2013051966 (3POL2)

Kenya
Kenya being an East African country is bordered by the Indian Ocean in the South East, Tanzania
on the South, on the West is Uganda, Ethiopia to the North, North West is South Sudan and
Somalia to the North East. The population in Kenya is over 45 million people and covers 580,
367 sq. km of land and water1. Ethnicity in the country is very evident and there are diverse
cultures present given the environment the people are in. there are more than 40 groups including
Kikuyu which covers 22% of the people, 14 % for Luhya, Luo 13%, Kalenjin 12 %, Kamba
11%, Kisii 6%, Meru 6%, other African 15%, non-African (Asian, European, and Arab) 1%2.
The Republic of Kenya is divided into seven provinces and ne area viz Central, Coast, Eastern,
Nairobi Area, North Eastern, Nyanza, Rift Valley, Western with Niarobi as its administrative
capital. With the seven given provinces, there also consists of multiple traditions in the culture of
Kenya. Kenya has no single prominent culture that identifies the country instead it consists of
various cultures that are practiced by the countrys different communities3. The Maasai culture, is
a tradition very well known to tourism, despite constituting a relatively small the Kenyas
population. The culture is well known for their elaborative upper body adornment and jewelries.
Literacy rates

1 Kenya Population Situation Analysis. (2013). Government of Kenya

2 Sobania, N. (2003). Culture and Customsin Kenya. London: Greenwood Press.
3 Burns, K. (2015). Cultural Traditions in Kenya. Crabtree Publishing Company.

Assessments of the Kenyan proficiency rate reach somewhere around 75 and 85 percent, with the
female rate around 10 focuses lower than the male. The instruction framework, assail by nonenlistment and low culmination rates, offers eight years of obligatory essential instruction,
starting at age six, four years of optional school, and four years of college instruction. The dialect
of guideline from the auxiliary stage ahead is English. Essential enlistment since 2002 has
included around 75 percent of kids. This enlistment rate remains underneath the about 100
percent rate in the 1980s preceding the presentation, under contributor weight, of client charges.
The elementary school finish rate in 2002 was under one-half. Grade school enlistment has
expanded under the Kibaki government, which instantly satisfied its battle vow to annul client
charges and uncommon expenses. The administration now offers widespread free essential
instruction, a change from prior expense sharing game plans between the legislature and folks.
Auxiliary school enlistment in 2002 included just around 23 percent of the significant age group.
More noteworthy government use on education more than 8 percent of total national output and
30 percent of current government spending in 2004promises to reverse the declining pattern in
instructive gauges, and additionally to build the financial deficit4.
Political History
The colonial history of Kenya is connected somewhat to the Portuguese but more to the British.
Portuguese took control of the zone in the early 1500s from the Arab seafarers, which was
accepted to have hindered the regions for around 2 million years. However in 1890 the area got
to be British protectorate and from that point in 1920 turned into a crown settlement by the name
British East Africa meaning the impact and control of the British. The English pioneer standard
usurped control of Kenya and brought everything under the control and organization of West
4 Library Of Congress. (2007, June). Country Profile Kenya. Nairobi, Kenya

Minister in England. Taking after progressive many years of pilgrim principle, patriot battle
started around 1940s furthermore, escalated in the 1952 onwards taking after the development
and battle of the Mau patriot development and the consequent aggressor battles against the
administration that endured till 1956.
Amid the patriot battles, the English subdued powerfully and imprisoned some conspicuous
patriots including the main President Jomo Kenyatta.After almost eight many years of provincial
standard and patriot battle Kenya picked up their freedom from Britain on 12 December 1963. At
the conception of another Kenya in 1963, Jomo Kenyatta, a patriot pioneer amid the freedom
battle turned into the president of Kenya and his demise in 1978 prompted the Vice President
Daniel Arap Moi to end up president under the
Kenya African National Union (KANU). Moi's administration was exceptionally unexpected in
wording of vote based system and development. While Moi's administration was portrayed by
tyranny, Kenya under his rule got to be a standout amongst the most prosperous African
countries particularly through guide amid the Cold War. Moi's rule was portrayed by sit-tight
arrangement of government and Kenya turned into a de facto one party state system from 1969
until 1982 when KANU party was made the only party in Kenya.
President Moi acknowledged a move and composed race in 1992 and 1997, yet the restriction
were not able to unstick Moi from force. The 2002 race demonstrated to the unequivocal period
for change in force in Kenya. After Moi moved to one side, a multi-ethnic party National
Rainbow Coalition (NARC), vanquished KANU competitor Uhuru KENYATTA and Mwai
KIBAKI expected force as the President after December 2002 race. In spite of the introductory
solidarity that helped the Rainbow coalition win the 2002 races, the gathering split in 2005 over
an established survey procedure prompting a few groups of the Rainbow Coalition joining the

