Jacques Derrida

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JacquesDerridaWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
JacquesDerrida
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
JacquesDerrida(/kdrd/French:[akdida]bornJackielieDerrida[1]July15,1930
October9,2004)wasaFrenchphilosopher,borninAlgeria.[2][3][4]Derridaisbestknownfor
developingaformofsemioticanalysisknownasdeconstruction,whichhediscussedinnumerous
texts,anddevelopedinthecontextofphenomenology.Heisoneofthemajorfiguresassociatedwith
poststructuralismandpostmodernphilosophy.[5][6][7]
JacquesDerrida
DuringhiscareerDerridapublishedmorethan40books,togetherwithhundredsofessaysandpublic
presentations.Hehadasignificantinfluenceuponthehumanitiesandsocialsciences,includingin
additiontophilosophyandliteraturelaw,[8][9][10]anthropology,[11]historiography,[12]linguistics,[13]
sociolinguistics,[14]psychoanalysis,politicaltheory,religiousstudies,feminism,andgayandlesbian
studies.HisworkstillhasamajorinfluenceintheacademeofContinentalEurope,SouthAmerica
andallothercountrieswherecontinentalphilosophyispredominant,particularlyindebatesaround
ontology,epistemology(especiallyconcerningsocialsciences),ethics,aesthetics,hermeneutics,and
thephilosophyoflanguage.Healsoinfluencedarchitecture(intheformofdeconstructivism),
music,[15]art,[16]andartcriticism.[17]
Particularlyinhislaterwritings,Derridaaddressedethicalandpoliticalthemesinhiswork.Some
criticsconsiderSpeechandPhenomena(1967)tobehismostimportantwork.OthersciteOf
Grammatology,WritingandDifference,andMarginsofPhilosophy.Thesewritingsinfluenced
variousactivistsandpoliticalmovements.[18]Hebecameawellknownandinfluentialpublicfigure,
whilehisapproachtophilosophyandthenotoriousdifficultyofhisworkmadehim
controversial.[18][19]
Contents
1 Life
Born
JackielieDerrida[1]
July15,1930
ElBiar,FrenchAlgeria
Died
October9,2004(aged74)
Paris,France
Almamater coleNormaleSuprieure(1952
1957:BA,MA(1954),Dr.cand.
(1957))
HarvardUniversity(19561957no
degree)
UniversityofParis(DrE,1980)
Spouse(s)
2 Philosophy
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Derrida
MargueriteAucouturier
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2 Philosophy
2.1 Earlyworks
2.2 Phenomenologyvsstructuralismdebate(1959)
Era
20thcenturyphilosophy
Region
Westernphilosophy
School
Continentalphilosophy
Poststructuralism
Deconstruction
2.3 19671972
2.4 19731980
Institutions UniversityofParis
2.5 OfSpirit(1987)
Notable
ideas
2.6 1990s:politicalandethicalthemes
2.7 TheWorkofMourning(19812001)
2.8 2002
DeconstructionDiffrance
PhallogocentrismFreeplayArchi
writingMetaphysicsofpresence
Invagination
Influences
Influenced
3 Politics
4 InfluencesonDerrida
5 Derridaandhispeersandcontemporaries
5.1 NancyandLacoueLabarthe
5.2 PauldeMan
5.3 MichelFoucault
5.4 Derrida'stranslators
5.5 MarshallMcLuhan
6 Criticism
6.1 CriticismfromMarxists
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6.2 Criticismfromanalyticphilosophers
6.2.1 DisputewithJohnSearle
6.2.2 Cambridgehonorarydoctorate
6.2.3 DisputewithRichardWolinandtheNYRB
6.3 Criticalobituaries
7 WorksbyDerrida
8 Seealso
9 Notes
10 References(workscited)
11 FurtherreadingworksonDerrida
12 Externallinks
Life
DerridawasbornatdaybreakonJuly15,1930,inasummerhomeinElBiar(Algiers),Algeria,intoaSephardicJewishfamily(originallyfromToledo)
thatbecameFrenchin1870whentheCrmieuxDecreegrantedfullFrenchcitizenshiptotheindigenousArabicspeakingJewsofAlgeria.[20]His
parents,HamAaronProsperCharles(Aim)Derrida(18961970)[21]andGeorgetteSultanaEstherSafar(19011991),[22][23][24]namedhim"Jackie",
"whichtheyconsideredtobeanAmericanname",thoughhewouldlateradoptamore"correct"versionofhisfirstnamewhenhemovedtoParissome
reportsindicatethathewasnamedJackieaftertheAmericanchildactorJackieCoogan,whohadbecomewellknownaroundtheworldviahisrolein
the1921CharlieChaplinfilmTheKid.[25][26][27]HewasalsogiventhemiddlenamelieafterhispaternaluncleEugneEliahou,athiscircumcision
thisnamewasnotrecordedonhisbirthcertificateunlikethoseofhissiblings,andhewouldlatercallithis"hiddenname".[28]
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Derridawasthethirdoffivechildren.HiselderbrotherPaulMosediedatlessthanthreemonthsold,theyearbeforeDerridawasborn,leadinghimto
suspectthroughouthislifehisroleasareplacementforhisdeceasedbrother.[25]DerridaspenthisyouthinAlgiersandinElBiar.
Onthefirstdayoftheschoolyearin1942,FrenchadministratorsinAlgeriaimplementingantiSemiticquotassetbytheVichygovernment
expelledDerridafromhislyce.HesecretlyskippedschoolforayearratherthanattendtheJewishlyceformedbydisplacedteachersandstudents,and
alsotookpartinnumerousfootballcompetitions(hedreamedofbecomingaprofessionalplayer).Inthisadolescentperiod,Derridafoundintheworks
ofphilosophersandwriters(suchasRousseau,Nietzsche,andGide)aninstrumentofrevoltagainstfamilyandsociety.[29]Hisreadingalsoincluded
CamusandSartre.[29]
Inthelate1940s,heattendedtheLyceBugeaudandtheLyceLouisleGrand,[30]wherehisprofessorofphilosophyistienneBorne.[31]Onhisfirst
dayatthecoleNormaleSuprieure(ENS)inParisin1952,DerridametLouisAlthusser,withwhomhebecamefriends.AftervisitingtheHusserl
ArchiveinLeuven,Belgium(19531954),hecompletedhismaster'sdegreeinphilosophy(diplmed'tudessuprieures)onEdmundHusserl(see
below).Hethenpassedthehighlycompetitiveagrgationexamin1956.DerridareceivedagrantforstudiesatHarvardUniversity,andhespentthe
19561957academicyearreadingJoyce'sUlyssesattheWidenerLibrary.[32]InJune1957,hemarriedthepsychoanalystMargueriteAucouturierin
Boston.DuringtheAlgerianWarofIndependenceof19541962,Derridaaskedtoteachsoldiers'childreninlieuofmilitaryservice,teachingFrench
andEnglishfrom1957to1959.
Followingthewar,from1960to1964,DerridataughtphilosophyattheSorbonne,wherehewasanassistantofSuzanneBachelard(daughterof
Gaston),GeorgesCanguilhem,PaulRicur(whointheseyearscoinedthetermschoolofsuspicion)andJeanWahl.[33]Hiswife,Marguerite,gavebirth
totheirfirstchild,Pierre,in1963.In1964,ontherecommendationofLouisAlthusserandJeanHyppolite,Derridagotapermanentteachingpositionat
theENS,whichhekeptuntil1984.[34][35]In1965DerridabegananassociationwiththeTelQuelgroupofliteraryandphilosophicaltheorists,which
lastedforsevenyears.[35]Derrida'ssubsequentdistancefromtheTelQuelgroup,after1971,hasbeenattributedtohisreservationsabouttheirembrace
ofMaoismandoftheChineseCulturalRevolution.[36]
With"Structure,Sign,andPlayintheDiscourseoftheHumanSciences",hiscontributiontoa1966colloquiumonstructuralismatJohnsHopkins
University,hisworkbegantogaininternationalprominence.AtthesamecolloquiumDerridawouldmeetJacquesLacanandPauldeMan,thelatteran
importantinterlocutorintheyearstocome.[37]Asecondson,Jean,wasbornin1967.Inthesameyear,DerridapublishedhisfirstthreebooksWriting
andDifference,SpeechandPhenomena,andOfGrammatology.
In1980,hereceivedhisfirsthonorarydoctorate(fromColumbiaUniversity)andwasawardedhisStatedoctorate(doctoratd'tat)bysubmittingtothe
UniversityofParistenofhispreviouslypublishedbooksinconjunctionwithadefenseofhisintellectualprojectunderthetitleL'inscriptiondela
philosophie:Recherchessurl'interprtationdel'criture(InscriptioninPhilosophy:ResearchontheInterpretationofWriting).[38][30]Thetextof
Derrida'sdefensewasbasedonanabandoneddraftthesishehadpreparedin1957underthedirectionofJeanHyppoliteattheENStitled"TheIdeality
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oftheLiteraryObject"[38]("L'idalitdelobjetlittraire")[39]his1980dissertationwassubsequentlypublishedinEnglishtranslationas"TheTimeof
aThesis:Punctuations".In1983DerridacollaboratedwithKenMcMullenonthefilmGhostDance.Derridaappearsinthefilmashimselfandalso
contributedtothescript.
Derridatraveledwidelyandheldaseriesofvisitingandpermanentpositions.Derridabecamefullprofessor(directeurd'tudes)atthecoledesHautes
tudesenSciencesSocialesinParisfrom1984(hehadbeenelectedattheendof1983).[38]WithFranoisChteletandothershein1983cofounded
theCollgeinternationaldephilosophie(CIPH),aninstitutionintendedtoprovidealocationforphilosophicalresearchwhichcouldnotbecarriedout
elsewhereintheacademia.Hewaselectedasitsfirstpresident.In1985SylvianeAgacinskigavebirthtoDerrida'sthirdchild,Daniel.[40]
In1986DerridabecameProfessoroftheHumanitiesattheUniversityofCalifornia,Irvine,wherehetaughtuntilshortlybeforehisdeathin2004.His
paperswerefiledintheuniversityarchives.AfterDerrida'sdeath,hiswidowandsonssaidtheywantedcopiesofUCI'sarchivessharedwiththe
InstituteofContemporaryPublishingArchivesinFrance.TheuniversityhadsuedinanattempttogetmanuscriptsandcorrespondencefromDerrida's
widowandchildrenthatitbelievedthephilosopherhadpromisedtoUCIrvine'scollection,althoughitdroppedthesuitin2007.[41]
DerridawasaregularvisitingprofessoratseveralothermajorAmericanandEuropeanuniversities,includingJohnsHopkinsUniversity,Yale
University,NewYorkUniversity,StonyBrookUniversity,TheNewSchoolforSocialResearch,andtheEuropeanGraduateSchool.
HewasawardedhonorarydoctoratesbytheUniversityofCambridge(1992),ColumbiaUniversity,TheNewSchoolforSocialResearch,theUniversity
ofEssex,KatholiekeUniversiteitLeuven,theUniversityofSilesia,theUniversityofCoimbraandmanyothersaroundtheworld.
DerridawasamemberoftheAmericanAcademyofArtsandSciences.AlthoughhismembershipinClassIV,Section1(PhilosophyandReligious
Studies)wasrejectedhewassubsequentlyelectedtoClassIV,Section3(LiteraryCriticism,includingPhilology).Hereceivedthe2001AdornoPreis
fromtheUniversityofFrankfurt.
Lateinhislife,Derridaparticipatedinmakingtwobiographicaldocumentaries,D'ailleurs,Derrida(Derrida'sElsewhere)bySafaaFathy(1999),[42]
andDerridabyKirbyDickandAmyZieringKofman(2002).[43]
Derridawasdiagnosedwithpancreaticcancerin2003,whichreducedhisspeakingandtravellingengagements.[44]HediedinahospitalinParisinthe
earlyhoursofOctober9,2004.[45]
Atthetimeofhisdeath,DerridahadagreedtogoforthesummertoHeidelbergasholderoftheGadamerprofessorship,[46]whoseinvitationwas
expressedbythehermeneuticphilosopherhimselfbeforehisdeath.Prof.Dr.PeterHommelhoff,RectoratHeidelbergbythattime,wouldsummarize
Derrida'splaceas:"Beyondtheboundariesofphilosophyasanacademicdisciplinehewasaleadingintellectualfigurenotonlyforthehumanitiesbut
fortheculturalperceptionofawholeage."[46]
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Philosophy
Onmultipleoccasions,Derridareferredtohimselfasahistorian.[47][48]DerridaquestionedassumptionsoftheWesternphilosophicaltraditionandalso
morebroadlyWesternculture.[49]Byquestioningthedominantdiscourses,andtryingtomodifythem,heattemptedtodemocratizetheuniversityscene
andtopoliticizeit.[50]DerridacalledhischallengetotheassumptionsofWesternculture"deconstruction".[49]Onsomeoccasions,Derridareferredto
deconstructionasaradicalizationofacertainspiritofMarxism.[51][52]
WithhisdetailedreadingsofworksfromPlatotoRousseautoHeidegger,DerridafrequentlyarguesthatWesternphilosophyhasuncriticallyallowed
metaphoricaldepthmodelstogovernitsconceptionoflanguageandconsciousness.Heseestheseoftenunacknowledgedassumptionsaspartofa
"metaphysicsofpresence"towhichphilosophyhasbounditself.This"logocentrism,"Derridaargues,creates"marked"orhierarchizedbinary
oppositionsthathaveaneffectoneverythingfromourconceptionofspeech'srelationtowritingtoourunderstandingofracialdifference.
Deconstructionisanattempttoexposeandunderminesuchmetaphysics.
