ANOTASI JURNAL PENGINDERAAN JAUH DAN SIG

UNTUK MITIGASI BENCANA (LONGSOR)

Tugas
Diajukan untuk memenuhi Tugas Mata Kuliah Penginderaan Jauh dan SIG
Dosen Pengampu Dr. Lili Somantri, S.Pd., M.Si.

Oleh:
Hana Fairuz
(1502646)

PROGRAM STUDI PENDIDIKAN GEOGRAFI

SEKOLAH PASCA SARJANA
UNIVERSITAS PENDIDIKAN INDONESIA
2016

ANOTASI JURNAL PENGINDERAAN JAUH DAN SIG UNTUK MITIGASI BENCANA

(BENCANA LONGSOR)

1. Judul
Nama
Sumber

: Application of Remote Sensing and GIS for Landslide Disaster Management: A Case from Abay Gorge, Gohatsion-Dejen
Section, Ethiopia.
: S. Ayele, T.K. Raghuvanshi, P.M. Kala
: (Landscape Ecology and Water Management Proceedings of IGU Rohtak Conference, Vol. 2. 2014, Springer - Japan, ISBN:
978-4-431-54870-6)

MASALAH
TINJAUAN PUSTAKA
METODE`
The
Abay
Gorge,
along a. Remote sensing
The data that was used for this
GohatsionDejen
road,
in b. GIS
study are: topographic map,
Ethiopia
witness
frequent c. Mitigating landslide risk geological,
structural
and
landslides during the rainy
disaster is of prime concern engineering geological maps, soil
season. The natural stability of
and through the present study maps, Landsat 7 ETM + Enhanced
slopes has been disturbed due to
attempts are made to delineate Thematic (Mapper Plus), Shuttle
the road construction, the fragile
the landslide hazard prone Radar Topographic Mission
geological
conditions,
zones in the study area. For (SRTM). ERDAS Imagine 8.6 was
groundwater and uncontrolled
this purpose Landslide Hazard used for image processing of
surface run-off which favor
Zonation (LHZ) mapping landsat ETM + image in
landsliding during rainy season.
using integrated
Remote lineanament
analysis
and
Such landslide hazard has
Sensing and GIS technique landuse/landcover classification,
resulted into frequent disruption
was carried out so as to MapInfo for digitizing structures
in
traffic
movement
and
classify the land surface into and
landuse/landcover,
endangered the people life and
zones of varying degree of respectively, ArcGIS 9.1, IDRISI
their property in the area. Rock
hazard.
32 and Global Mapper.
fall, toppling, debris slide and
To assess landslide hazard and to
rotational failure of colluvial
map hazard zone in different parts
material are some of the common
of the world, the authors use
land instability manifestations
several methods, there are: expert
observed in the area
evaluation, heuristic method,
statistical
methods,
and
deterministic method.
To delineate the landslide hazard
zones, the authors used Weighted
linear combination method, that
includes three main stages; prefield work, field work, and post
field work.

HASIL
The result has shown that out of 21
past slope failures, seven (33.33
%) occurs in very high, seven
(33.33 %) in high, five (23.81 %)
in moderate and two (9.52 %) in
low hazard zones, respectively.
The
comparison
shows
satisfactory results as 67 % of the
past landslides lie within the
maximum hazard zone, and the
remaining within the moderate
and low hazards zones. No
landslide event was observed in
the very low hazard zone. Thus,
the
satisfactory
agreement
confirmed the rationality of the
considered governing parameters,
their influential weight, the
adopted methodology, tools and
procedures in developing the
landslide hazard map of the study
area.

