condom use is
not only to prevent pregnancy but also preventing sexually transmitted disease.
FY.
adolescents while 29 % of HIV positive Filipino cases are young people. In addition, it was
revealed that thirty seven percent (37%) of Filipino males 25 years of age have had sex
before they marry with women other than their wives. Some will have paid for sex while
others will have had five or more partners.
A. Teens
1. Understanding
FZ. A teenager comes from the Latin word meaning "adolescentia grow" or
"grow into adulthood". The child is considered an adult if it is capable of hosting a
reproduction (Hurlock, 1993)
GA.
Teen Age Limitation:
a. Young teenager (12-15 years)
b. Full Teen Age (16-19 years)
2. Psychic characteristics
a. Change of emotion, so that teenagers become;
Sensitive (easy to cry, anxious, frustrated and laughs)
Aggressive, and easily react to outside stimuli that influence them, for
example an easy fight.
b. Development of intelegensia, so the teens become;
Eager to find out new things so it appears capable of abstract thought, glad to
give criticism
Behavior like to dabble.
GB. Behavior like to try new things if driven by sexual stimulation
may bring teens on sex pre marriage with all its consequences.
GC. In reproductive health, behaviour like to dabble in the realm of
sex is very prone to it, because it can bring very bad repercussions and
detrimental to the future of teenagers, especially teenage daughter
3. Factors that affect sexual drive
- Watch the movie/see/hear images indecent stories
- Being alone in solitude
- Fantasize about sexual
- Use the aphrodisiac (drugs)
4. How to control your sex drive
- Delay marriage licenses/ getting pregnant when you are not ready
- Increase spirituality
- Fill your days with fun things that are useful (Such as: Sports, religious activities,
etc.)
- Stay away from pornography.
- Increase Knowledge
- Reach for the achievement
GD.
GE.
B. Premarital Sex
1. Understanding
GF.
Premarital sex is intercourse conducted before marriage
2. As a result:
a. For Teenagers
- Male teenagers become unmarried boys, girls is not a virgin
- Increase the risk of STDS, such as Gonorrhea, Syphilitic, Clammydia, Herpes
Simplex Genitalia, Condiloma Accuminata, HIV-AIDS.
- The female teens might be high risk of pregnancy, unsecure abortion,
infections of the reproductive organs, infertility, anaemia and death because of
bleeding etc.
- Psychiatric Trauma (depression, low self-esteem, a sense of sin, missing
expectations of the future)
- Possibility of missed opportunities for continuing education and a chance to
work.
- Giving birth to unhealthy babies.
GG.
b. For Families
- Family disgrace cause by pressure of society
- Increase in economic burden of families
- The influence of psychological abuse for the child who is born due unplanned
pregnancy
GH.
GI.
c. For the Society.
- Increased teenagers dropping out of school,
- Increase in maternal mortality and infant
- Leads to economic burden
GJ.
3. Factors affecting early pregnancy
- Cannot control their sexual desire
GK.
4. How to avoid:
- Teenagers should understand that they should not engage in sexual intercourse
before marriage
- Fill the free time with activities that are more beneficial
- Closer to God
5. Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDS)
GL.
Sexually transmitted diseases (STDS) are disease which are transmitted
through sex with venereal disease sufferers. For example: syphilis, gonorrhea,
condiloma.
GM.
6. Complications of Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDS)
- Reproductive tract infections
- Cervical cancer
- Fetal defects
- Infertility
- Miscarriage
GN.
GO.
GQ.
GR.
GS.
Introduction
GT.
The State recognizes and guarantees the human rights of all persons including
their right to equality and nondiscrimination of these rights, the right to sustainable human
development, the right to health which includes reproductive health, the right to education
and information, and the right to choose and make decisions for themselves in accordance
with their religious convictions, ethics, cultural beliefs, and the demands of responsible
parenthood.
GU.
Pursuant to the declaration of State policies under Section 12, Article II of the
1987 Philippine Constitution, it is the duty of the State to protect and strengthen the family as
a basic autonomous social institution and equally protect the life of the mother and the life of
the unborn from conception. The State shall protect and promote the right to health of women
especially mothers in particular and of the people in general and instill health consciousness
among them. The family is the natural and fundamental unit of society. The State shall
likewise protect and advance the right of families in particular and the people in general to a
balanced and healthful environment in accord with the rhythm and harmony of nature. The
State also recognizes and guarantees the promotion and equal protection of the welfare and
rights of children, the youth, and the unborn.
GV.
equality, gender equity, women empowerment and dignity as a health and human rights
concern and as a social responsibility. The advancement and protection of womens human
rights shall be central to the efforts of the State to address reproductive health care.
GW.
abortifacient, effective, legal, affordable, and quality reproductive health care services,
methods, devices, supplies which do not prevent the implantation of a fertilized ovum as
determined by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and relevant information and
education thereon according to the priority needs of women, children and other
underprivileged sectors, giving preferential access to those identified through the National
Household Targeting System for Poverty Reduction (NHTS-PR) and other government
measures of identifying marginalization, who shall be voluntary beneficiaries of reproductive
health care, services and supplies for free.
