ES_FlueGas User Manual

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ES_FlueGas User Manual

1. Introduction
2. Formulae
2.1 Mole Weight
2.2 Enthalpy
2.3 Sulfuric Acid Dew Point
2.4 Water Dew Point
3. Screen

1. Introduction
ES_FlueGas is the software to calculate the mole weight, enthalpy, sulfuric dew point,
moisture dew point of flue gas.
The flue gas composition of N2, Ar, O2, CO2, CO, SO2 and H2O can be input in either of
Weight% or Volume%, and for enthalpy calculation the reference temperature should be input.
Flue gas enthalpy is calculated by either of "NASA Glenn Coefficients for Calculating
Thermodynamic Properties of Individual Species"(NASA/TP-2002-211556, September 2002),
ASME PTC 4.4, 1981 or Babcock & Wilcox "STEAM its generation and use, 40'th Edition".
The SO3 conversion rate for sulfuric dew point calculation can be estimated by the software
automatically or input by the user. Sulfuric dew point is calculated by the method of A.G.
Okkes(Hydrocarbon Processing Journal, July 1997) and the method of Verhoff F. H./Banchero
J. T(Chemical Engineering Process Journal, Aug. 1974).
The moisture dew point is calculated by the partial pressure law of Dalton.

2. Formulae (TOC)
2.1 Mole Weight
The following is a sample calculation of mole weight for voluem% input.

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Component

N2

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Mole Weight

Volume %
(Example)

Mole Weight Component

28.013

72

20.169 (= 28.013 x 72 / 100)

0.09

0.036 (= 39.948 x 0.09 / 100)

39.948
Ar
31.999
O2

13

4.160 (= 31.999 x 13 / 100)

2.201 (= 44.010 x 5 / 100)

CO2

44.010

CO

28.010

0.91

SO2

64.065

0.641 (= 64.065 x 1 / 100)

H2O

18.015

1.441 (= 18.015 x 8 / 100)

Total

100

0.255 (= 28.010 x 0.91 / 100)

28.902

The following is a sample calculation of mole weight for weight% input. It is noted that the
mole% is equatl to volume%.

Component

Mole
Weight

Weight %
(Example)

Mole
Quantity

Volume %

Mole Weight
Component

N2

28.013

69

2.463

70.758

19.821

0.124

0.003

0.089

0.036

14

0.438

12.568

4.022

0.182

5.222

2.298

39.948
Ar
31.999
O2

CO2

44.010

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CO

28.010

0.876

0.031

0.898

0.252

SO2

64.065

0.031

0.897

0.575

H2O

18.015

0.333

9.568

1.724

Total

100

3.481

100

28.727

Mole quantity is calculated by dividing the weight% by the mole weight of each component.
For N2 case, 69 / 28.013 = 2.463.
The volume% of each component is calculated by dividing the mole quantity by the mole
quantity total. For N2 case, 2.463 / 3.481 x 100 = 70.758(%).
The mole weight component of each component is calculated by multiplying the volume% by
the mole weight. For N2 case, 28.013 x 70.758 / 100 = 19.821. And then the mole weight of
flue gas is the total of mole weight components.

2.2 Enthalpy (TOC)

In original definition of enthalpy, the enthalpy is the total heat added to a material from the
absolute zero temperature. That is, the enthalpy is originally referencing on the absolute zero
temperature.
However, in engineering calculation, the interest is the difference of enthalpy at two different
conditions, not the absolute enthalpy itself. Therefore, the enthalpy value based on a reference
temperature is normally used in engineering calculation.
For example, the enthalpy difference between steam turbine inlet and outlet is used for
calculation of steam turbine output, and the absolute enthalpy value at the inlet or outlet is out
of concern.
Boiler efficiency is calculated based on a reference temperature and the reference temperature
selected does not affect on the boiler efficiency calculated. That is, the boiler efficiency
calculated based on 15 oC reference temperature is same with that calculated based on 0 oC
reference temperature.
Engineers normally use the same enthalpy value of steam and water because ASME steam table
is normally used among engineers. Therefore, same are the enthalpy values in the heat balance
diagrams prepared by different steam turbine manufacturers.
However, the enthalpy values of the components other than steam/water are different
depending on the sources, because the reference temperatures are different. Even though the
enthalpy values are different, it is OK if the enthalpy difference between two conditions is
same.