Derridaapproachestextsasconstructedaroundbinaryoppositionswhichallspeechhastoarticulateifitintendstomakeanysensewhatsoever.This
approachtotextis,inabroadsense,influencedbythesemiologyofFerdinanddeSaussure.[53][54]Saussure,consideredtobeoneofthefathersof
structuralism,positedthattermsgettheirmeaninginreciprocaldeterminationwithothertermsinsidelanguage.[55]
PerhapsDerrida'smostquotedandfamousassertion,[53]whichappearsinanessayonRousseauinhisbookOfGrammatology(1967),[56]isthe
statementthat"thereisnooutofcontext"(iln'yapasdehorstexte).[56]CriticsofDerridahavebeenoftenaccusedofhavingmistranslatedthephrasein
Frenchtosuggesthehadwritten"Iln'yarienendehorsdutexte"("Thereisnothingoutsidethetext")andofhavingwidelydisseminatedthistranslation
tomakeitappearthatDerridaissuggestingthatnothingexistsbutwords.[57][58][59][60][61]Derridaonceexplainedthatthisassertion"whichforsomehas
becomeasortofslogan,ingeneralsobadlyunderstood,ofdeconstruction(...)meansnothingelse:thereisnothingoutsidecontext.Inthisform,which
saysexactlythesamething,theformulawoulddoubtlesshavebeenlessshocking.".[57][62]
Earlyworks
AttheverybeginningofhisphilosophicalcareerDerridawasconcernedtoelaborateacritiqueofthelimitsofphenomenology.Hisfirstlengthy
academicmanuscript,writtenasadissertationforhisdiplmed'tudessuprieuresandsubmittedin1954,concernedtheworkofEdmundHusserl.[63]
In1962hepublishedEdmundHusserl'sOriginofGeometry:AnIntroduction,whichcontainedhisowntranslationofHusserl'sessay.Manyelementsof
Derrida'sthoughtwerealreadypresentinthiswork.IntheinterviewscollectedinPositions(1972),Derridasaid:"Inthisessaytheproblematicof
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writingwasalreadyinplaceassuch,boundtotheirreduciblestructureof'deferral'initsrelationshipstoconsciousness,presence,science,historyand
thehistoryofscience,thedisappearanceordelayoftheorigin,etc.[...]thisessaycanbereadastheotherside(rectoorverso,asyouwish)ofSpeech
andPhenomena."[64]
DerridafirstreceivedmajorattentionoutsideFrancewithhislecture,"Structure,Sign,andPlayintheDiscourseoftheHumanSciences,"deliveredat
JohnsHopkinsUniversityin1966(andsubsequentlyincludedinWritingandDifference).Theconferenceatwhichthispaperwasdeliveredwas
concernedwithstructuralism,thenatthepeakofitsinfluenceinFrance,butonlybeginningtogainattentionintheUnitedStates.Derridadifferedfrom
otherparticipantsbyhislackofexplicitcommitmenttostructuralism,havingalreadybeencriticalofthemovement.Hepraisedtheaccomplishmentsof
structuralismbutalsomaintainedreservationsaboutitsinternallimitations[65]thishasledUSacademicstolabelhisthoughtasaformofpost
structuralism.[5][6][66]
TheeffectofDerrida'spaperwassuchthatbythetimetheconferenceproceedingswerepublishedin1970,thetitleofthecollectionhadbecomeThe
StructuralistControversy.TheconferencewasalsowherehemetPauldeMan,whowouldbeaclosefriendandsourceofgreatcontroversy,aswellas
wherehefirstmettheFrenchpsychoanalystJacquesLacan,withwhoseworkDerridaenjoyedamixedrelationship.
Phenomenologyvsstructuralismdebate(1959)
Intheearly1960s,Derridabeganspeakingandwritingpublicly,addressingthemosttopicaldebatesatthetime.Oneofthesewasthenewand
increasinglyfashionablemovementofstructuralism,whichwasbeingwidelyfavouredasthesuccessortothephenomenologyapproach,thelatter
havingbeenstartedbyHusserlsixtyyearsearlier.Derrida'scountercurrenttakeontheissue,ataprominentinternationalconference,wassoinfluential
thatitreframedthediscussionfromacelebrationofthetriumphofstructuralismtoa"phenomenologyvsstructuralismdebate."
Phenomenology,asenvisionedbyHusserl,isamethodofphilosophicalinquirythatrejectstherationalistbiasthathasdominatedWesternthoughtsince
Platoinfavorofamethodofreflectiveattentivenessthatdisclosestheindividual's"livedexperience"forthosewithamorephenomenologicalbent,the
goalwastounderstandexperiencebycomprehendinganddescribingitsgenesis,theprocessofitsemergencefromanoriginorevent.Forthe
structuralists,thiswasafalseproblem,andthe"depth"ofexperiencecouldinfactonlybeaneffectofstructureswhicharenotthemselvesexperiential.
Inthatcontext,in1959,Derridaaskedthequestion:Mustnotstructurehaveagenesis,andmustnottheorigin,thepointofgenesis,bealready
structured,inordertobethegenesisofsomething?[67]Inotherwords,everystructuralor"synchronic"phenomenonhasahistory,andthestructure
cannotbeunderstoodwithoutunderstandingitsgenesis.[68]Atthesametime,inorderthattherebemovement,orpotential,theorigincannotbesome
pureunityorsimplicity,butmustalreadybearticulatedcomplexsuchthatfromita"diachronic"processcanemerge.Thisoriginarycomplexity
mustnotbeunderstoodasanoriginalpositing,butmorelikeadefaultoforigin,whichDerridareferstoasiterability,inscription,ortextuality.[69]Itis
thisthoughtoforiginarycomplexitythatsetsDerrida'sworkinmotion,andfromwhichallofitstermsarederived,including"deconstruction".[70]
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Derrida'smethodconsistedindemonstratingtheformsandvarietiesofthisoriginarycomplexity,andtheirmultipleconsequencesinmanyfields.He
achievedthisbyconductingthorough,careful,sensitive,andyettransformationalreadingsofphilosophicalandliterarytexts,todeterminewhataspects
ofthosetextsruncountertotheirapparentsystematicity(structuralunity)orintendedsense(authorialgenesis).Bydemonstratingtheaporiasand
ellipsesofthought,Derridahopedtoshowtheinfinitelysubtlewaysinwhichthisoriginarycomplexity,whichbydefinitioncannoteverbecompletely
known,worksitsstructuringanddestructuringeffects.[71]
19671972
Derrida'sintereststraverseddisciplinaryboundaries,andhisknowledgeofawidearrayofdiversematerialwasreflectedinthethreecollectionsofwork
publishedin1967:SpeechandPhenomena,OfGrammatology(initiallysubmittedasaDoctoratdespcialitthesisunderMauricedeGandillac),[30]
andWritingandDifference.[72]
OnseveraloccasionsDerridahasacknowledgedhisdebttoHusserlandHeidegger,andstatedthatwithoutthemhewouldhavenotsaidasingle
word.[73][74]Amongthequestionsaskedintheseessaysare"Whatis'meaning',whatareitshistoricalrelationshipstowhatispurportedlyidentified
undertherubric'voice'asavalueofpresence,presenceoftheobject,presenceofmeaningtoconsciousness,selfpresenceinsocalledlivingspeechand
inselfconsciousness?"[72]InanotheressayinWritingandDifferenceentitled"ViolenceandMetaphysics:AnEssayontheThoughtofEmmanuel
Levinas",therootsofanothermajorthemeinDerrida'sthoughtemerges:theOtherasopposedtotheSame[75]"Deconstructiveanalysisdeprivesthe
presentofitsprestigeandexposesittosomethingtoutautre,"whollyother,"beyondwhatisforeseeablefromthepresent,beyondthehorizonofthe
"same"."[76]OtherthanRousseau,Husserl,HeideggerandLevinas,thesethreebooksdiscussed,and/orreliedupon,theworksofmanyphilosophersand
authors,includinglinguistSaussure,[77]Hegel,[78]Foucault,[79]Bataille,[78]Descartes,[79]anthropologistLviStrauss,[80][81]paleontologistLeroi
Gourhan,[82]psychoanalystFreud,[83]andwriterssuchasJabs[84]andArtaud.[85]
Thiscollectionofthreebookspublishedin1967elaboratedDerrida'stheoreticalframework.DerridaattemptstoapproachtheveryheartoftheWestern
intellectualtradition,characterizingthistraditionas"asearchforatranscendentalbeingthatservesastheoriginorguarantorofmeaning".Theattempt
to"groundthemeaningrelationsconstitutiveoftheworldinaninstancethatitselfliesoutsideallrelationality"wasreferredtobyHeideggeras
logocentrism,andDerridaarguesthatthephilosophicalenterpriseisessentiallylogocentric,[86]andthatthisisaparadigminheritedfromJudaismand
Hellenism.[87]Heinturndescribeslogocentrismasphallocratic,patriarchalandmasculinist.[87][88]Derridacontributedto"theunderstandingofcertain
deeplyhiddenphilosophicalpresuppositionsandprejudicesinWesternculture",[87]arguingthatthewholephilosophicaltraditionrestsonarbitrary
dichotomouscategories(suchassacred/profane,signifier/signified,mind/body),andthatanytextcontainsimplicithierarchies,"bywhichanorderis
imposedonrealityandbywhichasubtlerepressionisexercised,asthesehierarchiesexclude,subordinate,andhidethevariouspotentialmeanings."[86]
DerridareferstohisprocedureforuncoveringandunsettlingthesedichotomiesasdeconstructionofWesternculture.
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In1968,hepublishedhisinfluentialessay"Plato'sPharmacy"intheFrenchjournalTelQuel.[89][90]ThisessaywaslatercollectedinDissemination,one
ofthreebookspublishedbyDerridain1972,alongwiththeessaycollectionMarginsofPhilosophyandthecollectionofinterviewsentitledPositions.
19731980
Startingin1972,Derridaproducedonaveragemorethanabookperyear.Derridacontinuedtoproduceimportantworks,suchasGlas(1974)andThe
PostCard:FromSocratestoFreudandBeyond(1980).
DerridareceivedincreasingattentionintheUnitedStatesafter1972,wherehewasaregularvisitingprofessorandlectureratseveralmajorAmerican
universities.Inthe1980s,duringtheAmericanculturewars,conservativesstartedadisputeoverDerrida'sinfluenceandlegacyuponAmerican
intellectuals,[49]andclaimedthatheinfluencedAmericanliterarycriticsandtheoristsmorethanacademicphilosophers.[86][91]
OfSpirit(1987)
OnMarch14,1987,DerridapresentedattheCIPHconferencetitled"Heidegger:OpenQuestions"alecturewhichwaspublishedinOctober1987asOf
Spirit:HeideggerandtheQuestion.ItfollowstheshiftingroleofGeist(spirit)throughHeidegger'swork,notingthat,in1927,"spirit"wasoneofthe
philosophicaltermsthatHeideggersethissightsondismantling.[92]WithhisNazipoliticalengagementin1933,however,Heideggercameoutasa
championofthe"GermanSpirit,"andonlywithdrewfromanexaltinginterpretationofthetermin1953.Derridaasks,"Whatofthismeantime?"[93]His
bookconnectsinanumberofrespectswithhislongengagementofHeidegger(suchas"TheEndsofMan"inMarginsofPhilosophy,hisParisseminar
onphilosophicalnationalityandnationalisminthemid1980s,andtheessayspublishedinEnglishasGeschlechtandGeschlechtII).[94]Heconsiders
"fourguidingthreads"ofHeideggerianphilosophythatform"theknotofthisGeflecht[braid]":"thequestionofthequestion,""theessenceof
technology,""thediscourseofanimality,"and"epochality"or"thehiddenteleologyorthenarrativeorder."[95]
OfSpiritisanimportantcontributiontothelongdebateonHeidegger'sNazismandappearedatthesametimeastheFrenchpublicationofabookbya
previouslyunknownChileanwriter,VictorFaras,whochargedthatHeidegger'sphilosophyamountedtoawholeheartedendorsementoftheNazi
Sturmabteilung(SA)faction.DerridarespondedtoFarasinaninterview,"Heidegger,thePhilosopher'sHell"andasubsequentarticle,"Comment
donnerraison?HowtoConcede,withReasons?"HecalledFarasaweakreaderofHeidegger'sthought,addingthatmuchoftheevidenceFarasandhis
supporterstoutedasnewhadlongbeenknownwithinthephilosophicalcommunity.[96]
1990s:politicalandethicalthemes
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SomehavearguedthatDerrida'sworktooka"politicalturn"inthe1990s.TextscitedasevidenceofsuchaturnincludeForceofLaw(1990),aswellas
SpectersofMarx(1994)andPoliticsofFriendship(1994).Others,however,includingDerridahimself,havearguedthatmuchofthephilosophical
workdoneinhis"politicalturn"canbedatedtoearlieressays.
ThosewhoargueDerridaengagedinan"ethicalturn"refertoworkssuchasTheGiftofDeathasevidencethathebeganmoredirectlyapplying
deconstructiontotherelationshipbetweenethicsandreligion.Inthiswork,DerridainterpretspassagesfromtheBible,particularlyonAbrahamandthe
SacrificeofIsaac,[97][98]andfromSrenKierkegaard'sFearandTrembling.Derrida'scontemporaryreadingsofEmmanuelLevinas,WalterBenjamin,
CarlSchmitt,JanPatoka,onthemessuchaslaw,justice,responsibility,andfriendship,hadasignificantimpactonfieldsbeyondphilosophy.Derrida
andDeconstructioninfluencedaesthetics,literarycriticism,architecture,filmtheory,anthropology,sociology,historiography,law,psychoanalysis,
theology,feminism,gayandlesbianstudiesandpoliticaltheory.JeanLucNancy,RichardRorty,GeoffreyHartman,HaroldBloom,RosalindKrauss,
HlneCixous,JuliaKristeva,DuncanKennedy,GaryPeller,DrucillaCornell,AlanHunt,HaydenWhite,MarioKopi,andAlunMunslowaresomeof
theauthorswhohavebeeninfluencedbydeconstruction.