KANU to shape the Orange Democratic Movement (ODM), which vanquished the government
in the draft constitution in a prevalent submission in November 2005. Kibaki's administration did
little to guarantee expansive based support and accord, which finished into a rancorous race in
2007 that guaranteed lives and properties in Kenya. Endeavor to win re-decision by Kibaki
brought about three months of post-decision savagery of exceptional scale in Kenya that required
the mediation of the African Union through the African Union Panel of Eminent African
Personalities and the International group to determine. The post's determination appointive clash
of 2007/08 prompted a force sharing arrangement that brought the ODM applicant Raila
ODINGA into the government in a force sharing arrangement that restored the until now
scratched position of Prime Minister and further through the African Union intervention Board of
Eminent African Personalities drove by previous United Nations Secretary General; Kofi Annan
concurred on established changed and changes that changed the force structure back and killed
the position of Prime Clergyman whilst building up a bicameral council in the following
presidential race. The new constitution was embraced through a national submission in August
2010, which is the structure whereupon the 2013 decision would be conducted5.
Geography
Kenyas territory lies on the equator and overlies the East African Rift that covers a diverse
terrain that extends from Lake Victoria to Lake Turkana and further south-east to the Indian
Ocean. Kenya covers 581,309 km2 and a population approximately 45 million people. The
climate in Kenya is warm and humid tropical climate given that it is in the Indian Ocean
coastline.

5 Hornsby, C. (2013). Kenya: A History since Independence. London

The countrys largest cities are Nairobi, the capital and chief manufacturing center; Mombasa,
the principal seaport; and Kisumu, the chief port on Lake Victoria. Smaller cities include Nakuru,
a commercial and manufacturing center in the Eastern Rift Valley; and Eldoret, an industrial
center in western Kenya. The population of cities, according to the 1999 census, was Nairobi,
1,346,000; Mombasa, 465,000; Kisumu, 185,000; Nakuru, 163,000; and Eldoret, 105,000.
Kenyas territorial sea extends 12 nautical miles. The exclusive economic (fishing) zone is 200
nautical miles, and the continental shelf extends to a 200-meter depth or to the depth of
exploitation.
Governmental profile and structure
Kenya is a multi-party Presidential democratic state. The government of Kenya, just like that of
the Philippines and other democratic states, comprises of the Executive, Legislative, and the
Judiciary.
The Executive
The chief executive is the president who is in charge of leading the armed-forces and also the
head of the government. The president is the one who exercises executive powers and is assisted
by the Vice President. But then, after the power sharing deal after the post electoral conflict of
2007/08 which established the office of the Prime Minister. After the power sharing deal of 2008
the day to day government business in the hands of the Prime Minister (cite). Therefore,
Executive function is shared between the hands of the Prime Minister and the President while the
Vice President just supports the President. This arrangement came into force as a result of the
power sharing deal had its effect last March 2013 Election.
The Legislature

Kenyan government currently functions as a unicameral legislature. The unicameral legislature

of Kenya comprises of 224 members of the parliament, 210 members are elected by popular vote
to serve five-year-terms, and 12 are nominated members appointed by the president but selected
by the parties in proportion to their parliamentary vote and 2 ex-officio members. However, since
Kenya has changed their constitution last August of 2010, I also has changed Kenya Legislative
organ to bicameral thus creating two houses; the National Assembly and the Senate. 290
members for the National Assembly, which forty-seven shall be women and 12 members
nominated by the parliamentary political parties according to their proportion of members of the
Senate and the additional two both male and female will be the ones representing the youth, and
another two for representing the ones with disability. The parliament members will be serving
five years of service.
The Judiciary
Then Kenyan Judiciary and legal system is a mixture of the British common law since the
Kenyan government was once colonized by the British, Islamic law and the customary law. It is
supported by the judicial review in the high court. Kenya judiciary comprises of courts and
tribunals. It created two separate three tier court systems. The first tier are Supreme Court, Court
of Appeals, and High Court and the second tier consisting of Magistrate courts, Kadhis courts
(sentences according to Muslim law), and Courts Martial. The countrys judicial system also
recognizes the tribunal.
The High Court is established under Article 165 and it consists of a number of judges to be
prescribed by an Act of Parliament. It has unlimited original jurisdiction in civil and criminal