2. Judul
Nama
Sumber

: Landslide Hazard Zonation using Remote Sensing and GIS: a case study of Dikrong river basin, Arunachal Pradesh, India.
: A. Pandey, P.P. Dabral, N. K. Yadav, V. M. Chowdary.
: (Enviroment Geologi, DOI 10.1007/s00254-007-0933-1, 2008, springer- Verlag)

MASALAH
Landslides are complex natural
phenomena that are hard to model
and
simulate.
Predicting
hazardous events like landslides
are particularly difficult because
no laboratory exists that can
preliminarily
measures
the
necessary variables, refine the
techniques, and apply the results.
Hence, the identification of
landslide-prone
regions
is
essential for carrying out quicker
and safer mitigation programs, as
well as future strategic planning of
the area. Therefore, the Landslide
Hazard Zonation (LHZ) of an area
becomes important whereby the
area is classified into different
LHZ ranging from very low
hazard zone to very high hazard
zone. Landslide susceptibility
mapping is of great value for
landslide
hazard
mitigation
efforts. Landslide hazard analysis
focuses mainly on the spatial
zoning of the hazard.

TINJAUAN PUSTAKA
Geographic Information System
(GIS), as a computer-based system
for
data
capture,
input,
manipulation,
transformation,
visualization, combination, query,
analysis, modeling and output, with
its excellent spatial data processing
capacity, has attracted great
attention in natural disaster
assessment (Carrara et al. 1999).
The spatial and temporal thematic
information derived from remote
sensing, thematic maps and groundbased information needs to be
integrated. Several researchers have
envisaged Remote sensing and GIS
technologies for LHZ studies.
Specifically GIS has the potential of
performing Landslide Zonation
using various thematic layers.
LHZ can be broadly divided into two
categories, (1) Direct hazard
mapping, in which the degree of
hazard is determined by the mapping
geomorphologist, based on his
experience and knowledge of the
terrain conditions, and (2) Indirect
hazard mapping, in which either
statistical models or deterministic
models are used to predict landslide
prone areas, based on information
obtained from the interrelation
between landscape factors and the
landslide distribution.

a.
b.

c.

d.
e.

METODE`
The description of study
area,
Generation of input
parameters for Landslide
Hazard zonation under GIS
environment,
Geological features of
Dikrong river Basin,
structurak set-up,
Integration of thematic
layers and their analysis
Weigthning and rating for
landslide hazard.

a.

b.

c.

d.

e.

HASIL
The overall land use / land
cover classification accuracy of
the satellite data was 88.48
percent.
The distribution of landslides is
largely governed by the
combined effect of various geoenvironmental conditions such
as proximity (<500) to the
thrust zone, Subansiri and
Dafla formations.
The high susceptibility to
landslides of the Dikrong river
basin is mainly due to a
complex geological setting
combined with contemporary
crustal movements, varying
slopes and relief, heavy
rainfall, along with everincreasing human interference
in the ecosystem
The area under very high
hazard was found to be 4.36
percent only, whereas the area
under very low hazard was
34.80 percent.
Developed maps can be used as
an elementary form of landslide
hazard map because they show
the
spatial
location
of
susceptible zones of landslides.
The resulting LHZ map can be
of immense use to planners and
designers in selecting the
suitable route paths.

3. Judul
Nama
Sumber

: Landslide Hazard Zonation in a part of the Bhagirathi Valley, Garhwal Himalayas, using integrated remote sensing GIS
: R. P. Gupta, A. K. Saha, M. K. Arora, A. Kumar.
: (Himalayan Geology, Vol. 20(2), 1999, Page. 71-85, India)

MASALAH
Landslides are a common
phenomenon in a tectonically
fragile and sensitive mountainous
terrain like Himalayas. The high
suspectibility to landslides of the
Himalayas is mainlt due to
complex geological setting with
contemporary crustal adjusments,
varying slopes relief, heavy snow
and rainfall, along with everincreasing human interference.
Mitigation of the landslide
dissasters can be successful only
when detailed knowledge is
obtained about the expected
frequency,
character
and
magnitude of mass movements in
an area. To take a quick and safer
mitigation measure and future
strategic planning, identification
of landslide prone areas and
Landslide Hazard Zonation (LHZ)
are important.

TINJAUAN PUSTAKA
To take a quick and safer
mitigation measure and future
strategic planning, identification
of landslide prone areas and
Landslide Hazard Zonation (LHZ)
are important.
A LHZ map delineates areas with
varying probability of slope
instability. The approach of
landslide hazard zonation is based
on the relationship between the
frequency of landslides and their
causative factors. The evaluation
of landslide is dependent on many
factors.
The GIS environment enables
efficient handling of various
spatial parameters. The main
advantages of this technique are:
storage of large quantities of data
in digital format and fast retrieval,
analysis and integration of
different types of data and ability
to perform complex spatial
analysis rapidly.