DerridadeliveredaeulogyatLevinas'funeral,laterpublishedasAdieuEmmanuelLvinas,anappreciationandexplorationofLevinas'smoral
philosophy.DerridautilizedBrachaL.Ettinger'sinterpretationofLvinas'notionoffemininityandtransformedhisownearlierreadingofthissubject
respectively.[99]
Derridacontinuedtoproducereadingsofliterature,writingextensivelyonMauriceBlanchot,PaulCelan,andothers.
In1991hepublishedTheOtherHeading,inwhichhediscussedtheconceptofidentity(asinculturalidentity,Europeanidentity,andnationalidentity),
inthenameofwhichinEuropehavebeenunleashed"theworstviolences,""thecrimesofxenophobia,racism,antiSemitism,religiousornationalist
fanaticism."[100]
TheWorkofMourning(19812001)
Beginningwith"TheDeathsofRolandBarthes"in1981,Derridaproducedaseriesoftextsonmourningandmemoryoccasionedbythelossofhis
friendsandcolleagues,manyofthemnewengagementswiththeirwork.MemoiresforPauldeMan,abooklengthlectureseriespresentedfirstatYale
andthenatIrvineasDerrida'sWellekLecture,followedin1986,witharevisionin1989thatincluded"LiketheSoundoftheSeaDeepWithinaShell:
PauldeMan'sWar".Ultimately,fourteenessayswerecollectedintoTheWorkofMourning(2001),whichwasexpandedinthe2003Frenchedition,
Chaquefoisunique,lafindumonde(literally,"Theendoftheworld,uniqueeachtime"),toincludeessaysdedicatedtoGrardGranelandMaurice
Blanchot.
2002
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IntheOctober2002,atthetheatricalopeningofthefilmDerrida,hesaidthat,inmanyways,hefeltmoreandmoreclosetoGuyDebord'swork,and
thatthisclosenessappearsinDerrida'stexts.Derridamentioned,inparticular,"everythingIsayaboutthemedia,technology,thespectacle,andthe
'criticismoftheshow',sotospeak,andthemarketsthebecomingaspectacleofeverything,andtheexploitationofthespectacle."[101]Amongthe
placesinwhichDerridamentionstheSpectacle,a1997interviewaboutthenotionoftheintellectual.[102]
Politics
Derridaengagedwithmanypoliticalissues,movements,anddebates:
AlthoughDerridaparticipatedintheralliesoftheMay1968protests,andorganizedthefirstgeneralassemblyatthecoleNormaleSuperieure,
hesaid"Iwasonmyguard,evenworriedinthefaceofacertaincultofspontaneity,afusionist,antiunionisteuphoria,inthefaceofthe
enthusiasmofafinally"freed"speech,ofrestored"transparence,"andsoforth."[103]DuringMay'68,hemetfrequentlywithMaurice
Blanchot.[104]
HeregisteredhisobjectionstotheVietnamWarindelivering"TheEndsofMan"intheUnitedStates.
In1977,hewasamongtheintellectuals,withFoucaultandAlthusser,whosignedthepetitionagainstageofconsentlaws.
In1981Derrida,onthepromptingofRogerScrutonandothers,foundedtheFrenchJanHusassociationwithstructuralisthistorianJeanPierre
Vernant.ItspurposewastoaiddissidentorpersecutedCzechintellectuals.Derridabecamevicepresident.[105]
Inlate1981hewasarrestedbytheCzechoslovakiangovernmentuponleadingaconferenceinPraguethatlackedgovernmentauthorization,and
chargedwiththe"productionandtraffickingofdrugs",whichheclaimedwereplantedashevisitedKafka'sgrave.Hewasreleased(or"expelled",
astheCzechoslovakiangovernmentputit)aftertheinterventionsoftheMitterrandgovernment,andtheassistanceofMichelFoucault,returning
toParisonJanuary1,1982.[106]
Heregisteredhisconcernsagainsttheproliferationofnuclearweaponsin1984.[107]
HewasactiveinculturalactivitiesagainsttheApartheidgovernmentofSouthAfricaandonbehalfofNelsonMandelabeginningin1983.
HemetwithPalestinianintellectualsduringa1988visittoJerusalem.Hewasactiveinthecollective"89forequality",whichcampaignedforthe
rightofforeignerstovoteinlocalelections.
Heprotestedagainstthedeathpenalty,dedicatinghisseminarinhislastyearstotheproductionofanonutilitarianargumentforitsabolition,and
wasactiveinthecampaigntofreeMumiaAbuJamal.
Derridawasnotknowntohaveparticipatedinanyconventionalelectoralpoliticalpartyuntil1995,whenhejoinedacommitteeinsupportof
LionelJospin'sSocialistcandidacy,althoughheexpressedmisgivingsaboutsuchorganizationsgoingbacktoCommunistorganizationalefforts
whilehewasastudentatENS.
Inthe2002FrenchpresidentialelectionherefusedtovoteintherunoffbetweenfarrightleaderJeanMarieLePenandJacquesChirac,citinga
lackofacceptablechoices.
WhilesupportiveoftheAmericangovernmentinthewakeoftheterroristattacksof9/11,heopposedthe2003invasionofIraq(seeRoguesand
hiscontributiontoPhilosophyinaTimeofTerrorwithGiovannaBorradoriandJrgenHabermas).
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Beyondtheseexplicitpoliticalinterventions,however,Derridawasengagedinrethinkingpoliticsandthepoliticalitself,withinandbeyondphilosophy.
Derridainsistedthatadistinctpoliticalundertonehadpervadedhistextsfromtheverybeginningofhiscareer.Nevertheless,theattempttounderstand
thepoliticalimplicationsofnotionsofresponsibility,reasonofstate,theother,decision,sovereignty,Europe,friendship,difference,faith,andsoon,
becamemuchmoremarkedfromtheearly1990son.By2000,theorizing"democracytocome,"andthinkingthelimitationsofexistingdemocracies,
hadbecomeimportantconcerns.
InfluencesonDerrida
CrucialreadingsinhisadolescencewereRousseau'sReveriesofaSolitaryWalkerandConfessions,AndrGide'sjournal,Laportetroite,Les
nourrituresterrestresandTheImmoralist[29]andtheworksofFriedrichNietzsche.[29]ThephraseFamilies,Ihateyou!inparticular,whichinspired
Derridaasanadolescent,isafamousversefromGide'sLesnourrituresterrestres,bookIV.[108]Ina1991interviewDerridacommentedonasimilar
verse,alsofrombookIVofthesameGidework:"Ihatedthehomes,thefamilies,alltheplaceswheremanthinkstofindrest"(Jehassaislesfoyers,les
familles,touslieuxol'hommepensetrouverunrepos).[109]
OtherinfluencesuponDerridaareMartinHeidegger,[73][74]Plato,SrenKierkegaard,AlexandreKojve,MauriceBlanchot,AntoninArtaud,Roland
Barthes,GeorgesBataille,EdmundHusserl,EmmanuelLvinas,FerdinanddeSaussure,SigmundFreud,KarlMarx,ClaudeLviStrauss,JamesJoyce,
SamuelBeckett,J.L.Austin[47]andStphaneMallarm.
Hisbook,AdieuEmmanuelLvinas,revealshismentorshipbythisphilosopherandTalmudicscholarwhopracticedthephenomenologicalencounter
withtheOtherintheformoftheFace,whichcommandedhumanresponse.
Derridaandhispeersandcontemporaries
Derrida'sphilosophicalfriends,allies,andstudentsincludedPauldeMan,JeanFranoisLyotard,MichelFoucault,LouisAlthusser,EmmanuelLevinas,
MauriceBlanchot,GillesDeleuze,JeanLucNancy,PhilippeLacoueLabarthe,SarahKofman,HlneCixous,BernardStiegler,AlexanderGarca
Dttmann,JosephCohen,GeoffreyBennington,JeanLucMarion,GayatriChakravortySpivak,RaphaelZaguryOrly,JacquesEhrmann,AvitalRonell,
JudithButler,ErnestoLaclau,SamuelWeberandCatherineMalabou.
NancyandLacoueLabarthe
JeanLucNancyandPhilippeLacoueLabarthewereamongDerrida'sfirststudentsinFranceandwentontobecomewellknownandimportant
philosophersintheirownright.Despitetheirconsiderabledifferencesofsubject,andoftenalsoofmethod,theycontinuedtheircloseinteractionwith
eachotherandwithDerrida,fromtheearly1970s.
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Derridawroteonbothofthem,includingalongbookonNancy:LeToucher,JeanLucNancy(OnTouchingJeanLucNancy,2005).
PauldeMan
Derrida'smostprominentfriendshipinintellectuallifewaswithPauldeMan,whichbeganwiththeirmeetingatJohnsHopkinsUniversityand
continueduntildeMan'sdeathin1983.DeManprovidedasomewhatdifferentapproachtodeconstruction,andhisreadingsofliteraryand
philosophicaltextswerecrucialinthetrainingofagenerationofreaders.
ShortlyafterdeMan'sdeath,DerridaauthoredabookMemoires:pourPauldeManandin1988wroteanarticleinthejournalCriticalInquirycalled
"LiketheSoundoftheSeaDeepWithinaShell:PauldeMan'sWar".Thememoirbecamecauseforcontroversy,becauseshortlybeforeDerrida
publishedhispiece,ithadbeendiscoveredbytheBelgianliterarycriticOrtwindeGraefthatlongbeforehisacademiccareerintheUS,deManhad
writtenalmosttwohundredessaysinaproNazinewspaperduringtheGermanoccupationofBelgium,includingseveralthatwereexplicitly
antisemitic.
DerridacomplicatedthenotionthatitispossibletosimplyreaddeMan'slaterscholarshipthroughtheprismoftheseearlierpoliticalessays.Rather,any
claimsaboutdeMan'sworkshouldbeunderstoodinrelationtotheentirebodyofhisscholarship.CriticsofDerridahavearguedthatheminimizesthe
antisemiticcharacterofdeMan'swriting.SomecriticshavefoundDerrida'streatmentofthisissuesurprising,giventhat,forexample,Derridaalso
spokeoutagainstantisemitismand,inthe1960s,brokewiththeHeideggerdiscipleJeanBeaufretoveraphraseofBeaufret'sthatDerrida(and,after
him,MauriceBlanchot)interpretedasantisemitic.
MichelFoucault
Derrida'scriticismofFoucaultappearsintheessayCogitoandtheHistoryofMadness(fromWritingandDifference).Itwasfirstgivenasalectureon
March4,1963,ataconferenceatWahl'sCollgephilosophique,whichFoucaultattended,andcausedariftbetweenthetwomenthatwasneverfully
mended.[34]
Inanappendixaddedtothe1972editionofhisHistoryofMadness,FoucaultdisputedDerrida'sinterpretationofhiswork,andaccusedDerridaof
practicing"ahistoricallywelldeterminedlittlepedagogy[...]whichteachesthestudentthatthereisnothingoutsidethetext[...].Apedagogywhich
inverselygivestothevoiceofthemastersthatinfinitesovereigntythatallowsitindefinitelytoresaythetext."[110]AccordingtohistorianCarlo
Ginzburg,FoucaultmayhavewrittenTheOrderofThings(1966)andTheArchaeologyofKnowledgepartlyunderthestimulusofDerrida's
criticism.[111]CarloGinzburgbrieflylabeledDerrida'scriticisminCogitoandtheHistoryofMadness,as"facile,nihilisticobjections,"withoutgiving
furtherargumentation.[111]
Derrida'stranslators
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GeoffreyBennington,AvitalRonellandSamuelWeberbelongtoagroupofDerridatranslators.ManyofDerrida'stranslatorsareesteemedthinkersin
theirownright.Derridaoftenworkedinacollaborativearrangement,allowinghisprolificoutputtobetranslatedintoEnglishinatimelyfashion.
HavingstartedasastudentofdeMan,GayatriSpivaktookonthetranslationofOfGrammatologyearlyinhercareerandhassincereviseditintoa
secondedition.BarbaraJohnson'stranslationofDerrida'sDissiminationwaspublishedbyTheAthlonePressin1981.AlanBasswasresponsiblefor
severalearlytranslationsBenningtonandPeggyKamufhavecontinuedtoproducetranslationsofhisworkfornearlytwentyyears.Inrecentyears,a
numberoftranslationshaveappearedbyMichaelNaas(alsoaDerridascholar)andPascaleAnneBrault.