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In case of gases, the effect of pressure on enthalpy is negligible so that the enthalpy of gases is
normally calculated by temperature input only.
2.2.1 NASA Glenn Coefficients
The enthalpy by NASA Glenn Coefficients is calculated according to "NASA Glenn
Coefficients for Calculating Thermodynamic Properties of Individual Species"(NASA/TP2002-211556, September 2002).
NASA Glenn Coefficients for gases cover normally up to 20,000 oK. However, since
engineering calculation does not need normally the enthalpy over 6,000 oK, ES_FlueGas
calculates the flue gas enthalpy between 200 oK and 6,000 oK.
NASA Glenn Coefficients are the coefficients that express the specific heat, enthalpy and
entropy by least-square method in a seven-term functional form. The coefficients represents
the thermodynamic properties of individual species covering from 200 oK through maximum
20,000 oK at 1 bar absolute pressure.
Below is the definition of enthalpy expressed by the NASA Glenn Coefficients that is described
in NASA/TP-2001-210959/REV 1 "CAP: A Computer Code for Generating Tabular
Thermodynamic Functions from NASA Lewis Coefficients, February 2002". Please note that
the NASA Lewis Research Center is the previous name of NASA Glenn Research Center and
the Lewis Coefficients is the Glenn Coefficients.
"For NASA Glenn database, the reference state for every element has been chosen to be the
stable phase of the pure element at 298.15 oK and 10^5 Pa(1 bar). The enthalpy of each
element is assigned to be zero at this temperature and pressure. The enthalpy at 298.15 oK
and 10^5 Pa of any general compound of stoichiometry AxBy...Cz is defined to be the negative
of the energy released when the compound forms from the elements in their reference state;
xA + yB + ... + zC = AxBy...Cz;Ho(298.15) = delta(f) Ho(298.15) = (-)delta Hrxn
This relationship defines the contribution of each element to the compound's enthlapy at 298.15
oK. For temperatures other than 298.15 oK, the enthalpy equals the sum of the heat of
formation and any sensible heat."
The NASA documents described above can be downloaded in the NASA web site.
2.2.2 ASME PTC 4.4 - 1981
ASME PTC 4.4 - 1981 includes the computer source code for calculating the flue gas enthalpy
that is used for gas turbine heat balance.
The enthalpy of ES_FlueGas is the enthalpy calculated in the same method with the source
code in the ASME PTC 4.4 - 1981. The enthalpy calculated by ASME PTC 4.4 - 1981 is
based on the absolute zero temperature. Therefore, there is no limit in temperature input.
2.2.3 Babcock & Wilcox, STEAM its generation and use, 40'th Edition
The book, STEAM its generation and use, 40'th Edition, published by Babcock & Wilcox,
USA includes a equation to calculate the enthalpy to be used in boiler performance calculation.
ES_FlueGas includes an option to calculate the enthalpy by the equation presented in the book.
The enthalpy reference temperature for the equation is 0 oF. Therefore, the temperature for
the option should be higher than 0 oF.

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2.3 Sulfuric Acid Dew Point (TOC)

Sulfuric acid dew point calculation is required for selection of boiler exit flue gas temperature
when firing sulfur bearing fuel. In case of air preheater, the average temperature of flue gas
and combustion air should be higher than the sulfuric acid dew point, and in case of
economizer the boiler water temperature inside of economizer should be higher than sulfuric
acid dew point, in order to prevent the air preheater and economizer from sulfuric acid
corrosion.
2.3.1 SO3 Conversion Rate
A part of SO2 in flue gas is converted into SO3 and then the SO3 is reacted with moisture to
become sulfuric acid(H2SO4). Therefore, sulfuric acid dew point depends on the SO3
conversion rate and the rate should be selected carefully. The conversion rate can be
determined by the experiments, not by theoretical analysis.
In ES_FlueGas the SO3 conversion rate can be input by the user or be calculated automatically
by the software.
The software uses the following experimental equation for calculating SO3 conversion rate.
T = 1.273
KP = Exp(12.12 / T * (1 - 0.942 * T + 0.0702 * T ^ 2 - 0.0108 * T * Ln(1000 * T) 0.0013 / T))
pSO3 = KP * PSO2VW / 100 * (PO2VW / 100) ^ 0.5
pSO2 = PSO2VW / 100
PConv = pSO3 / pSO2 * 100

where, T

: Equilibrium temperature, oK/1000

pSO3, pSO2

: Partial pressure of SO3 and SO2, atm

PSO2VW,
PO2VW

: SO2 and O2 volume percent in wet flue gas, %

PConv

: SO3 Conversion rate, %

2.3.2 A.G. Okkes Method

The sulfuric acid dew point by A. G. Okkes method is calculated using the following equations.