GX.
GY.
Respect for protection and fulfillment of reproductive health and rights which seek to
promote the rights and welfare of every person particularly couples, adult individuals, women
and adolescents
Promote and provide information and access, without bias, to all methods of family planning,
including effective natural and modern methods which have been proven medically safe, legal,
non-abortifacient, and effective in accordance with scientific and evidence-based medical
research standards
Each family shall have the right to determine its ideal family size: Provided, however, That
the State shall equip each parent with the necessary information on all aspects of family life,
including reproductive health and responsible parenthood, in order to make that
determination;
The resources of the country must be made to serve the entire population, especially the poor,
and allocations thereof must be adequate and effective: Provided, That the life of the unborn
is protected
Development is a multi-faceted process that calls for the harmonization and integration of
policies, plans, programs and projects that seek to uplift the quality of life of the people, more
particularly the poor, the needy and the marginalized
GZ.
HA.
HB.
HC.
HD.
Introduction
The world Health Organization and UNICEF endorsed a global strategy on
Infant and Young Child feeding in 2002. The aim of this strategy is to improve the nutritional
status, growth and development, health of infants and children through optimal breastfeeding.
It supports the existing program of Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI). The BFHI is a
global initiative that aims to give every baby the best start in life by creating a health care
environment that supports breastfeeding as the norm. it aims to implement the Ten Steps to
successful breastfeeding and to end the distribution of the free and low-cost supplies of breast
milk substitutes to health facilities.
HE.
HF.
HG.
HH.
Upon completion of the session, the lecturers (MSN students) will be able to
HJ.
1. Hospitals have a written policy that is routinely communicated to all health care staff.
HK.
All staffs adhere to the exclusive breastfeeding policy. Anyone caught using
milk formula as substitute for breast milk, their feeding bottles will be confiscated.
HL.
2. Train all health care staff in skills necessary to implement policy.
HM.
3. Inform all pregnant women about the benefits and management of breastfeeding.
HN.
Importance of breastfeeding
a. Protects infants health
b. Protects mother in becoming pregnant too soon after delivery
c. Protects the mother against breast cancer
d. Breastmilk is readily available and you dont need lots of preparation
HO.
4. Help mothers initiate breastfeeding within a half-hour of birth
HP.
-promote skin-to-skin contact with mother immediately following birth and
encourage breastfeeding
HQ.
5. Show mothers how to breastfeed, and how to maintain lactation even if they should be
separated from their infants.
6. Give newborn infants no food or drink other than breast milk unless medically
indicated
HR.
7. Practice rooming-in allows mothers and infants to remain together- 24 hours a day.
8. Encourage breastfeeding on demand
9. Give no artificial teats or pacifiers
10. Foster the establishment of breastfeeding support groups and refer mothers to them on
discharge from the hospital or clinic.
HS.
HT.
All staff, professional and ancillary will be informed that rooming-in is the standard
HX.
Introduction
HY.
Based on the RH law, all accredited public health facilities shall provide a full
range of modern family planning methods, which shall also include medical consultations,
supplies and necessary and reasonable procedures for poor and marginalized couples having
infertility issues who desire to have children:
HZ.
health facilities to paying patients with the option to grant free care and services to indigents,
except in the case of non-maternity specialty hospitals and hospitals owned and operated by a
religious group, but they have the option to provide such full range of modern family
planning methods:
IA.
Provided, further, that these hospitals shall immediately refer the person
seeking such care and services to another health facility which is conveniently accessible:
IB.
whether natural or artificial: Provided, that minors will not be allowed access to modern
methods of family planning without written consent from their parents or guardian/s except
when the minor is already a parent or has had a miscarriage.
ID.
IE. Objectives
IF. By the end of the training, trainees should be able to do the following:
Describe the advantages and disadvantages of using the different family planning
methods.
Describe how FP improves the lives of women, children, families, and communities
List the benefits of FP for all women, for children, for families and communities.
Identify and discuss medical and other barriers to FP services in the country, and the
IH.
Closely spaced births result in higher infant mortality: International survey data show
that babies born less than two years after their next oldest brother or sister are twice
as likely to die in the first year as those born after an interval of three years.
Young women face higher risks of dying from pregnancy or childbirth: Women ages
15 to 19 are twice as likely to die from maternal causes as older women; many
adolescents are physically immature, which increases their risks of suffering from
obstetric complications.
Young women have high rates of unintended pregnancy: Each year 2.5 million
teenagers in developing countries end their pregnancy by undergoing abortions that
are performed either by persons lacking the necessary skills or in unsafe conditions,
or both.
Family planning prevents abortions. It can prevent many of these tragic deaths by
reducing the number of unintended pregnancies that lead to abortions.
Family planning reduces deaths from AIDS: Consistent and correct use of condoms
can significantly reduce the rate of new HIV infection.
II.
Principles of FP Services
IJ.
1. The cornerstone of a sound FP program is one that incorporates the following four
principles:
IK. voluntarism
oral contraceptives
(COCs)
IV.