Bennington,Brault,Kamuf,Naas,ElizabethRottenberg,andDavidWillsarecurrentlyengagedintranslatingDerrida'spreviouslyunpublished
seminars,whichspanfrom1959to2003.[112]VolumesIandIIofTheBeastandtheSovereign(presentingDerrida'sseminarsfromDecember12,2001
toMarch27,2002andfromDecember11,2002toMarch26,2003),aswellasTheDeathPenalty,VolumeI(coveringDecember8,1999toMarch22,
2000),haveappearedinEnglishtranslation.FurthervolumescurrentlyprojectedfortheseriesincludeHeidegger:TheQuestionofBeingandHistory
(19641965),DeathPenalty,VolumeII(20002001),PerjuryandPardon,VolumeI(19971998),andPerjuryandPardon,VolumeII(19981999).[113]
WithBennington,DerridaundertookthechallengepublishedasJacquesDerrida,anarrangementinwhichBenningtonattemptedtoprovidea
systematicexplicationofDerrida'swork(calledthe"Derridabase")usingthetoptwothirdsofeverypage,whileDerridawasgiventhefinishedcopyof
everyBenningtonchapterandthebottomthirdofeverypageinwhichtoshowhowdeconstructionexceededBennington'saccount(thiswascalledthe
"Circumfession").DerridaseemstohaveviewedBenningtoninparticularasakindofrabbinicalexplicator,notingattheendofthe"AppliedDerrida"
conference,heldattheUniversityofLutonin1995that:"everythinghasbeensaidand,asusual,GeoffBenningtonhassaideverythingbeforeIhave
evenopenedmymouth.Ihavethechallengeoftryingtobeunpredictableafterhim,whichisimpossible...soI'lltrytopretendtobeunpredictableafter
Geoff.Onceagain."[114]
MarshallMcLuhan
DerridawasfamiliarwiththeworkofMarshallMcLuhan,andsincehisearly1967writings(OfGrammatology,SpeechandPhenomena),hespeaksof
languageasa"medium,"[115]ofphoneticwritingas"themediumofthegreatmetaphysical,scientific,technical,andeconomicadventureofthe
West."[116]
HeexpressedhisdisagreementwithMcLuhaninregardtowhatDerridacalledMcLuhan'sideologyabouttheendofwriting.[117]Ina1982interview,he
said:
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IthinkthatthereisanideologyinMcLuhan'sdiscoursethatIdon'tagreewith,becausehe'sanoptimistastothepossibilityofrestoringan
oralcommunitywhichwouldgetridofthewritingmachinesandsoon.Ithinkthat'saverytraditionalmythwhichgoesbackto...let'ssay
Plato,Rousseau...Andinsteadofthinkingthatwearelivingattheendofwriting,Ithinkthatinanothersensewearelivingintheextension
theoverwhelmingextensionofwriting.Atleastinthenewsense...Idon'tmeanthealphabeticwritingdown,butinthenewsenseof
thosewritingmachinesthatwe'reusingnow(e.g.thetaperecorder).Andthisiswritingtoo.[118]
Andinhis1972essaySignatureEventContexthesaid:
Aswriting,communication,ifoneinsistsuponmaintainingtheword,isnotthemeansoftransportofsense,theexchangeofintentionsand
meanings,thediscourseand"communicationofconsciousnesses."Wearenotwitnessinganendofwritingwhich,tofollowMcLuhan's
ideologicalrepresentation,wouldrestoreatransparencyorimmediacyofsocialrelationsbutindeedamoreandmorepowerfulhistorical
unfoldingofageneralwritingofwhichthesystemofspeech,consciousness,meaning,presence,truth,etc.,wouldonlybeaneffect,tobe
analyzedassuch.ItisthisquestionedeffectthatIhaveelsewherecalledlogocentrism.[119]
Criticism
CriticismfromMarxists
InapaperentitledGhostwriting[120]GayatriChakravortySpivakthetranslatorofDerrida'sDelagrammatologie(OfGrammatology)intoEnglish
criticisedDerrida'sunderstandingofMarx.[121]CommentingonDerrida'sSpectersofMarx,TerryEagletonwrote"Theportentousnessisingrainedin
theveryletterofthisbook,asonetheatricallyinflectedrhetoricalquestiontumbleshardontheheelsofanotherinatiresomelymanneredsyntaxwhich
laysitselfwideopentoparody."[122]
Criticismfromanalyticphilosophers
ThoughDerridaaddressedtheAmericanPhilosophicalAssociationatleastononeoccasionin1988,[123]andwashighlyregardedbysomecontemporary
philosopherslikeRichardRorty,AlexanderNehamas,[124]andStanleyCavell,hisworkhasbeenregardedbyotheranalyticphilosophers,suchasJohn
SearleandWillardVanOrmanQuine,[125]aspseudophilosophyorsophistry.
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Someanalyticphilosophershaveinfactclaimed,sinceatleastthe1980s,thatDerrida'sworkis"notphilosophy."Oneofthemainargumentstheygave
wasallegingthatDerrida'sinfluencehadnotbeenonUSphilosophydepartmentsbutonliteratureandotherhumanitiesdisciplines.[86][91]
Inhis1989Contingency,Irony,andSolidarity,RichardRortyarguesthatDerrida(especiallyinhisbook,ThePostCard:FromSocratestoFreudand
Beyond,onesectionofwhichisanexperimentinfiction)purposefullyuseswordsthatcannotbedefined(e.g.,diffrance),andusespreviouslydefinable
wordsincontextsdiverseenoughtomakeunderstandingimpossible,sothatthereaderwillneverbeabletocontextualizeDerrida'sliteraryself.Rorty,
however,arguesthatthisintentionalobfuscationisphilosophicallygrounded.IngarblinghismessageDerridaisattemptingtoescapethenave,positive
metaphysicalprojectsofhispredecessors.[126]
OnDerrida'sscholarshipandwritingstyle,NoamChomskywrote"Ifoundthescholarshipappalling,basedonpatheticmisreadingandtheargument,
suchasitwas,failedtocomeclosetothekindsofstandardsI'vebeenfamiliarwithsincevirtuallychildhood".[127]
PaulR.GrossandNormanLevittalsocriticizedhisworkforallegedlymisusingscientifictermsandconceptsinHigherSuperstition:TheAcademicLeft
andItsQuarrelsWithScience(1998).
Threequarrels(ordisputes)inparticularwentoutofacademiccirclesandreceivedinternationalmassmediacoverage:the197288quarrelwithJohn
Searle,theanalyticphilosophers'pressuresonCambridgeUniversitynottoawardDerridaanhonorarydegreeandadisputewithRichardWolinandthe
NYRB.
DisputewithJohnSearle
Intheearly1970s,SearlehadabriefexchangewithJacquesDerridaregardingspeechacttheory.Theexchangewascharacterizedbyadegreeofmutual
hostilitybetweenthephilosophers,eachofwhomaccusedtheotherofhavingmisunderstoodhisbasicpoints.[128]Searlewasparticularlyhostileto
Derrida'sdeconstructionistframeworkandmuchlaterrefusedtolethisresponsetoDerridabeprintedalongwithDerrida'spapersinthe1988collection
LimitedInc.SearledidnotconsiderDerrida'sapproachtobelegitimatephilosophyorevenintelligiblewritingandarguedthathedidnotwantto
legitimizethedeconstructionistpointofviewbydedicatinganyattentiontoit.Consequently,somecritics[129]haveconsideredtheexchangetobea
seriesofelaboratemisunderstandingsratherthanadebate,whileothers[130]haveseeneitherDerridaorSearlegainingtheupperhand.Thelevelof
hostilitycanbeseenfromSearle'sstatementthat"ItwouldbeamistaketoregardDerrida'sdiscussionofAustinasaconfrontationbetweentwo
prominentphilosophicaltraditions",towhichDerridarepliedthatthatsentencewas"theonlysentenceofthe"reply"towhichIcansubscribe".[131]
Commentatorshavefrequentlyinterpretedtheexchangeasaprominentexampleofaconfrontationbetweenanalyticalandcontinentalphilosophy.
Thedebatebeganin1972,when,inhispaper"SignatureEventContext",DerridaanalyzedJ.L.Austin'stheoryoftheillocutionaryact.While
sympathetictoAustin'sdeparturefromapurelydenotationalaccountoflanguagetoonethatincludes"force",Derridawasscepticaloftheframeworkof
normativityemployedbyAustin.HearguedthatAustinhadmissedthefactthatanyspeecheventisframedbya"structureofabsence"(thewordsthat
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areleftunsaidduetocontextualconstraints)andby"iterability"(theconstraintsonwhatcanbesaid,givenbywhathasbeensaidinthepast).Derrida
arguedthatthefocusonintentionalityinspeechacttheorywasmisguidedbecauseintentionalityisrestrictedtothatwhichisalreadyestablishedasa
possibleintention.HealsotookissuewiththewayAustinhadexcludedthestudyoffiction,nonseriousor"parasitic"speech,wonderingwhetherthis
exclusionwasbecauseAustinhadconsideredthesespeechgenresgovernedbydifferentstructuresofmeaning,orsimplyduetoalackofinterest.Inhis
briefreplytoDerrida,"ReiteratingtheDifferences:AReplytoDerrida",SearlearguedthatDerrida'scritiquewasunwarrantedbecauseitassumedthat
Austin'stheoryattemptedtogiveafullaccountoflanguageandmeaningwhenitsaimwasmuchnarrower.Searleconsideredtheomissionofparasitic
discourseformstobejustifiedbythenarrowscopeofAustin'sinquiry.[132][133]SearleagreedwithDerrida'sproposalthatintentionalitypresupposes
iterability,butdidnotapplythesameconceptofintentionalityusedbyDerrida,beingunableorunwillingtoengagewiththecontinentalconceptual
apparatus.[130]This,inturn,causedDerridatocriticizeSearlefornotbeingsufficientlyfamiliarwithphenomenologicalperspectiveson
intentionality.[134]SearlealsoarguedthatDerrida'sdisagreementwithAustinturnedonhishavingmisunderstoodAustin'stypetokendistinctionandhis
failuretounderstandAustin'sconceptoffailureinrelationtoperformativity.Somecritics[134]havesuggestedthatSearle,bybeingsogroundedinthe
analyticaltraditionthathewasunabletoengagewithDerrida'scontinentalphenomenologicaltradition,wasatfaultfortheunsuccessfulnatureofthe
exchange.
ThesubstanceofSearle'scriticismofDerridainrelationtotopicsinthephilosophyoflanguagereferencedinDerrida'sSignatureEventContextwas
thatDerridahadnoapparentfamiliaritywithcontemporaryphilosophyoflanguagenorofcontemporarylinguisticsinAngloSaxoncountries.Searle
explains,"WhenDerridawritesaboutthephilosophyoflanguagehereferstypicallytoRousseauandCondillac,nottomentionPlato.Andhisideaofa
"modernlinguist"isBenvenisteorevenSaussure."[135]SearledescribesDerrida'sphilosophicalknowledgeaspreWittgensteinianthatistosay,
disconnectedfromanalytictraditionandconsequently,inhisperspective,naiveandmisguided,concernedwithissueslongsinceresolvedorotherwise
foundtobenonissues.[135]
SearlealsowroteinTheNewYorkReviewofBooksthathewassurprisedby"thelowlevelofphilosophicalargumentation,thedeliberateobscurantism
oftheprose,thewildlyexaggeratedclaims,andtheconstantstrivingtogivetheappearanceofprofunditybymakingclaimsthatseemparadoxical,but
underanalysisoftenturnouttobesillyortrivial."[136]
Derrida,inhisresponsetoSearle("abc..."inLimitedInc),ridiculedSearle'spositions.ClaimingthataclearsenderofSearle'smessagecouldnotbe
established,hesuggestedthatSearlehadformedwithAustinasocitresponsabilitlimite(a"limitedliabilitycompany")duetothewaysinwhich
theambiguitiesofauthorshipwithinSearle'sreplycircumventedtheveryspeechactofhisreply.Searledidnotreply.Laterin1988,Derridatriedto
reviewhispositionandhiscritiquesofAustinandSearle,reiteratingthathefoundtheconstantappealto"normality"intheanalyticaltraditiontobe
problematicfromwhichtheywereonlyparadigmaticexamples.[130][137][138][139][140][141][142][143]
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Inthedescriptionofthestructurecalled"normal,""normative,""central,""ideal,"thispossibilitymustbeintegratedasanessential
possibility.Thepossibilitycannotbetreatedasthoughitwereasimpleaccidentmarginalorparasitic.Itcannotbe,andhenceoughtnotto
be,andthispassagefromcantooughtreflectstheentiredifficulty.Intheanalysisofsocallednormalcases,oneneithercannorought,in
alltheoreticalrigor,toexcludethepossibilityoftransgression.Notevenprovisionally,oroutofallegedlymethodologicalconsiderations.It
wouldbeapoormethod,sincethispossibilityoftransgressiontellsusimmediatelyandindispensablyaboutthestructureoftheactsaidto
benormalaswellasaboutthestructureoflawingeneral.
Hecontinuedarguinghowproblematicwasestablishingtherelationbetween"nonfictionorstandarddiscourse"and"fiction,"definedasits"parasite,
forpartofthemostoriginaryessenceofthelatteristoallowfiction,thesimulacrum,parasitism,totakeplaceandinsodoingto"deessentialize"itself
asitwere.[137]Hewouldfinallyarguethattheindispensablequestionwouldthenbecome:[137]
whatis"nonfictionstandarddiscourse,"whatmustitbeandwhatdoesthisnameevoke,onceitsfictionalityoritsfictionalization,its
transgressive"parasitism,"isalwayspossible(andmoreoverbyvirtueoftheverysamewords,thesamephrases,thesamegrammar,etc.)?
Thisquestionisallthemoreindispensablesincetherules,andeventhestatementsoftherulesgoverningtherelationsof"nonfiction
standarddiscourse"anditsfictional"parasites,"arenotthingsfoundinnature,butlaws,symbolicinventions,orconventions,institutions
that,intheirverynormalityaswellasintheirnormativity,entailsomethingofthefictional.