matter and to determine question of Bill of Rights and fundamental freedom and can hear appeal
emanating from a tribunal and other matter as dully assigned to the Court by the Constitution6.
The Green Revolution
The green revolution was a transformation of the practice in the agriculture developed for the
South scientists, governments and donor agencies from the North. Kenya was part of the green
revolution when they were trying to fight poverty through increasing production. The green
revolution was advocated both as the miracle path for economic development and also a
necessity to meet the needs of the ever-growing countries in the South7. To promote the green
revolution, the Kenyan government forbids outreach workers to teach local farmers how to
compose, and rather promotes the use of chemical fertilizers .
The Syngenta Foundation for Sustainable Agriculture
The Syngenta Foundation was officially launched on 12 October 2001, with Klaus Leisenger as
interim executive director in addition to his position at the Novartis Foundation. Its stated goals
are very similar if not identical to the agricultural program section of the Novartis foundation fro
sustainable Development.
Role of modern technologies in agriculture: With sustainable agriculture as the framework,
research and development can help developing countries control pests and fight plant diseases
while increasing yields and improving crops8.
6 Library Of Congress. (2007, June). Country Profile Kenya. Nairobi, Kenya
7 Paul, H., Steinbrecher, R., & Kuyek, D. (2004). Hungry Corporations: Transnational
Biotechnology Companies Colonize the Food Chain. Manila, Philippines: IBON Books
8 Paul, H., Steinbrecher, R., & Kuyek, D. (2004). Hungry Corporations: Transnational
Biotechnology Companies Colonize the Food Chain. Manila, Philippines: IBON Books

Major exports and imports

Kenyas chief exports are horticultural products and tea. Kenyas other significant exports are
petroleum products, sold to near neighbors, fish, cement, pyrethrum, and sisal. The leading
imports are crude petroleum, chemicals, manufactures goods, machinery and transportation
equipment. Africa is Kenyas largest export market, followed by the European Union.
The major destinations for exports are the United Kingdom, Tanzania, Urganda, and the
Netherlands. Major suppliers are China, India, United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia and South
Africa. Kenyas main exports to the Unites States are garments traded under the terms of African
Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA). 9
Status in the International Arena
As of 18th of June 2012, the Kenya Economic Update launched in Nairobi, indicating that the
economy is stabilizing due to the government action in the third quarter of 2011. The actions
taken consisted of a raise in interest rates that in turn brought inflation down. According to the
World Bank County Director of Kenya, Johannes Zutt, Kenyas per capita income has exceeded
US$800 for the first time, and Kenyans have an opportunity to enjoy better standards of living as
the economy progresses towards middleincome status in the coming years.
Environmental Concerns
Kenya confronts genuine interrelated ecological issues, including deforestation, soil
disintegration, desertification, water deficiency and corrupted water quality, poaching, and local
9 Were, M. (2002). Analysis of Kenya's export performance. Nairobi, Kenya: Kenya Institute
for Public Policy Research and Analysis.

and mechanical contamination. Water assets are underweight from horticultural chemicals and
urban and mechanical squanders, and also from utilization for hydroelectric force. A lack of
water is required to represent an issue in the coming years. Water-quality issues in lakes,
incorporating water hyacinth infestation in Lake Victoria, have added to a generous decrease in
angling yield and jeopardized fish species. Yield from ranger service likewise has declined due to
asset corruption. Over-exploitation in the course of recent decades has diminished the nation's
timber assets by one-half. At present just 3 percent of the area stays forested, and an expected
5,000 hectares of woodland are lost every year. This loss of backwoods bothers disintegration,
the silting of dams and flooding, and the loss of biodiversity. In light of biological disturbance,
activists have squeezed with some accomplishment for approaches that empower maintainable
asset utilization. The 2004 Nobel Peace Prize went to the Kenyan earthy person, Wangari
Maathai, best known for arranging a grassroots development in which a great many individuals
were assembled throughout the years to plant 30 million trees in Kenya and somewhere else and
to challenge backwoods freedom for extravagance advancement. Detained as a rival of President
Moi, Maathai connected deforestation with the situation of country ladies, who are constrained
spend untold hours looking for rare kindling and water.
Clean Water in Kenya
Lack of access in clean water in Kenya has been a problem and a life-threatening reality for all
the hundreds of millions of people in Kenya and charitable solutions are often short term.
Imagine 8 out of 10 people in Kenya dont have access in clean drinking water. Although one
company has introduces a way in filtering water by using salt and car battery, only few can
afford to have one. This technology has already been introduced in other areas also other