METODE`
This study has utilized:
a. Geological map representing
lithological and structural
units compiled after Valdiya
(1980) and Manickavasagam,
et al. (1999)
b. Topographic maps of survey of
India at 1:50.000 scale to from
the base map
c. IRS-IC and ID multispectral
LISS II
d. Panchromatic sensor data sets
as the input data
e. Field
data
involving
observations on geology,
structure, landslides and
landuse/ landcover.
f. The GIS and image processing
have been carried out using
PC-based software ILWIS 2.1
and EASI/ PACE 6.2. Broadly
the data manipulation can be
considered into two stages:
pre-processing
and
processing.

HASIL
Remote sensing-GIS methodology
involving integration of various
thematic data layers in a raster
GIS. Is suitable for landslide
hazard zonation. Field data on the
distribution pattern of landslide
confirms the validity of the LHZmap generated from remote
sensing-GIS study.
From that input data sets, various
thematic data layers generated
are: landuse/ landcover map,
buffer map of thrusts, buffer map
of photo-lineaments, lithology,
buffer map of drainage, slope
angle map and relative relief map.
The ordinal qualitative method of
weighting-rating with respect to
landslide susceptibility has been
selected for data integration. This
has yielded a Landslide Hazard
Index (LHI)-value map, based on
the
distribution
of
which
Landslide Hazard Zonation has
been carried out. Field data on
distribution of landslide has been
used to check the validity of the
remote sensing-GIS based LHZ
map.
The LHZ map depicts relative risk
susceptibility of areas to landslide
under existing natural conditions.
The changes in the natural
environment may change the risk
susceptibility of the area in terms
of landslide.

4. Judul
Nama
Sumber

: Remote Sensing and GIS Based Landslide Susceptibility Assessment using Binary Logistic Regression Model: A Case Study
in the Ganeshganga Watershed, Himalayas
: Ashis Saha, Charu C. Pant.
: (Journal of The Indian Society of Remote Sensing, September 2013, Vol. 41, DOI 10.1007/s12524-012-0255-y, India)

MASALAH
Landslides are most dominant
natural as well as manmade hazard
especially in the mountainous
regions of India, causing huge loss
of human life and property every
year. About 15 % landmass of India
(~0.5 millions. km) including the
Himalayan
mountain,
the
Meghalaya plateau and the Western
Ghats are landslide prone. During
monsoon, these areas witness
frequent landslide events primarily
triggered by rainfall. Through
scientific analysis of landslides, we
can assess and predict landslide
susceptible areas, and thus reduce
landslide damage by adopting
proper mitigation measures.
The Alaknanda Flashflood of 1970
was a rare catastrophe which
brought in loss to the life & property
of an unprecedented magnitude. The
heavy rain followed by the
cloudburst at the higher reaches of
Ganeshganga basin generated a
series of landslides along the
tributaries of Ganeshganga river. A
huge pile of debris discharged by the
river Ganeshganga blocked the
main river Alaknanda and built a 20
m high dam The facts brought forth
illustrate the need for a fresh look on
the Ganeshganga basin landslides
to explore the current landslide
susceptibility scenario.