Inthedebate,DerridapraisesAustin'swork,butarguesthatheiswrongtobanishwhatAustincalls"infelicities"fromthe"normal"operationof
language.One"infelicity,"forinstance,occurswhenitcannotbeknownwhetheragivenspeechactis"sincere"or"merelycitational"(andtherefore
possiblyironic,etc.).Derridaarguesthateveryiterationisnecessarily"citational,"duetothegraphematicnatureofspeechandwriting,andthat
languagecouldnotworkatallwithouttheeverpresentandineradicablepossibilityofsuchalternatereadings.DerridatakesSearletotaskforhis
attempttogetaroundthisissuebygroundingfinalauthorityinthespeaker'sinaccessible"intention".Derridaarguesthatintentioncannotpossibly
governhowaniterationsignifies,onceitbecomeshearableorreadable.Allspeechactsborrowalanguagewhosesignificanceisdeterminedby
historicallinguisticcontext,andbythealternatepossibilitiesthatthiscontextmakespossible.Thissignificance,Derridaargues,cannotbealteredor
governedbythewhimsofintention.
In1994,Searlearguedthattheideasuponwhichdeconstructionisfoundedareessentiallyaconsequenceofaseriesofconceptualconfusionsmadeby
Derridaasaresultofhisoutdatedknowledgeoraremerelybanalities.HeinsistedthatDerrida'sconceptionofiterabilityanditsalleged"corrupting"
effectonmeaningstemsfromDerrida'signoranceofthetypetokendistinctionthatexistsincurrentlinguisticsandphilosophyoflanguage.AsSearle
explains,"Mostimportantly,fromthefactthatdifferenttokensofasentencetypecanbeutteredondifferentoccasionswithdifferentintentions,thatis,
differentspeakermeanings,nothingofanysignificancefollowsabouttheoriginalspeakermeaningoftheoriginalutterancetoken."[135]
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In1995,SearlegaveabriefreplytoDerridainTheConstructionofSocialReality.HecalledDerrida'sconclusion"preposterous"andstatedthat
"Derrida,asfarasIcantell,doesnothaveanargument.Hesimplydeclaresthatthereisnothingoutsideoftexts..."[144]Searle'sreferencehereisnotto
anythingforwardedinthedebate,buttoamistranslationofthephrase"iln'yapasdehorsdutexte,"("Thereisnooutsidetext")whichappearsin
Derrida'sOfGrammatology.[145]
AccordingtoSearle,theconsistentpatternofDerrida'srhetoricis:
(a)announceapreposterousthesis,e.g."thereisnooutsidetext"(iln'yapasdehorstexte)
(b)whenchallengedon(a)respondthatyouhavebeenmisunderstoodandrevisetheclaimin(a)suchthatitbecomesatruism,e.g."iln'yapasde
horstexte"meansnothingelse:thereisnothingoutsidecontexts"[146]
(c)whenthereformulationfrom(b)isacknowledgedthenproceedasiftheoriginalformulationfrom(a)wasaccepted.Therevisedideaforexample
thateverythingexistsinsomecontextisabanalitybutacharadeensuesasiftheoriginalclaimnothingexistsoutsideoftext[sic]hadbeen
established.
Cambridgehonorarydoctorate
Derridahasoftenbeenthetargetofattacksbyanalyticphilosophersanattackofmajorsignificancewastheir1992attemptatstoppingCambridge
UniversityfromgrantingDerridaanHonoraryDoctorate.[147]
EighteenprotestersfromUS,Austrian,Australian,French,Polish,Italian,German,Dutch,Swiss,Spanish,andUKinstitutions,includingBarrySmith,
WillardVanOrmanQuine,DavidArmstrong,RuthBarcanMarcus,andRenThom,sentalettertoCambridgeclaimingthatDerrida'swork"doesnot
meetacceptedstandardsofclarityandrigour"anddescribingDerrida'sphilosophyasbeingcomposedof"tricksandgimmickssimilartothoseofthe
Dadaists."Theletterconcludedthat:
...wherecoherentassertionsarebeingmadeatall,theseareeitherfalseortrivial.Academicstatusbasedonwhatseemstoustobelittle
morethansemiintelligibleattacksuponthevaluesofreason,truth,andscholarshipisnot,wesubmit,sufficientgroundsfortheawardingof
anhonorarydegreeinadistinguisheduniversity.[148]
Intheendtheprotesterswereoutnumbered336votesto204whenCambridgeputthemotiontoavote[149]thoughalmostallofthosevotingin
favourwerenotfromthephilosophyfaculty.Derridasuggestedinaninterviewthatpartofthereasonfortheattacksonhiswork,wasthatitquestioned
andmodified"therulesofthedominantdiscourse,ittriestopoliticizeanddemocratizeeducationandtheuniversityscene."Toanswerthequestion
aboutthe"exceptionalviolence,"thecompulsive"ferocity,"andthe"exaggeration"ofthe"attacks,"hewouldsaythatthesecriticsorganizeandpractice
inhiscase"asortofobsessivepersonalitycultwhichphilosophersshouldknowhowtoquestionandabovealltomoderate".[150]
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DisputewithRichardWolinandtheNYRB
RichardWolinhasarguedsince1991thatDerrida'swork,aswellasthatofDerrida'smajorinspirations(e.g.,Bataille,Blanchot,Levinas,Heidegger,
Nietzsche),leadstoacorrosivenihilism.Forexample,Wolinarguesthatthe"deconstructivegestureofoverturningandreinscriptionendsupby
threateningtoeffacemanyoftheessentialdifferencesbetweenNazismandnonNazism".[151]
In1991,whenWolinpublishedaDerridainterviewonHeideggerinthefirsteditionofTheHeideggerControversy,Derridaarguedthattheinterview
wasanintentionallymaliciousmistranslation,whichwas"demonstrablyexecrable"and"weak,simplistic,andcompulsivelyaggressive".AsFrenchlaw
requirestheconsentofanauthortotranslationsandthisconsentwasnotgiven,Derridainsistedthattheinterviewnotappearinanysubsequenteditions
orreprints.ColumbiaUniversityPresssubsequentlyrefusedtoofferreprintsorneweditions.LatereditionsofTheHeideggerControversybyMITPress
alsoomittedtheDerridainterview.ThematterachievedpublicexposureowingtoafriendlyreviewofWolin'sbookbyThomasSheehanthatappeared
inTheNewYorkReviewofBooks,inwhichSheehancharacterisedDerrida'sprotestsasanimpositionofcensorship.Itwasfollowedbyanexchangeof
letters.[152]DerridainturnrespondedtoSheehanandWolin,in"TheWorkofIntellectualsandthePress(TheBadExample:HowtheNewYorkReview
ofBooksandCompanydoBusiness),"whichwaspublishedinthebookPoints....[153]
Twentyfouracademics,belongingtodifferentschoolsandgroupsoftenindisagreementwitheachotherandwithdeconstructionsignedaletter
addressedtoTheNewYorkReviewofBooks,inwhichtheyexpressedtheirindignationforthemagazine'sbehaviouraswellasthatofSheenanand
Wolin.[154]
Criticalobituaries
CriticalobituariesofDerridawerepublishedinTheNewYorkTimes,[18]TheEconomist,[155]andTheIndependent.[156]ThemagazineTheNation
respondedtotheNYTobituarysayingthat"eventhoughAmericanpapershadscornedandtrivializedDerridabefore,thetoneseemedparticularly
causticforanobituaryofaninternationallyacclaimedphilosopherwhohadprofoundlyinfluencedtwogenerationsofAmericanhumanities
scholars."[49][157]
WorksbyDerrida
SelectedtranslationsofworksbyDerrida
"SpeechandPhenomena"andOtherEssaysonHusserl'sTheoryofSigns,trans.DavidB.Allison(Evanston:NorthwesternUniversityPress,
1973).
OfGrammatology,trans.GayatriChakravortySpivak(Baltimore&London:JohnsHopkinsUniversityPress,1976)(hardcover:ISBN08018
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13/03/2016
18419,paperback:ISBN0801818796,correctededition:ISBN0801858305).[158]
WritingandDifference,trans.AlanBass(Chicago:UniversityofChicagoPress,1978)ISBN9780226143293.
Spurs:Nietzsche'sStyles,trans.BarbaraHarlow(Chicago&London:UniversityofChicagoPress,1979,ISBN9780226143330).
TheArcheologyoftheFrivolous:ReadingCondillac,trans.JohnP.Leavey,Jr.(Lincoln&London:UniversityofNebraskaPress,1980).
Dissemination,trans.BarbaraJohnson(Chicago:UniversityofChicagoPress,1981,ISBN9780226143347).
Positions,trans.AlanBass(Chicago:UniversityofChicagoPress,1981,ISBN9780226143316)[Paris,Minuit,1972].
MarginsofPhilosophy,trans.AlanBass(Chicago:ChicagoUniversityPress,1982,ISBN9780226143262).
Signsponge,trans.RichardRand(NewYork:ColumbiaUniversityPress,1984).
TheEaroftheOther,trans.PeggyKamuf(Lincoln&London:UniversityofNebraskaPress,1985).
Glas,trans.JohnP.Leavey,Jr.&RichardRand(Lincoln&London:UniversityofNebraskaPress,1986).
MemoiresforPauldeMan(NewYork:ColumbiaUniversityPress,1986revisededn.,1989).
ThePostCard:FromSocratestoFreudandBeyond,trans.AlanBass(Chicago&London:UniversityofChicagoPress,1987,ISBN9780226
143224).
TheTruthinPainting,trans.GeoffreyBennington&IanMcLeod(Chicago&London:ChicagoUniversityPress,1987,ISBN978022614324
8).
LimitedInc(Evanston:NorthwesternUniversityPress,1988).
EdmundHusserl'sOriginofGeometry:AnIntroduction,trans.JohnP.Leavey,Jr.(Lincoln&London:UniversityofNebraskaPress,1989).
OfSpirit:HeideggerandtheQuestion,trans.GeoffreyBennington&RachelBowlby(Chicago&London:UniversityofChicagoPress,1989,
ISBN9780226143194).
Cinders(book)|Cinders,trans.NedLukacher(Lincoln&London:UniversityofNebraskaPress,1991).
ActsofLiterature(NewYork&London:Routledge,1992).
GivenTime|GivenTime:I.CounterfeitMoney,trans.PeggyKamuf(Chicago&London:UniversityofChicagoPress,1992,ISBN9780226
143149).
TheOtherHeading|TheOtherHeading:ReflectionsonToday'sEurope,trans.PascaleAnneBrault&MichaelB.Naas(Bloomington&
Indianapolis:IndianaUniversityPress,1992).
Aporias,trans.ThomasDutoit(Stanford:StanfordUniversityPress,1993).
JacquesDerrida(book)|JacquesDerrida,coauthor&trans.GeoffreyBennington(Chicago&London:ChicagoUniversityPress,1993,ISBN
9780226042626).
MemoirsoftheBlind|MemoirsoftheBlind:TheSelfPortraitandOtherRuins,trans.PascaleAnneBrault&MichaelNaas(Chicago&London:
UniversityofChicagoPress,1993,ISBN9780226143088).
SpectersofMarx:TheStateoftheDebt,theWorkofMourning,andtheNewInternational,trans.PeggyKamuf(NewYork&London:
Routledge,1994).
ArchiveFever:AFreudianImpression,trans.EricPrenowitz(Chicago&London:UniversityofChicagoPress,1995,ISBN9780226143675).
TheGiftofDeath,trans.DavidWills(Chicago&London:UniversityofChicagoPress,1995,ISBN9780226143064).
OntheName,trans.DavidWood,JohnP.Leavey,Jr.,&IanMcLeod(Stanford:StanfordUniversityPress,1995).
Points...:Interviews19741994,trans.PeggyKamufandothers,(Stanford:StanfordUniversityPress,1995)(seealsothefootnoteaboutISBN0
226143147,here)(seealsothe[1992]FrenchVersionPointsdesuspension:entretiens(ISBN0804724881)there).
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ChoraLWorks,withPeterEisenman(NewYork:Monacelli,1997).
PoliticsofFriendship,trans.GeorgeCollins(London&NewYork:Verso,1997).
MonolingualismoftheOtheror,TheProsthesisofOrigin,trans.PatrickMensah(Stanford:StanfordUniversityPress,1998).
ResistancesofPsychoanalysis,trans.PeggyKamuf,PascaleAnneBraultandMichaelNaas(Stanford:StanfordUniversityPress,1998).
TheSecretArtofAntoninArtaud,withPauleThvenin,trans.MaryAnnCaws(Cambridge,Mass.,&London:MITPress,1998).
Adieu:ToEmmanuelLevinas,trans.PascaleAnneBrault&MichaelNaas(Stanford:StanfordUniversityPress,1999).
RightsofInspection,trans.DavidWills(NewYork:Monacelli,1999).
Demeure:FictionandTestimony,withMauriceBlanchot,TheInstantofMyDeath,trans.ElizabethRottenberg(Stanford:StanfordUniversity
Press,2000).
OfHospitality,trans.RachelBowlby(Stanford:StanfordUniversityPress,2000).
DeconstructionEngaged:TheSydneySeminars(Sydney:PowerPublications,2001).
OnCosmopolitanismandForgiveness,trans.MarkDooley&MichaelHughes(London&NewYork:Routledge,2001).
ATastefortheSecret,withMaurizioFerraris,trans.GiacomoDonis(Cambridge:Polity,2001).
TheWorkofMourning,trans.PascaleAnneBrault&MichaelNaas(Chicago&London:ChicagoUniversityPress,2001,ISBN9780226
142814).
ActsofReligion(NewYork&London:Routledge,2002).
EchographiesofTelevision:FilmedInterviews,withBernardStiegler,trans.JenniferBajorek(Cambridge:Polity,2002).
Ethics,Institutions,andtheRighttoPhilosophy,transPeterPericlesTrifonas(Lanham:Rowman&Littlefield,2002).
Negotiations:InterventionsandInterviews,19712001,trans.ElizabethRottenberg(Stanford:StanfordUniversityPress,2002).