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pSO3 = PSO2VW / 100 * PConv / 100

pH2O = PH2OVW / 100
SADbyOkkes = 203.25 + 27.6 * Log10(pH2O) + 10.83 * Log10(pSO3) + 1.06 * (Log10
(pSO3) + 8) ^ 2.19

where,

pSO3, pH2O

: Partial pressure of SO3 and H2O, atm

PSO2VW,
PH2OVW

: SO2 and H2O volume percent in wet flue gas, %

SADbyOkkes

: Acid dew point by A.G. Okkes method, oC

2.3.3 Verhoff F. H. and Banchero J. T method

The sulfuric acid dew point by Verhoff F. H. and Banchero J. T method is calculated using the
following equations.
pSO3 = PSO2VW / 100 * PConv / 100 * 760
pH2O = PH2OVW / 100 * 760
SADbyVerhoff = 1 / (0.002276 - 0.00002943 * Ln(pH2O) - 0.0000858 * Ln(pSO3) +
0.0000062 * Ln(pH2O) * Ln(pSO3))

where,

pSO3, pH2O

: Partial pressure of SO3 and H2O, mmHg

PSO2VW,
PH2OVW

: SO2 and H2O volume percent in wet flue gas, %

SADbyVerhoff

: Acid dew point by Verhoff F. H. and Banchero J. T method,

oK

2.4 Water Dew Point

Water dew point calculation is also required for selection of boiler exit flue gas temperature.
Water dew point should be considered when firing hydrogen bearing fuel or air with moisture.
This means that water dew point should be always considered because pure dry air does not
exist in normal atmosphere and almost all fuels have hydrogen components.

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Normally water dew point is lower than sulfuric acid dew point. Therefore, when firing sulfur
bearing fuel, sulfuric acid dew point should be considered for selection of boiler exit flue gas
temperature, while water dew point should be considered when firing no sulfur fuel.
Water dew point is calculated using the following equations.
pH2O = PH2OVW / 100
WDP = Steam saturation temperature at pH2O pressure

3.0 Screen (TOC)

The green color boxes are for user input. After inputting the flue gas composition, gas
temperature and enthalpy reference temperature in green color boxes, then press [Calculate]
button for calculation.
The screen shot above is for automatic calculation of SO3 Conversion Rate. If the user wants
to input the SO3 Conversion Rate for himself, then select the [User input] in the menu [Option]
- [SO3 conversion rate]. If the [User input] is selected, then the value box of SO3 conversion
rate is automatically changed into green color.
Menu :

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Main
Menu

Sub Menu

Description

[File]

[Exit]

exits the program.

[Option]

[Unit]

[Set calculation units...]: sets the units in the current

calculation.

[Set the current units as default] : sets the current units as

default units.

[Gas component
unit]

selects the gas component unit in either of [Volume %] or

[Weight %].

[Enthalpy
calculation
formula]

selects the enthalpy calculation method among the

following formulae.

[NASA Glenn Coefficients], [ASME PTC 4.4 - 1981],

[B&W STEAM its generation and use]

[SO3 conversion
rate]

selects SO3 conversion rate input method in either of

[Automatic calculation] or [User input]

[Info]

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[End User License

Agreement...]

shows the End User License Agreement for using the

Free Execution Software of ENGSoft Inc.

Buttons :

Button

Description

[Calculate]

performs calculation.

[Make 100% by
H2O]

calculates the percent value of H2O components subtracting the sum of

other component's percent values from 100%.

[Component total]

calculate the total of component percent values.

References : (TOC)
1. NASA/TP-2002-211556, September 2002 - NASA Glenn Coefficients for Calculating
Thermodynamic Properties of Individual Species
2. NASA/TP-2001-210959/REV 1, February 2002 - CAP: A Computer Code for Generating
Tabular Thermodynamic Functions from NASA Lewis Coefficients
3. ASME PTC 4.4 - 1981, Performance Test Code for Gas Turbine Heat Recovery Steam
Generator
4. B&W STEAM its generation and use, edited by S.C. Stultz and J.B. Kitto of Babcock &
Wilcox, a McDermott company
5. Hydrocarbon Processing Journal, July 1997
6. Chemical Engineering Process Journal, Aug. 1974
Copyright (c) 2004 - 2005 ENGSoft Inc., Seoul, Korea, All right reserved.

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