TINJAUAN PUSTAKA
METODE`
HASIL
With
the
advancement
of a. Thematic
Data
Layer The coefficients of the causative
geospatial
technologies
and
Generation: For landslide factors retained by the BLR model
extensive computational facilities,
susceptibility zonation of the along with the constant have been
the landslide related studies have
study area, 13 thematic data used to construct the landslide
taken a new dimension. The
layers (e.g., slope, aspect, susceptibility map of the study
relevant
thematic
layers
relative relief, lithology, area, which has further been
pertaining to the causal factors for
density structural features categorized into four landslide
landslide occurrence have been
and lineaments, distance susceptibility zones from high to
generated using Remote sensing
from structural features and very low. The resultant landslide
technology supplemented with
lineaments,
drainage susceptibility map was validated
ancillary data. The GIS has been
density,
distance
from using
receiver
operator
used for organising the data base
drainage, land use and land characteristic
(ROC)
curve
and carrying out mathematical
cover and distance from analysis showing an accuracy of
modelling. GIS coupled with
road
and
landslide 95.2 % for an independent set of
remote sensing has proved to be a
distribution map) have been test samples. The result also
powerful tool to carry out
generated using integrated showed a strong agreement
landslide susceptibility assessment
remote
sensing-GIS between distribution of existing
(Van Westen et al. 2003).
methodology.
landslides and predicted landslide
BLR is one of the preferred b. Binary Logistic Regression susceptibility zones.
multivariate statistical analysis
Model.
when the dependent variable is
dichotomous and the independent
variables
are
categorical,
continuous or a combination of
both (Begueria and Lorente 2002;
Suzen and Doyuran 2004; Mathew
et al. 2009).

: Landslide and Its Mitigation for Disastre Management using Remote Sensing and GIS Technique A case study of Gangtok
area, East Sikkim.
Nama
: Ashok Kumar Sharma.
Sumber : (A Thesis from Sikkim Manipal University of Health, Medical and Technological Sciences, 2008)
MASALAH
TINJAUAN PUSTAKA
METODE`
HASIL
Sikkim is a disaster prone State. Indian a. Landslides are rock, earth, or debris Topographical map, IRS The purpose of this study is to produce the
Himalayan
Region
(IHR)
faces
flows on slopes due to gravity. They can LISS III imagery, and landslide hazard zonation map for mitigate
complexity of landslide hazards of
happen on any landscape certain the geological map is used to the hazard. Landslide hazard zonation map
unreliable magnitudes above its different
exact situation of soil, moisture, and parameter map.
be generated by combining different
regions as one of the major natural
the angle of slope.
After that for assessment parameter weight-age map and in image
hazards. Sikkim Himalaya in the eastern b. Types of landslide: rotational slide, landslide
hazard processing with slicing process defining the
IHR also experiences the landslide
transational slide, falls, topples, flows. zonation the first step is boundary values of hazard classes such as
troubles due to a geologically brittle host c. A landslide occurs when gravity forces gis statistical method very low, low, moderate, high and very high
terrain coupled with heavy rainfall as
land downward, often due to too much landslide
hazard hazard in scale of 1:50000.
well as other natural and anthropogenic
or lack of precipitation, runoff, or analysis, calculation of Very low hazard zone: The total area of very
factors. Mountain highway/ roads are the
ground saturation. In support of the weight
map,
and low hazard in entire area is 6.66 sq.km.
single most important infrastructure,
landslides,
water
flow,
mine, calculation
landslide Low hazard zone: The high percentage of
which suffer deficienly due to landslide
dissociation of the rocks and altering of hazard zonation map.
low hazard zone between Ranipool, Tadong,
and therefore affecting the regular traffic
land cover are the major causes. In
Sicheygoan, Syari and Rongyek area is
in the hills. Such events lead to problems
addition to them natural (earthquakes),
presence of moderate to steep rock faces
of road and other communications
artificial (explosions for road and mine
along lower reaches.
particularly during monsoons with
constructions) vibrations, rain dose,
Moderate hazard zone: This category of
adverse
impacts
on
economic/
sources and mix waters are the other
hazard zone are 8.36 sq. km. area of the
commercial as well as development
belongings.
entire area
related activities.
d. In the direct consequences all the
High hazard zone: This hazard zones is
A landslide hazard analysis has been
physical impacts are gathered, like
generally below 1500 meter elevation,
done for whole Gangtok area. In
damage buildings, failure of pipes, or
where the impact of human activity on
landslide zonation study, two elements
even
an
extreme
deformation
unconsolidated material and water seepage
have been investigated, there are
inclination of a house due to the
are very high.The area dominating with
geological and topographic factor, and
movement of a slide.
weathered, highly joined rocks and
activating factor. Landslide disasters in e. Risk due to landslide occurrence like
structural discontinuities show high hazard.
Himalaya have made fabulous impact on
position of landslide, buildings, injury,
Very high hazard zone: This indicates that
the society. Remote sensing and GIS
loss homes, waiving of dues, etc.
the Gangtok City, Chandmari, Tathangchen
techniques play a significant role in f. Landslide control technique like
and Burtuk area have more extent of very
Landslide Hazard Zonation mapping. A
shallow erosional slides, surface
high hazard zone. It has been observed that
LHZ map is helpful for selecting
drainage, sub surface drainage,
highly jointed and sheared rocks with week
appropriate
sites
to
implement
restraining systems, other control
lithologies and high density of settlements.
development schemes in the hilly
measures.
All active and disastrous landslides are
terrains.
g. Remote sensing
present in this zone.
h. GIS
5. Judul