Who'sAfraidofPhilosophy?:RighttoPhilosophy1,trans.JanPlug(Stanford:StanfordUniversityPress,2002).
WithoutAlibi,trans.PeggyKamuf(Stanford:StanfordUniversityPress,2002).
PhilosophyinaTimeofTerror|PhilosophyinaTimeofTerror:DialogueswithJrgenHabermasandJacquesDerrida,withJrgenHabermas
(Chicago&London:UniversityofChicagoPress,2003,ISBN9780226066660).
TheProblemofGenesisinHusserl'sPhilosophy,trans.MarianHobson(Chicago&London:ChicagoUniversityPress,2003,ISBN9780226
143156).
Counterpath,withCatherineMalabou,trans.DavidWills(Stanford:StanfordUniversityPress,2004).
EyesoftheUniversity:RighttoPhilosophy2,trans.JanPlug(Stanford:StanfordUniversityPress,2004).
ForWhatTomorrow...:ADialogue,withElisabethRoudinesco,trans.JeffFort(Stanford:StanfordUniversityPress,2004).
Rogues:TwoEssaysonReason,trans.PascaleAnneBrault&MichaelNaas(Stanford:StanfordUniversityPress,2004).
OnTouchingJeanLucNancy,trans.ChristineIrizarry(Stanford:StanfordUniversityPress,2005).
PaperMachine,trans.RachelBowlby(Stanford:StanfordUniversityPress,2005).
SovereigntiesinQuestion|SovereigntiesinQuestion:ThePoeticsofPaulCelan,trans.ThomasDutoit(NewYork:FordhamUniversityPress,
2005).
H.C.forLife:ThatIstoSay...,trans.LaurentMilesi&StefanHerbrechter(Stanford:StanfordUniversityPress,2006).
Geneses,Genealogies,Genres,andGenius|Geneses,Genealogies,Genres,AndGenius:TheSecretsoftheArchive,trans.BeverlyBieBrahic
(NewYork:ColumbiaUniversityPress,2006).
LearningtoLiveFinally:TheLastInterview,withJeanBirnbaum,trans.PascaleAnneBrault&MichaelNaas(MelvilleHouse,2007).
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Psyche:InventionsoftheOther,VolumeI(Stanford:StanfordUniversityPress,2007).
Psyche:InventionsoftheOther,VolumeII(Stanford:StanfordUniversityPress,2008).
TheAnimalThatThereforeIAm,trans.DavidWills(NewYork:FordhamUniversityPress,2008).
TheBeastandtheSovereign,VolumeI,trans.GeoffreyBennington(Chicago:UniversityofChicagoPress,2009,ISBN9780226144283).
Copy,Archive,Signature:AConversationonPhotography,ed.GerhardRichter,trans.JeffFort(Stanford:StanfordUniversityPress,2010).
Athens,StillRemains:ThePhotographsofJeanFranoisBonhomme,trans.MichaelNaas(NewYork:FordhamUniversityPress,2010).
Parages,ed.JohnP.Leavey,trans.TomConley,JamesHulbert,JohnP.Leavey,andAvitalRonell(Stanford:StanfordUniversityPress,2011).
TheBeastandtheSovereign,VolumeII,trans.GeoffreyBennington(Chicago:UniversityofChicagoPressISBN9780226144306).
SignatureDerrida,ed.JayWilliams(Chicago:UniversityofChicagoPressISBN9780226924526).
TheDeathPenalty,VolumeI(Chicago:UniversityofChicagoPress,2014,ISBN9780226144320).
Seealso
Listofthinkersinfluencedbydeconstruction
Deconstructionandreligion
Difference(poststructuralism)
Radicalhermeneutics
Sousrature
Khra
Yaleschool
Notes
1.Peeters,Benot(2012).Derrida:ABiography.Polity.pp.1213."Jackiewasbornatdaybreak,on15July1930,atElBiar,inthehillysuburbsofAlgiers,ina
holidayhome.[...]Theboy'smainforenamewasprobablychosenbecauseofJackieCoogan...Whenhewascircumcised,hewasgivenasecondforename,Elie,
whichwasnotenteredonhisbirthcertificate,unliketheequivalentnamesofhisbrotherandsister.".SeealsoBennington,Geoffrey(1993).JacquesDerrida.The
UniversityofChicagoPress.p.325."1930BirthofJackieDerrida,July15,inElBiar(nearAlgiers,inaholidayhouse).".
2.Britannica.com(http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/158661/JacquesDerrida)
3.DerridaonReligion:ThinkerofDifferanceByDawneMcCance.Equinox.p.7.
4.Derrida,Deconstruction,andthePoliticsofPedagogy(CounterpointsStudiesinthePostmodernTheoryofEducation).PeterLangPublishingInc.p.134.
5.Bensmaa,Rda,"Poststructuralism",inKritzman(2005),pp.9293.
6.Poster(1988),pp.56.
7.VincentB.LeitchPostmodernism:LocalEffects,GlobalFlows,SUNYSeriesinPostmodernCulture(Albany,NY:StateUniversityofNewYorkPress,1996),p.
27.
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8.Derrida,Jacques(1992)."ForceofLaw".DeconstructionandthePossibilityofJustice.translatedbyMaryQuaintance,eds.,DrucillaCornell,Michael
Rosenfeld,andDavidGrayCarlson(1sted.).NewYork:Routledge.pp.367.ISBN0810103974."Adecisionthatdidnotgothroughtheordealofthe
undecidablewouldnotbeafreedecision,itwouldonlybetheprogrammableapplicationorunfoldingofacalculableprocess(...)deconstructsfromtheinsideevery
assuranceofpresence,andthuseverycriteriologythatwouldassureusofthejusticeofthedecision."
9."CriticalLegalStudiesMovement(http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/bridge/CriticalTheory/critical2.htm)"in"TheBridge"
10.GERMANLAWJOURNAL,SPECIALISSUE:ADEDICATIONTOJACQUESDERRIDA(http://www.germanlawjournal.com/index.php?
pageID=13&vol=6&no=1),Vol.6No.1,1243,1January2005
11."LegaciesofDerrida:Anthropology",RosalindC.Morris,AnnualReviewofAnthropology,Volume:36,pages:355389,2007
12."DeconstructingHistory",published1997,(2nd.Edn.Routledge,2006)
13.Busch,Brigitt(2012).LinguisticRepertoireRevisited.AppliedLinguistics(Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress).
14."Thesociolinguisticsofschooling:therelevanceofDerrida'sMonolingualismoftheOtherortheProsthesisofOrigin",MichaelEvans,01/2012ISBN9783
034310093Inbook:TheSociolinguisticsofLanguageEducationinInternationalContexts,Publisher:PeterLang,Editors:EdithEschandMartinSolly,pp.31
46
15."DeconstructioninMusicTheJacquesDerrida",GerdZacherEncounter,Rotterdam,TheNetherlands,2002
16.E.g.,"DorisSalcedo",Phaidon(2004),"HansHaacke",Phaidon(2000)
17.E.g."Thereturnofthereal",HalFoster,OctoberMITPress(1996)"KantafterDuchamp",ThierrydeDuve,OctoberMITPress(1996)"NeoAvantgardeand
CulturalIndustryEssaysonEuropeanandAmericanArtfrom1955to1975",BenjaminH.D.Buchloh,OctoberMITPress(2000)"PerpetualInventory",
RosalindE.Krauss,OctoberMITPress,2010
18.Kandell,Jonathan."JacquesDerrida,AbstruseTheorist,Diesat74(http://www.nytimes.com/2004/10/10/obituaries/10derrida.html?
ex=1255147200&en=bc84f1b2c5f092c5&ei=5090&partner=rssuserland)",October10,2004
19."JacquesDerrida"(http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/derrida/).StanfordEncyclopediaofPhilosophy.November22,2006.AccessedAugust11,2010.
20."ItookpartintheextraordinarytransformationoftheAlgerianJewsmygreatgrandparentswerebylanguage,custom,etc.,stillidentifiedwithArabicculture.
AftertheCremieuxDecree(1870),attheendofthe19thc.,thefollowinggenerationbecamebourgeois",JacquesDerridaTheLastInterview
(http://www.studiovisit.net/SV.Derrida.pdf),May2003.
21."Haim,Aaron,Prosper,Charles,AimAim,MmArbreFamilialdesZaffran(ZafranetSafran),Migures,Gharbi,Allouche,Safar,Temimeetc...
GeneaNet".Gw4.geneanet.org.18January2012.Retrieved21October2012.
22.Georgette,Sultana,EstherSAFAR(18January2012)."Georgette,Sultana,EstherSAFARArbreFamilialdesZaffran(ZafranetSafran),Migures,Gharbi,
Allouche,Safar,Temimeetc...GeneaNet".Gw4.geneanet.org.Retrieved21October2012.
23.Bennington(1991),p.325
24."Safarsurname:occupationalnamefromArabicsaffarwhichmeansworkerincopperorbrass",TheSafarsurname(http://www.ancestry.com/facts/Safarfamily
historyuk.ashx)"
25.Powell(2006),p.12.
26.ObituaryinTheGuardian(http://books.guardian.co.uk/obituaries/story/0,11617,1324460,00.html),accessedAugust2,2007.
27.Cixous(2001),p.viialsoseethisinterviewwithDerrida'slongtermcollaboratorJohnCaputo(http://www.themodernword.com/features/interview_caputo.html).
28.Peeters,Benot(2012).Derrida:ABiography.Polity.p.13."Whenhewascircumcised,hewasgivenasecondforename,Elie,whichwasnotenteredonhisbirth
certificate,unliketheequivalentnamesofhisbrotherandsister."SeealsoDerrida,Jacques(1993)." "Circumfession" ".JacquesDerrida.TheUniversityof
ChicagoPress.p.96."'SoIhaveborne,withoutbearing,withoutitseverbeingwritten(122376)'thenameoftheprophetlie,ElijahinEnglish...soItook
myselftowardthehiddennamewithoutitseverbeingwrittenontheofficialrecords,thesamenameasthatofthepaternaluncleEugneEliahouDerrida..."
29.Derrida(1989)ThisStrangeInstitutionCalledLiterature,pp.35,389
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30.AlanD.Schrift(2006),TwentiethCenturyFrenchPhilosophy:KeyThemesAndThinkers,BlackwellPublishing,p.120.
31.MarcGoldschmidt,JacquesDerrida:uneintroduction,2003,p.231.
32.Caputo(1997),p.25.
34.Powell(2006)pp.345
35.Powell(2006),p.58
36.LeslieHill,TheCambridgeIntroductiontoJacquesDerrida,Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress,2007,p.55.
37.JacquesDerridaandGeoffreyBennington,JacquesDerrida,Chicago:UniversityofChicagoPress,1994,p.331
38.Powell(2006),p.145.
39.JacquesDerridaEditionsdeMinuit(http://www.leseditionsdeminuit.com/f/index.php?sp=livAut&auteur_id=1522)
40."Obituary:JacquesDerrida"(http://www.guardian.co.uk/news/2004/oct/11/guardianobituaries.france),byDerekAttridgeandThomasBaldwin,TheGuardian,
October11,2004.RetrievedJan19,2010.
41.UCIrvinedropssuitoverDerrida'spersonalpapers(http://www.continentalphilosophy.org/2007/02/15/ucirvinedropssuitoverderridaspersonalpapers/)
42.IMDb(http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0356496/)
43.IMDb(http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0303326/)
44.philosophybasics.com(http://www.philosophybasics.com/philosophers_derrida.html)
45.JacquesDerridaDiesDeconstructionistPhilosopher(http://www.washingtonpost.com/wpdyn/articles/A210502004Oct9.html,),accessedMay9,2012.
46."TheUniversityofHeidelbergMournstheDeathofJacquesDerrida(http://www.uniheidelberg.de/press/news/press358_e.html)"
47.Derrida(1988)Afterword,pp.1301
48.Derrida(1989)ThisStrangeInstitutionCalledLiterature,p.54:
Contrarytowhatsomepeoplebelieveorhaveaninterestinmakingbelieve,Iconsidermyselfverymuchahistorian,veryhistoricist[...]
Deconstructioncallsforahighly"historian's"attitude(OfGrammatology,forexample,isahistorybookthroughandthrough).
49.RossBenjaminHostileObituaryforDerrida(http://www.thenation.com/article/hostileobituaryderrida),TheNation,November24,2004
50.Derrida(1992)CambridgeReview,pp.404,40813.
51.Derrida(1976)WhereaTeachingBodyBegins,Englishtranslation2002,p.72
52.Derrida,Jacques(1993)."SpectresofMarx"(inFrench):92.
53.Royle,Nicholas(2004),JacquesDerrida(https://books.google.com/books?id=nNaSdb9VMTwC),pp.6263
54.DerridaandFerraris(1997),p.76:
Itakegreatinterestinquestionsoflanguageandrhetoric,andIthinktheydeserveenormousconsiderationbutthereisapointwheretheauthorityof
finaljurisdictionisneitherrhetoricalnorlinguistic,norevendiscursive.Thenotionoftraceoroftextisintroducedtomarkthelimitsofthelinguistic
turn.ThisisonemorereasonwhyIprefertospeakof'mark'ratherthanoflanguage.Inthefirstplacethemarkisnotanthropologicalitis
prelinguisticitisthepossibilityoflanguage,anditiseverywherethereisarelationtoanotherthingorrelationtoanother.Forsuchrelations,the
markhasnoneedoflanguage.