Advantages
Decrease dysmenorrhea
and
premenstrual
symptoms
Regulate
menstrual
cycle
Decrease PID, ovarian
and endometrial cancer,
ectopic pregnancy
Easily made available
and safe for most
women
IY.
DMPA
(Depo-ProveraTM) contains the hormone
progesterone. It is a
long-acting method
which slowly releases
IW. Disadvantages
Client-dependent; must be
taken every day
Have minor side effects in
some clients, such as
nausea,
headache,
or
breakthrough bleeding
May cause rare but serious
circulatory
system
complications, especially
in women over 35 who
smoke and/or have other
health problems
Does not protect from
STDs/HIV
Increased appetite,
causing weight gain in
some cases
Delay in return to fertility
after discontinuing
(pregnancy is delayed two
IZ.
IUDs
JA.
Voluntary
Surgical
Contraception
JB.
Tubal ligation
and Vasectomy
JC.
Condoms
May be used by
breastfeeding women
(more than 6 weeks
postpartum)
Unrelated to coitus and
easy to use
Provides immediate
postpartum or
postabortion
contraception
Has long shelf-life and
does not need
refrigeration
Highly effective
Safe for most women
not at risk of STD/HIV
May be safely used by
lactating and immediate
(within 48 to 72 hours
of delivery) postpartum
women (with provider
trained in PP insertion
technique)
Good choice for older
women
with
COC
precautions
Long duration of use
(five years for MLCu
375, up to ten years for
TCu 380A)
Safe, convenient, highly
effective
Permanent
Inexpensive in long run
Minimal risk of
complications
No long-term health
effects
Requires only a single
procedure
Surgery is relatively
quick (a few minutes for
men, usually less than
30 minutes for women)
Can be very effective in
protecting
from
surgical
procedure
Permanent;
difficult
to
reverse
Interrupts coitus
JD.
Lactation
Amenorrhea Method
JE.
Fertility
Awareness Methods
Fertility awareness
methods are methods
that rely on various
techniques to identify
a woman's fertile
days (the days on
which she can
become pregnant).
Rhythm (or
Calendar)
Method
Basal Body
Temperature
(BBT)
Method
Cervical
STDs/HIV
Can be effective in
preventing pregnancy,
depending
on
correctness of use
Easy to use, readily
available
in
many
locations,
relatively
inexpensive
Only reversible male
contraceptive
Very useful as back-up
method
Can
be
started
immediately
after
delivery
Requires no prescription
Carries no side effects
or precautions
Economical
Very convenient
Requires no chemical
substances
or
mechanical devices
Helps protect infant
from diarrhea and other
infectious diseases
No or low cost
No
chemical
products/no
physical
side effects
Immediately reversible
Acceptable to many
religious faiths
Responsibility
for
family
planning
is
shared by both partners
High
probability
of
incorrect or inconsistent
use
Can
deteriorate
if
incorrectly stored
Requires
considerable
client instruction
Requires high level of
client
responsibility:
women must keep daily
records
Couples must cooperate in
order to avoid sexual
relations during fertile
days (about 10-15 days
each month), unless a
barrier method is used at
that time
Women with irregular
menstrual periods may be
unable to use rhythm or
BBT methods
Does not protect against
STDs/HIV
Mucus
Method
(CMM)
(Billings
Method)
JF.
JG.
JH.
JI.
JJ. References
JK.
JL.
JM. Coila, B. (2011). What are the Effects of Teenage Pregnancy? Retrieved from
http://www.livestrong .com/article/147035-what-are-the-effects-of-teenage-pregnancy/
JN. Copeland, D. & Harbaugh, B. (2004). Transition of Maternal
Competency of Married and Single Mothers in Early Parenthood. The
journal of perinatal Education. Advancing normal birth. Retrieved from
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1595220/
JO.
JP. National Youth Development Agency. (2013). Call for Proposals: Teenage Pregnancy
Programme. Retrieved from http://www.ngopulse.org/opportunity/call-proposals-teenagepregnancy-programme
JQ.
JR. Natividad, J. (2013). Teenage Pregnancy in the Philippines: Trends,
Correlates and Data Sources. Journal of the ASEAN Federation of
Endocrine Societies. Retrieved from http://www.aseanendocrinejournal.org/index.php/JAFES/article/view/49/477
JS.
JT. Salamanca, E. (1997). Adolescent Pregnancy. A proposal for intervention. Retrieved from
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9385187
JU.
JV.Solter, C. (1997). Introduction to Family Planning and the Health of Women and Children
and an Overview of Family Planning Methods. Retrieved from
http://www.pathfinder.org/publications-tools/pdfs/Module-1-Intro-Overview-of-RHTraining-Curriculum.pdf
JW.
JX.The Official Gazette. (2012). Republic Act 10354: An Act Providing For a National
Policy on Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health. Retrieved from
http://www.gov.ph/2012/12/21/republic-act-no-10354/
JY.
JZ. Van der Hor, C. (2014). Teenage pregnancy among todays Filipino youth. Philippine
Daily inquirer
KA.
KB.
KC.