6. Judul
Nama
Sumber

: Application of Remote Sensing data and GIS for Landslide risk assessment as an environmental threat to Izmir city
(west Turkey)
: Aykut Akgun, Cem Kincal, Biswajeet Pradhan.
: (Environ Monit Assess, 2012, DOI 10.1007/s10661-011-2352-8)

MASALAH
Landslides
cause
enormous
casualties and severe economic
losses in mountainous regions
worldwide. Preventing or reducing
mass movements always involves
systematic and rigorousprocesses to
stabilize or manage slopes. Since
this
is
seldom
sufficiently
recognized, new and more effective
methodologies need to be developed
in
order
to increase
the
understanding of landslide risk and
to enable rational decisions to be
made on the allocation of funds for
landslide risk management.
The Izmir city was chosen for such a
study because there are several
landslides which were triggered by
both earthquakes and rainfalls, in
the city, and these landslides have
adversely affected the existing and
newly planning residential areas.

TINJAUAN PUSTAKA
The risk concept for landslide
hazard assessment was discussed
by many authors (Varnes 1984;
Brabb 1984; Einstein 1998;
Carrara et al. 1991; Guzzetti et al.
2009; Wu et al. 2009; Pradhan
and Youssef 2010; Das et al. 2011;
Jaiswal et al. 2011a, b; PetersGuarin et al. 2011; Nefeslioglu
and Gokceoglu 2011; Pradhan et
al. 2011; Tang et al. 2011).
Briefly, risk is a function of hazard
and vulnerability parameters,
which are obtained from elements
at risk. Hazard means the
probability of occurrence within a
specified period of time and within
a given area of a potentially
damaging phenomenon (Varnes
1984). The population, properties
and economic activities (including
public services) at risk in a given
area correspond to the elements
at risk parameter (Newman and
Strojan 1998). Vulnerability
commonly expressed on a scale of
0 (no loss) to 1 (total loss)is
often placed in context using either
monetary terms, such as loss
experienced by a given property,
or to loss of life (Glade and
Crozier 2005; Jaiswal et al. 2010).

METODE`
In this study, landslide risk
assessment started with the
creation and assessment of a
probabilistic
susceptibility
model, and then the developed
susceptibility
map
was
transformed into a hazard index
model.
And
the,
When
attempting to assess landslide
risk, vulnerability to landslides
is often considered as equivalent
to complete loss of the assets or
total destruction of the elements
at risk, for all landslides and
landslide types and for all assets
or elements at risk in an
investigated area. After all, the
landslide risk data was
obtained.

HASIL
According to the obtained risk
map, the most risky areas were
determined to be located on the
southern and southeastern parts of
the Izmir Bay. At the same time,
these parts are the most populated
areas of Izmir city. The areas with
high and moderate risk generally
concentrate on the northern parts
of the Izmir Bay. These areas
should be focused for detail study
because this is where current
processes of urbanization are
concentrated.

7. Judul
Nama
Sumber

: An Integrated Approach with GIS and Remote Sensing Technique for Landslide Hazard Zonation.
: S. Evany Nithya, P. Rajesh Prasanna.
: (International Journal of Geomatics and Geosciences, Vol. 1, No. 1, 2010, ISSN 00976-4380)

MASALAH
Landslide is among the major
hydro-geological hazards that affect
large parts of India, especially
Himalayas, North- Eastern hill
ranges, Western Ghats, Nilgiris and
Eastern Ghats. Landslide hazard
zonation helps in identifying
strategic points and geographically
critical areas prone to landslides.