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55.Saussure,Ferdinandde(1916[trans.1959]).CourseinGeneralLinguistics.NewYork:NewYorkPhilosophicalLibrary.pp.12122.Checkdatevaluesin:
|date=(help)
Inlanguagethereareonlydifferences.Evenmoreimportant:adifferencegenerallyimpliespositivetermsbetweenwhichthedifferenceissetupbut
inlanguagethereareonlydifferenceswithoutpositiveterms.Whetherwetakethesignifiedorthesignifier,languagehasneitherideasnorsounds
thatexistedbeforethelinguisticsystem,butonlyconceptualandphonicdifferencesthathaveissuedfromthesystem.Theideaorphonicsubstance
thatasigncontainsisoflessimportancethantheothersignsthatsurroundit.[...]Alinguisticsystemisaseriesofdifferencesofsoundcombined
withaseriesofdifferencesofideasbutthepairingofacertainnumberofacousticalsignswithasmanycutsmadefromthemassthoughtengenders
asystemofvalues.
56.Derrida(1967)OfGrammatology,PartIIIntroductiontothe"AgeofRousseau,"section2"...ThatDangerousSupplement...",titleTheExorbitant.Questionof
Method,pp.15859,163
57.Derrida(1988)Afterword,p.136
58.Reilly,BrianJ.(2005)JacquesDerrida,inKritzman(2005),p.500.
59.Coward,HaroldG.(1990)DerridaandIndianphilosophy(https://books.google.com/books?id=JtyqhtCW7jQC),pp.83,137
60.Pidgen,CharlesR.(1990)OnaDefenceofDerrida,inTheCriticalreview(https://books.google.com/books?id=M71ZAAAAMAAJ)(1990)Issues3032,pp.40
41
61.Sullivan,Patricia(2004)JacquesDerridaDiesDeconstructionistPhilosopher(http://www.washingtonpost.com/wpdyn/articles/A210502004Oct9.html),in
WashingtonPost,October10,2004,p.C11,accessedAugust2,2007.
62.Glendinning,Simon(2011).JacquesDerrida:AVeryShortIntroduction.OxfordUniversityPress.
63.Thedissertationwaseventuallypublishedin1990withthetitleLeproblmedelagensedanslaphilosophiedeHusserl.Englishtranslation:TheProblemof
GenesisinHusserl'sPhilosophy(2003).
64.J.Derrida(1967),interviewwithHenriRonse,p.5.
65.JacquesDerrida,"Structure,Sign,andPlayintheDiscourseoftheHumanSciences,"inWritingandDifference,trans.AlanBass(Chicago:UniversityofChicago
Press,1978),p.278.
66.
(...)theentirehistoryoftheconceptofstructure,beforetheruptureofwhichwearespeaking,mustbethoughtofasaseriesofsubstitutionsof
centreforcentre,asalinkedchainofdeterminationsofthecentre.Successively,andinaregulatedfashion,thecentrereceivesdifferentformsor
names.Thehistoryofmetaphysics,likethehistoryoftheWest,isthehistoryofthesemetaphorsandmetonymies.Itsmatrix[...]isthe
determinationofBeingaspresenceinallsensesofthisword.Itcouldbeshownthatallthenamesrelatedtofundamentals,toprinciples,ortothe
centrehavealwaysdesignatedaninvariablepresenceeidos,arch,telos,energeia,ousia(essence,existence,substance,subject),altheia,
transcendentality,consciousness,God,man,andsoforth.
"Structure,SignandPlay"inWritingandDifference,p.353.
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67.JacquesDerrida,"'Genesis'and'Structure'andPhenomenology,"inWritingandDifference(London:Routledge,1978),paperoriginallydeliveredin1959at
CerisylaSalle,andoriginallypublishedinGandillac,Goldmann&Piaget(eds.),Genseetstructure(TheHague:Morton,1964),p.167:
Alltheseformulationshavebeenpossiblethankstotheinitialdistinctionbetweendifferentirreducibletypesofgenesisandstructure:worldlygenesis
andtranscendentalgenesis,empiricalstructure,eideticstructure,andtranscendentalstructure.Toaskoneselfthefollowinghistoricosemantic
question:"Whatdoesthenotionofgenesisingeneral,onwhosebasistheHusserliandiffractioncouldcomeforthandbeunderstood,mean,andwhat
hasitalwaysmeant?Whatdoesthenotionofstructureingeneral,onwhosebasisHusserloperatesandoperatesdistinctionsbetweenempirical,
eidetic,andtranscendentaldimensionsmean,andwhathasitalwaysmeantthroughoutitsdisplacements?Andwhatisthehistoricosemantic
relationshipbetweengenesisandstructureingeneral?"isnotonlysimplytoaskapriorlinguisticquestion.Itistoaskthequestionabouttheunityof
thehistoricalgroundonwhosebasisatranscendentalreductionispossibleandismotivatedbyitself.Itistoaskthequestionabouttheunityofthe
worldfromwhichtranscendentalfreedomreleasesitself,inordertomaketheoriginofthisunityappear.
68.Ifin1959DerridawasaddressingthisquestionofgenesisandstructuretoHusserl,thatis,tophenomenology,thenin"Structure,Sign,andPlayintheDiscourse
oftheHumanSciences"(alsoinWritingandDifferenceseebelow),headdressesthesesamequestionstoLviStraussandthestructuralists.Thisisclearfromthe
veryfirstlineofthepaper(p.278):
Perhapssomethinghasoccurredinthehistoryoftheconceptofstructurethatcouldbecalledan"event,"ifthisloadedworddidnotentailameaning
whichitispreciselythefunctionofstructuralorstructuralistthoughttoreduceortosuspect.
BetweenthesetwopapersisstakedDerrida'sphilosophicalground,ifnotindeedhisstepbeyondoroutsidephilosophy.
69.Derrida(1971),Scarpettainterview,quotefrompp.778:
Ifthealterityoftheotherisposed,thatis,onlyposed,doesitnotamounttothesame,forexampleintheformofthe"constitutedobject"orofthe
"informedproduct"investedwithmeaning,etc.?Fromthispointofview,Iwouldevensaythatthealterityoftheotherinscribesinthisrelationship
thatwhichinnocasecanbe"posed."Inscription,asIwoulddefineitinthisrespect,isnotasimpleposition:itisratherthatbymeansofwhich
everypositionisofitselfconfounded(diffrance):inscription,mark,textandnotonlythesisorthemeinscriptionofthethesis.
Onthephrase"defaultoforigin"asappliedtoDerrida'swork,cf.BernardStiegler,"DerridaandTechnology:FidelityattheLimitsofDeconstructionandthe
ProsthesisofFaith,"inTomCohen(ed.)JacquesDerridaandtheHumanities(Cambridge&NewYork:CambridgeUniversityPress,2001).Stieglerunderstands
Derrida'sthinkingoftextualityandinscriptionintermsofathinkingoforiginarytechnicity,andinthiscontextspeaksof"theoriginarydefaultoforiginthatarche
writingconstitutes"(p.239).SeealsoStiegler,TechnicsandTime,1:TheFaultofEpimetheus(Stanford:StanfordUniversityPress,1998).
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70.Itisopposedtotheconceptoforiginalpurity,whichdestabilisesthethoughtofboth"genesis"and"structure",cf.RodolpheGasch,TheTainoftheMirror
(Cambridge,Massachusetts,&London:HarvardUniversityPress,1986),p.146:
Itisanopeningthatisstructural,orthestructuralityofanopening.Yeteachoftheseconceptsexcludestheother.Itisthusaslittleastructureasitis
anopeningitisaslittlestaticasitisgenetic,aslittlestructuralasitishistorical.Itcanbeunderstoodneitherfromageneticnorfromastructuralist
andtaxonomicpointofview,norfromacombinationofbothpointsofview.
Andnotethatthiscomplexityoftheoriginisthusnotonlyspatialbuttemporal,whichiswhydiffranceisamatternotonlyofdifferencebutofdelayordeferral.
OnewayinwhichthisquestionisraisedinrelationtoHusserlisthusthequestionofthepossibilityofaphenomenologyofhistory,whichDerridaraisesin
EdmundHusserl'sOriginofGeometry:AnIntroduction(1962).
71.Cf.RodolpheGasch,"InfrastructuresandSystematicity,"inJohnSallis(ed.),DeconstructionandPhilosophy(Chicago&London:UniversityofChicagoPress,
1987),pp.34:
OneofthemorepersistentmisunderstandingsthathasthusfarforestalledaproductivedebatewithDerrida'sphilosophicalthoughtistheassumption,
sharedbymanyphilosophersaswellasliterarycritics,thatwithinthatthoughtjustanythingispossible.Derrida'sphilosophyismoreoftenthannot
construedasalicenseforarbitraryfreeplayinflagrantdisregardofallestablishedrulesofargumentation,traditionalrequirementsofthought,and
ethicalstandardsbindingupontheinterpretativecommunity.Undoubtedly,someoftheworksofDerridamaynothavebeenentirelyinnocentinthis
respect,andmayhavecontributed,howeverobliquely,tofosteringtosomeextentthatverymisconception.Butdeconstructionwhichformanyhas
cometodesignatethecontentandstyleofDerrida'sthinking,revealstoevenasuperficialexamination,awellorderedprocedure,astepbysteptype
ofargumentationbasedonanacuteawarenessofleveldistinctions,amarkedthoroughnessandregularity.[...]Deconstructionmustbeunderstood,
wecontend,astheattemptto"account,"inacertainmanner,foraheterogeneousvarietyormanifoldofnonlogicalcontradictionsanddiscursive
equalitiesofallsortsthatcontinuestohauntandfissureeventhesuccessfuldevelopmentofphilosophicalargumentsandtheirsystematicexposition.
72.Derrida(1967)interviewwithHenriRonse,pp.45:"[SpeechandPhenomena]isperhapstheessaywhichIlikemost.DoubtlessIcouldhavebounditasalong
notetooneortheotheroftheothertwoworks.OfGrammatologyreferstoitandeconomizesitsdevelopment.Butinaclassicalphilosophicalarchitecture,
Speech...wouldcomefirst:initisposed,atapointwhichappearsjuridicallydecisiveforreasonsthatIcannotexplainhere,thequestionoftheprivilegeofthe
voiceandofphoneticwritingintheirrelationshiptotheentirehistoryoftheWest,suchasthishistorycanberepresentedbythehistoryofmetaphysicsand
metaphysicsinitsmostmodern,criticalandvigilantform:Husserl'stranscendentalphenomenology."
73.Derrida(1967)interviewwithHenriRonse,p.8
74.OntheinfluenceofHeidegger,Derridaclaimsinhis"LettertoaJapaneseFriend"(Derridaanddiffrance,eds.RobertBernasconiandDavidWood)thattheword
"dconstruction"washisattemptbothtotranslateandreappropriateforhisownendstheHeideggeriantermsDestruktionandAbbau,viaawordfromtheFrench
language,thevariedsensesofwhichseemedconsistentwithhisrequirements.ThisrelationshipwiththeHeideggeriantermwaschosenovertheNietzscheanterm
"demolition,"asDerridasharedHeidegger'sinterestinrenovatingphilosophy.
75.Derrida,J.ViolenceandMetaphysics:AnEssayontheThoughtofEmmanuelLevinas,WritingandDifference.Chicago:UniversityofChicago.97192.
76.Caputo(1997),p.42
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77.LinguisticsandGrammatologyinOfGrammatology,pp.2773
78.FromRestrictedtoGeneralEconomy:AHegelianismwithoutReserveinWritingandDifference
79.CogitoandtheHistoryofMadnessinWritingandDifference
80.TheViolenceoftheLetter:FromLviStrausstoRousseauinOfGrammatology,pp.101140
81.Structure,Sign,andPlayintheDiscourseoftheHumanSciencesinWritingandDifference
82.OfGrammatology,pp.8386.
83.FreudandtheSceneofWritinginWritingandDifference
84."EdmondJabsandtheQuestionoftheBook"and"Ellipsis"inWritingandDifference,pp.6478and295300.
85.LaParolesouffleandTheTheaterofCrueltyandtheClosureofRepresentationinWritingandDifference
86.Lamont'87,pp.590,602606(Lamont,MicheleHowtoBecomeaDominantFrenchPhilosopher:TheCaseofJacquesDerrida
(http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/2780292?uid=3738128&uid=2&uid=4&sid=21102445458411).AmericanJournalofSociology,Vol.93,No.3[Nov.,
1987])
87.WayneA.Borody(http://www.nipissingu.ca/faculty/wayneb/)(1998)pp.3,5FiguringthePhallogocentricArgumentwithRespecttotheClassicalGreek
PhilosophicalTradition(http://kenstange.com/nebula/feat013/feat013.html)Nebula:ANetzineoftheArtsandScience(http://kenstange.com/nebula/),Vol.13(pp.
127).
88.HlneCixous,CatherineClment[1975]Lajeunene
89.Spurgin,Tim(1997)Reader'sGuidetoDerrida's"Plato'sPharmacy"(http://www.lawrence.edu/dept/english/courses/60a/handouts/pharmacy.html)
90.Graff(1993)
91.SvenOveHanssonPhilosophicalSchools(https://web.archive.org/web/20060718054747/http://www.infra.kth.se/phil/theoria/editorial721.htm)attheWayback
Machine(archivedJuly18,2006)EditorialFromTheoriavol.72,Part1(2006).
92.Derrida(1989)OfSpirit,pp.vii1
93.Derrida(1989)OfSpirit,p.1
94.Derrida(1989)OfSpirit,p.7,11,117118
95.Derrida(1989)OfSpirit,pp.812
96.Powell(2006),p.167(https://books.google.com/books?id=sbhlgspwVwMC&pg=PA167).