countries in addressing their problem in clean water10. Countries like India and Haiti has also
been using this kind of technology just like Kenya, in hope for having water to save lives and not
to bring disease and worst, death.
Social Concerns
Child Labor
Children in Kenya are exposed in the worst forms of child labor in Kenya, many of them are in
agriculture and in fishing. Children involved in agriculture often work long hours, use dangerous
tools and farm machinery, and are exposed to toxic substances and harmful pests. Children also
engage in fishing, including for tilapia and sardines, for which they use knives and hooks and
dive under water to chase fish into nets. Outside the agriculture sector, children are employed in
charcoal burning, logging, and mining. There is limited evidence that children mine in
abandoned gold mines, where they may be exposed to toxic materials, increasing their chances of
developing respiratory diseases.2654 Limited evidence suggests that children work in small
quarries by breaking rocks into gravel without protective gear. There is also reason to believe
that the worst forms of child labor are used in the production of alcohol, furniture, and textiles.
Children also work in construction and domestic service. Child domestics are vulnerable to
sexual harassment by their employers and work long hours.2656 Children are also involved in
the transportation industry and carry heavy hand luggage.2657 In dumpsites, children collect and
sell scrap materials such as metal and paper, often exposing themselves to tetanus and other
infectious diseases by sorting through waste with their bare hands11.
10 McNeish, H. (2015). Salt and Car Battery: Unusual Ways to clean water in Kenya.
Kenya
11 (2010). 2009 Findings o the Wordst Forms of Child Labor in Kenya. United States: United
States Department of Labor.

2013051966 (3POL2)
To address the trafficking of children in Kenyas agriculture sector, the Government in
partnership with the International Solidarity Center, the Kenya Plantation and Agricultural
Workers Union, and the Kenya Sugar Plantation Workers Union, undertook a 1-year program
funded by the US Department of State at $301,150.2722 This project aims to generate incentives
for parents to keep children in school, train shop stewards as monitors and peer educators, and
raise awareness about child trafficking to encourage work place policies that do not facilitate or
condone child trafficking.
Food Insecurity
The communities in arid and semi-arid lands of the country are particularly vulnerable to food
insecurity because of the recurring natural disasters of drought, livestock diseases, animal and
crop pests, and limited access to appropriate technologies, information, credit, and financial
services. Kenyas average poverty level exceeds the 50% mark. The number of the absolute poor
increased from 10 million in 1994 to 13.4 million in 1997 and by the year 2000, the overall
poverty situation in Kenya was 56% of a population estimated at 30 million people. The reasons
for the worsening situation are many and varied. The causes of poverty and food insecurity in
Kenya include low agricultural productivity, inadequate access to productive assets (land and
capital), inadequate infrastructure, limited well-functioning markets, high population pressure on
land, inadequate access to appropriate technologies by farmers, effects of global trade and slow
reform process12

12 Kinyua, J. (2004). Towards Achieving Food Security in Kenya. Kampala, Uganda.

Bibliography
(2010). 2009 Findings o the Wordst Forms of Child Labor in Kenya. United States:
United States Department of Labor.
Burns, K. (2015). Cultural Traditions in Kenya. Crabtree Publishing Company.
Hornsby, C. (2013). Kenya: A History since Independence. London.
Kenya Population Situation Analysis. (2013). Government og Kenya.
Kinyua, J. (2004). Towards Achieving Food Security in Kenya. Kampala, Uganda.
Library Of Congress. (2007, June). Country Profile Kenya. Nairobi, Kenya.
McNeish, H. (2015). Salt and Car Battery: Unusual Ways to clean water in Kenya.
Kenya.
Paul, H., Steinbrecher, R., & Kuyek, D. (2004). Hungry Corporations: Transnational
Biotechnology Companies Colonize the Food Chain. Manila, Philippines: IBON
Books.
Sobania, N. (2003). Culture and Customsin Kenya. London: Greenwood Press.
Were, M. (2002). Analysis of Kenya's export performance. Nairobi, Kenya: Kenya
Institute for Public Policy Research and Analysis.