TINJAUAN PUSTAKA
Landslide is the most costly and
damaging natural hazards in the
mountainous
region.
These
landslides are triggered mainly by
rainfall or earthquakes. The
growing population and expansion
of
settlements
over
these
hazardous areas increased the
impact of natural disasters in most
of these areas. The landslide
hazards, in general cannot be
completely prevented. However,
the intensity and severity of
impacts of the hazards can be
minimized if the problem is
recognized before the development
activity. Hence, there arises a need
to identify the unstable slopes,
which are done by the landslide
hazard zonation. The landslide
hazard zonation (LHZ) of an area
aims at identifying the landslide
potential zones and ranking them
in order of the degree of hazard
from landslides.

METODE`
Preparation of thematic maps
showing
slope,
landuse,
geological,
drainage,
lineament, runoff and soil
components of the landslide
area using remote sensing
images.These are analyzed and
are numerically weighted based
on their relative importance.
The study area has been
classified into four zones of
instability and landslide hazard
zonation map is formed.

a.

b.

c.
d.

e.

f.

g.

HASIL
The very steep slope is found
in eastern region, steep slope
is observed in the western
region, villages have
moderate slope and high slope
occurs in agricultural and
grass land.
The horticulture plantation is
found as the major landuse in
the watershed.
The watershed is entirely
covered by charnockite.
Majority of the watershed
falls under high density
category.( drainage density ).
Majority of the watershed
falls under high density
category.
The runoff is high for the
entire watershed, with very
high runoff in agricultural
land which leads to severe
erosion. Absence of low runoff
is noted in the study area.
Coarse Loamy Typic
Humitropepts and Coarse
Loamy Typic Dystropepts
were found very high in the
central and eastern side of the
watershed where slope was
very high

8. Judul
Nama
Sumber

: Optimization of Causative Factors for Landslide Susceptibility Evaluation Using Remote Sensing and GIS Data in Parts of
Niigata, Japan.
: Jie Dou, Dieu Tien Bui, Ali P. Yunus, Kun Jia, Xuan Song, Inge Revhaug, Huan Xia, Zhongfa Zhu.
: (PLoS ONE vol.10(7), doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0133262, Jult 27, 2015)

MASALAH
The Osado Mountain that runs
through the Osado region, is a part
of Sado Island, Niigata Prefecture,
and stretches approximately 20 km
off the north-western coast of the
Honshu Island in the Sea of Japan.
Natural
hazards
such
as
earthquakes or volcanic eruptions
are rare compared to other islands
of Japan, however, landslides have
been common in the Osado
mountain due to rugged topography
and high elevation up to 1172 m. In
Sado Island, the landslides are
triggered mostly by rainfall and
partly by snow melting. The
dominant lithologic units in Sado
Island are volcanic dacite and
andesitic lava, with rhyolitic
intrusive
at
few
locations
(Geological Survey of Japan).
Landslides can cause problems to
natural ecosystems and road
networks in the Osado region.
Therefore, it is necessary to assess
the areas susceptible to landslides in
order
to
mitigate
damages
associated with them.

TINJAUAN PUSTAKA
CF is an approach using rulebased expert systems to resolve
certain problem classes. In the
past, the search for the
probabilistic interpretation of CF
model has received considerable
attention from the scholars. In this
study, CF is applied for selecting
the positive causative factors
related to landslide occurrence.
Compared with the other methods,
CF can be relatively easy to
perform when having to integrate
different
layers
using
the
combination rule.
Landslide susceptibility maps
(LSM) play a vital role in assisting
and managing hazards for land
use planning and risk mitigation.
LSM provide information on the
likelihood of landslides occurring
in an area given the local terrain
condition. Using GIS, various
methods
for
landslide
susceptibility mapping have been
proposed in the past. These
methods can be grouped into
qualitative and quantitative, based
on the properties they involve.

METODE`
To test the applicability of CF, a
landslide inventory map provided
by National Research Institute for
Earth Science and Disaster
Prevention (NIED) was split into
two subsets: (i) 70% of the
landslides in the inventory to be
used for building the CF based
model; (ii) 30% of the landslides to
be used for the validation purpose.
A spatial database with fifteen
landslide causative factors was
then constructed by processing
ALOS satellite images, aerial
photos,
topographical
and
geological maps. CF model was
then applied to select the best
subset from the fifteen factors.
Using all fifteen factors and the
best subset factors, landslide
susceptibility maps were produced
using statistical index (SI) and
logistic regression (LR) models.
The susceptibility maps were
validated and compared using
landslide locations in the
validation data. The prediction
performance of two susceptibility
maps was estimated using the
Receiver
Operating
Characteristics (ROC).

HASIL
The result shows that the area
under the ROC curve (AUC) for
the LR model (AUC = 0.817) is
slightly higher than those
obtained from the SI model
(AUC = 0.801). Further, it is
noted that the SI and LR models
using the best subset outperform
the models using the fifteen
original factors. Therefore, we
conclude that the optimized
factor model using CF is more
accurate in predicting landslide
susceptibility and obtaining a
more
homogeneous
classification map. Our findings
acknowledge that in the
mountainous regions suffering
from data scarcity, it is possible
to select key factors related to
landslide occurrence based on
the CF models in a GIS
platform.
Hence,
the
development of a scenario for
future
planning
of
risk
mitigation is achieved in an
efficient manner.

9. Judul
Nama
Sumber

: Integrated use of GIS and remote sensing for monitoring landslides in transportation pavements: the case study of
Paphos area in Cyprus.
: D. D. Alexakis, A. Agapiou, M. Tzouvaras, K. Themistocleous, K. Neocleous, S. Michaelides, D. G. Hadjimitsis.
: (Nat Hazards, DOI 10.1007/s11069-013-0770-3, 2014)

MASALAH
Reliability of roads and road
networks is of key interest for
transport system users and hence
planners are at all levels, both in
the public and private sectors.
Natural hazards of a greater scale
can lead to significant problems
for the neighbouring region or
even the entire country as they can
make parts of the road network
practically impassable.
The island of Cyprus is located in
the northeastern most corner of the
Mediterranean Sea. The main part
of the area is rather hilly and
mountainous, covered either by
coniferous forest or bare soil.
Historically, the whole area was
affected by the earthquake of Ms =
6.5 that occurred near Paphos
(34.932.2) on 10 September 1953
(Mercier et al. 1973). This
earthquake triggered landslide
phenomena that occurred some
years later (1965) in the broader
area of Statos and Ayios Photios
villages and caused serious
damages not only to the habitation
settlements, but also to the broader
road network.

TINJAUAN PUSTAKA
Natural hazards of a greater scale can lead
to significant problems for the neighbouring
region or even the entire country as they can
make parts of the road network practically
impassable (Rodrigue et al. 2009).
Disruptions in the operation of a single road
and even more a road network can cause
substantial economic and social strains.
Given the value of a functional road
transport system, it is important to be able to
predict the impacts of disruptions to the
system, where they are the most likely to
occur, and where the impacts would be the
most severe (Jenelius and Mattsson 2012).
Analysis of road network vulnerability is
very important for road network planning,
construction and management (Yang and
Qian 2012).
Landslide hazard assessment and risk
management can be accomplished by
providing the risk managers with easily
accessible and continuous landslide
susceptibility information of the study area
(Kouli et al. 2013). A landslide susceptibility
map depicts areas likely to have landslides
in the future by correlating some of the main
factors that contribute to landslides with the
past distribution of slope failures (Fall et al.
2006). With the use of GIS-based map
overlay techniques, it is possible to
quantitatively combine several layers of
different parameters (e.g. elevation, slope,
land use, etc.) to produce spatial patterns of
landslide susceptibility (Hong et al. 2007).

a.

b.

c.

d.

e.

METODE`
Data: A digital elevation model
(DEM) was used for the study to
generate geomorphologic parameters
(slope, aspect and drainage network).
For the purposes of study, three
Landsat 5 TM and Landsat 7 ETM+
images and one high-resolution
QuickBird image were used and
analysed.
The pansherpened multispectral
QuickBird image (0.6 m resolution
VIS, NIR part of spectrum) was
collected at 2010.
Qualitative methods are subjective;
they represent the susceptible levels in
descriptive expressions and depend on
expert opinions.
Quantitative methods are based on
numerical
expressions
of
the
relationship
between
controlling
factors and the landslides.
A number of different methods for
landslide susceptibility mapping have
been suggested such as analytic
hierarchy process (AHP).
Information from remotely sensed data
is digitally processed and combined
with other ancillary environmental
information incorporated in a GIS. The
final output is a probabilistic model for
modelling and simulation of landslides
based on environmental parameters
and CA Markov model.

HASIL
The results indicated good
correlation
between
classified
high-hazard
areas and field-confirmed
slope failures. The CA
Markov model was also
used to predict the landslide
hazard zonation map for
2020 and the possible future
hazards for transportation
pavements. The proposed
methodology can be used
for areas with similar
physiographic conditions
all over the Eastern
Mediterranean region.

10. Judul
Nama
Sumber

: Soil erosion assessment and its correlation with landslide events using remote sensing data and GIS: a case study at Penang
Island, Malaysia.
: Biswajeet Pradhan, Amruta Chaudhari, J. Adinatayana, Manfred F. Buchroithner.
: (Environ Monit Assess, DOI 10.1007/s10661-011-1996-8, 2011)

MASALAH
Soil from the worlds croplands is being
swept and washed away 1040 times
faster than it is being replenished. As a
result of erosion over the past 40 years,
30% of the worlds arable land has
become unproductive. Erosion also
reduces the ability of the soil to store
water and support plant growth,
thereby reducing its ability to support
biodiversity.
Land is a scarce resource which is
much sought after in Penang Island,
Malaysia. This is because Penang
Island is largely made up of steep
topography, including hilly areas, and
much of the lowland areas are already
developed. Penang is one of the many
rapidly industrialising states in
Malaysia with a large urban
population. Many hilly areas are
already being developed and some
other hill development projects are in
the pipeline for future developments.
This has led to many environmental
problems such as deforestation,
decimation of water catchments,
destruction of endangered fauna and
flora, soil erosion, landslides, water
pollution,
sedimentation
and
downstream flooding.

TINJAUAN PUSTAKA
Soil erosion is second only to
population growth as the biggest
environmental problem the world is
facing. The United States is losing
soil 10 times faster than the natural
replenishment rate, while China and
India are losing soil 3040 times
faster (Pimentel 2006).
Given the high intensity of tropical
rainfall within short durations, the
erosivity of rain and run-off are
main causes for loosening the soil,
weakening slopes and ultimately
leading to mass movements of solid
and semi-solid materials such as
soil creep, landslips and landslides
(Brunsden and Prior 1984; Lim and
Lee 1992).
Soil erosion is the main cause of
land sliding in this area; its control
becomes essential in order to
prevent landslides. Therefore, in this
study, area soil erosion spatial
assessment is needed. GIS is an
efficient tool to integrate various
datasets and assess any dynamic
system such as soil erosion.

METODE`
Multi-source (map-, space- and
ground-based) datasets were used to
obtain both static and dynamic
factorsof USLE, and an integrated
analysis was carried out in raster
format of GIS. A landslide location map
was generated on the basis of image
elements interpretation from aerial
photos, satellite data and field
observations and was used to validate
soil erosion intensity in the study area.
Further, a statistical-based frequency
ratio analysis was carried out in the
study area for correlation purposes.
For soil erosion assessment this study
used soil assessment by USLE model,
calculate the prognosis (actual vs.
potential soil erosion), and temporal
assessment of soil erosion.

HASIL
The results of the statistical
correlation
showed
a
satisfactory
agreement
between
the
prepared
USLE-based soil erosion
map
and
landslide
events/locations, and are
directly proportional to
each other. Prognosis
analysis on soil erosion
helps
the
user
agencies/decision makers to
design proper conservation
planning program to reduce
soil erosion. Temporal
statistics on soil erosion in
these dynamic and rapid
developments in Penang
Island indicate the coexistence and balance of
ecosystem.