97.JackReynolds,JonathanRoffe(2004)UnderstandingDerrida(http://books.google.it/books?id=D7jq50nVzGAC)p.49
98.GiftofDeath,pp.5772
99.B.L.EttingerinconversationwithEmmanuelLvinas,"QuediraitEurydice?"/"WhatwouldEurydiceSay?"(199193).ReprintedtocoincidewithKabinet
exhibitionatStedelijkMuseum,Amsterdam.Paris:BLEAtelier,1997.ThisisareprintofLefmininestcettediffrenceinoue(Livred'artiste,1994,andit
includesthetextofTimeistheBreathoftheSpirit,MOMA,Oxford,1993.)ReprintedinAthena:PhilosophicalStudies.Vol.2,2006.
100.TheOtherHeading,pp.56
101.Derrida(2002)Q&AsessionatFilmForum
102.Derrida(2005)[1997]."LesIntellectuels"(inFrench):3940
103.Derrida(1991)"A'Madness'MustWatchOverThinking",pp.3479.
105.Powell(2006),p.151
106.JacquesDerrida,"'ToDoJusticetoFreud':TheHistoryofMadnessintheAgeofPsychoanalysis,"ResistancesofPsychoanalysis(Stanford:StanfordUniversity
Press,1998)pp.701.
107.Derrida,Jacques."NoApocalypse,NotNow(fullspeedahead,sevenmissiles,sevenmissives)".Diacritics,1984
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108.Gide'sLesnourrituresterrestres,bookIV:Familles,jevoushais!Foyersclosportesrefermespossessionsjalousesdubonheur.
109.1991InterviewwithFrancoisEwaldWahnmubersDenkenwachenpublishedin:WernerKolk(Translator).Literataz.1992,p.12.(German),asquotedin
http://escholarship.org/uc/item/3891m6db#page1
110.Foucault,Michel,HistoryofMadness,ed.JeanKhalfa,trans.JonathanMurphyandJeanKhalfa(London:Routledge,2006),p.xxiv,573.
111.CarloGinzburg[1976],Ilformaggioeivermi,translatedin1980asTheCheeseandtheWorms:TheCosmosofaSixteenthCenturyMiller
(https://books.google.com/books?id=4IUREWq_o3MC),trans.AnneTedeschi(Baltimore:JohnsHopkinsUniversityPress),xviii.ISBN9780801843877
112."DerridaSeminarTranslationProject".Derridaseminars.org.Retrieved21October2012.
113."DerridaSeminarTranslationProject".Derridaseminars.org.Retrieved1January2014.
114."LovelyLuton".Hydra.humanities.uci.edu.Retrieved21October2012.
115.SpeechandPhenomena,Introduction
116.OfGrammatology,PartI.1
117.Poster(2010),pp.34,1213
118.Derrida[1982]Excuseme,butIneversaidexactlyso:YetAnotherDerrideanInterview(http://www.egs.edu/faculty/jacquesderrida/articles/excusemebutinever
saidexactlyso/),withPaulBrennan,OntheBeach(GlebeNSW,Australia).No.1/1983:p.42
119.Derrida1972SignatureEventContext
120.Spivak,GayatriChakravorty(1995)."Ghostwriting".Diacritics(TheJohnsHopkinsUniversityPress)25(2):6484.doi:10.2307/465145.
121.|JacquesDerrida|Marx&Sons|Sprinker,Michael,ed.(2008)."Chapter10:Marx&Sons".GhostlyDeamarctations:ASymposiumOnJacquesDerrida's"Specters
ofMarx".chapterbyJacquesDerrida.London:Verso.p.223.ISBN9781844672110.
122.Sprinker,Michael,ed.(2008)."Chapter5:MarxismwithoutMarx".GhostlyDeamarctations:ASymposiumOnJacquesDerrida's"SpectersofMarx".chapterby
TerryEagleton.London:Verso.pp.837.ISBN9781844672110.
123.Garver,Newton(1991)."Derrida'slanguagegames".Topoi10(2):18798.doi:10.1007/BF00141339
124."TruthandConsequences:HowtoUnderstandJacquesDerrida,"TheNewRepublic197:14(October5,1987).
125.J.E.D'Ulisse,Derrida(19302004)(http://www.newpartisan.com/home/derrida19302004.html),NewPartisan,December24,2004.Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/20150424125330/http://www.newpartisan.com/home/derrida19302004.html)April24,2015,attheWaybackMachine.
126.Rorty,Richard.Contingency,Irony,andSolidarity.Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress,1989.ISBN0521367816.Ch.6:"Fromironisttheorytoprivate
allusions:Derrida"
127.Chomsky,Noam(August2012)."Postmodernism?".ZCommunications.Retrieved27September2014.
128.Derrida,Jacques.Limited,Inc.NorthwesternUniversityPress,1988.p.29:"...Ihavereadsomeofhis[Searle's]work(more,inanycase,thanheseemstohave
readofmine)"
129.Maclean,Ian.2004."undialoguedesourds?SomeimplicationsoftheAustinSearleDerridadebate",inJacquesDerrida:criticalthought.IanMaclachlan(ed.)
AshgatePublishing,2004
130."AnotherLookattheDerridaSearleDebate".MarkAlfino.Philosophy&Rhetoric,Vol.24,No.2(1991),pp.143152[1]
(http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/40237667)
131.SimonGlendinning.2001.ArguingwithDerrida.WileyBlackwell.p.18
132.GregorCampbell.1993."JohnR.Searle"inIreneRimaMakaryk(ed).Encyclopediaofcontemporaryliterarytheory:approaches,scholars,terms.Universityof
TorontoPress,1993
133.JohnSearle,"ReiteratingtheDiffrences:AReplytoDerrida",Glyph2(BaltimoreMD:JohnsHopkinsUniversityPress,1977).
134.MarianHobson.1998.JacquesDerrida:openinglines.PsychologyPress.pp.9597
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135.Searle,JohnR.(1994)."LiteraryTheoryandItsDiscontents".JournalofHumanisticPsychology(TheJohnsHopkinsUniversityPress)25(3):63767.
doi:10.2307/469470.
136.Searle,JohnR.(27October1983)."TheWordTurnedUpsideDown".TheNewYorkReviewofBooks.NYREV,Inc.Archivedfromtheoriginalon13October
2012.Retrieved21August2013.
137.JacquesDerrida,"Afterwords"inLimited,Inc.(NorthwesternUniversityPress,1988),p.133
138.Farrell,F.B.(1988),Iterabilityandmeaning:theSearleDerridadebate.Metaphilosophy,19:5364.doi:10.1111/j.14679973.1988.tb00701[2]
(http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.14679973.1988.tb00701.x/abstract)
139."WiththeComplimentsoftheAuthor:ReflectionsonAustinandDerrida"(http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/1343193).StanleyE.Fish.CriticalInquiry,Vol.
8,No.4(Summer1982),pp.693721.
140."Derrida,Searle,Contexts,Games,Riddles"(http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/468793).EdmondWright.NewLiteraryHistory,Vol.13,No.3("Theory:
Parodies,Puzzles,Paradigms"),Spring1982,pp.463477.
141."ConventionandMeaning:DerridaandAustin"(http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/468640).JonathanCuller.NewLiteraryHistory,Vol.13,No.1("On
Convention:I"),Autumn1981,pp.1530.
142."Language,philosophyandtheriskoffailure:rereadingthedebatebetweenSearleandDerrida"(http://www.springerlink.com/content/dwu9j5cx8ft1jum8/).Hagi
Kenaan.ContinentalPhilosophyReview.Volume35,Number2,117133,DOI:10.1023/A:1016583115826.
143."UnderstandingEachOther:TheCaseoftheDerridaSearleDebate"(http://www.springerlink.com/content/x16m6724k5513827/fulltext.pdf).StanleyRaffel.
HumanStudies,Volume34,Number3,277292,DOI:10.1007/s1074601191896Theoretical/PhilosophicalPaper.
144.SearleTheConstructionofSocialReality(1995)p.157160.
145.Tr.byGayatriChakravortySpivak.JohnsHopkinsUniversityPress.Baltimore,1976,15859
146.Derrida,Jacques(1988)."Afterword:TowardAnEthicofDiscussion".LimitedInc.(1sted.).Illinois:NorthwesternUniversityPress.p.136.ISBN0810107880.
"Thephrasewhichforsomehasbecomeasortofslogan,ingeneralsobadlyunderstood,ofdeconstruction("thereisnooutsidetext"[itnyapasdehorstexte]),
meansnothingelse:thereisnothingoutsidecontext.Inthisform,whichsaysexactlythesamething,theformulawoulddoubtlesshavebeenlessshocking.Iam
notcertainthatitwouldhaveprovidedmoretothinkabout."
147.BarrySmithetal.,"OpenletteragainstDerridareceivinganhonorarydoctoratefromCambridgeUniversity,"TheTimes[London],9May1992.[3]
(http://courses.nus.edu.sg/course/elljwp/againstdsdegree.htm)
148.BarrySmithetal.OpenletteragainstDerridareceivinganhonorarydoctoratefromCambridgeUniversity
(http://ontology.buffalo.edu/smith/varia/Derrida_Letter.htm),TheTimes(London),Saturday,May9,1992
149.JohnRawlings(1999)PresidentialLectures:JacquesDerrida:Introduction(http://prelectur.stanford.edu/lecturers/derrida/)atStanfordUniversity
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150.Derrida,Jacques(1995)."HonorisCausa:'Thisisalsoveryfunny'".Points..:Interviews,19741994(1sted.).NewYork:StanfordUniversityPress.pp.409
413.ISBN0810103974."Ifitwereonlyaquestionof"my"work,oftheparticularorisolatedresearchofoneindividual,thiswouldn'thappen.Indeed,theviolence
ofthesedenunciationsderivesfromthefactthattheworkaccusedispartofawholeongoingprocess.Whatisunfoldinghere,liketheresistanceitnecessarily
arouses,can'tbelimitedtoapersonal"oeuvre,"nortoadiscipline,noreventotheacademicinstitution.Norinparticulartoageneration:it'softentheactive
involvementofstudentsandyoungerteacherswhichmakescertainofourcolleaguesnervoustothepointthattheylosetheirsenseofmoderationandofthe
academicrulestheyinvokewhentheyattackmeandmywork.
Ifthisworkseemssothreateningtothem,thisisbecauseitisn'tsimplyeccentricorstrange,incomprehensibleorexotic(whichwouldallowthemtodisposeofit
easily),butasImyselfhope,andastheybelievemorethantheyadmit,competent,rigorouslyargued,andcarryingconvictioninitsreexaminationofthe
fundamentalnormsandpremisesofanumberofdominantdiscourses,theprinciplesunderlyingmanyoftheirevaluations,thestructuresofacademicinstitutions,
andtheresearchthatgoesonwithinthem.Whatthiskindofquestioningdoesismodifytherulesofthedominantdiscourse,ittriestopoliticizeanddemocratize
theuniversityscene....
Inshort,toansweryourquestionaboutthe"exceptionalviolence,"thecompulsive"ferocity,"andthe"exaggeration"ofthe"attacks,"Iwouldsaythatthesecritics
organizeandpracticeinmycaseasortofobsessivepersonalitycultwhichphilosophersshouldknowhowtoquestionandabovealltomoderate."linefeed
characterin|quote=atposition687(help)
151.RichardWolin,PrefacetotheMITpressedition:Noteonamissingtext.InR.Wolin(ed.)TheHeideggerControversy:ACriticalReader.Cambridge,MA:MIT
Press.1993,pxiii.ISBN0262731010
152.NYBooks.com:2658(http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2658)andNYBooks.com:2591(http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2591)
153.Derrida,"TheWorkofIntellectualsandthePress(TheBadExample:HowtheNewYorkReviewofBooksandCompanydoBusiness),"publishedinthebook
Points...(1995seethefootnoteaboutISBN0226143147,here)(seealsothe[1992]FrenchVersionPointsdesuspension:entretiens(ISBN0804724881)
there).
154.Points,p.434
155.TheEconomist.Obituary:JacquesDerrida,Frenchintellectual(http://www.economist.com/displaystory.cfm?story_id=3308320),Oct21,2004
156.TheIndependent(http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/commentators/johannhari/whyiwontbemourningderrida543574.html)
157.JonathanCuller(2008)Whydeconstructionstillmatters:AconversationwithJonathanCuller(http://www.news.cornell.edu/stories/Jan08/JonathanCuller.html),
interviewedbyPaulSawyerforTheCornellChronicle,Jan.24,2008
158.JacquesDerrida."OfGrammatologybyJacquesDerrida".Marxists.org.Retrieved21October2012.
References(workscited)
GeoffreyBennington(1991)JacquesDerrida(https://books.google.com/books?id=kL4AdWgYe6AC),UniversityofChicagoPress.Section
Curriculumvitaepp.32536,Excerpts(http://lebonusage.overblog.com/article30028638.html)
Caputo,JohnD.(ed.)(1997)DeconstructioninaNutshell:AConversationwithJacquesDerrida.NewYork:FordhamUniversityPress.
Transcript(whichisalsoavailablehere(https://web.archive.org/web/20060901145759/www.hydra.umn.edu/derrida/vill1.html)attheWayback
Machine(archivedSeptember1,2006))oftheRoundtableDiscussionwithJacquesDerridaatVillanovaUniversity,October3,1994.With
commentarybyCaputo.
Cixous,Hlne(2001)PortraitofJacquesDerridaasaYoungJewishSaint(Englishedition,NewYork:ColumbiaUniversityPress,2004).
Derrida(1967)interviewwithHenriRonse,republishedinPositions(Englishedition,Chicago&London:UniversityofChicagoPress,1981).
Derrida(1971)interviewwithGuyScarpetta,republishedinPositions(Englishedition,Chicago&London:UniversityofChicagoPress,1981).
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Derrida(1976)WhereaTeachingBodyBeginsandHowItEnds,republishedinWho'sAfraidofPhilosophy?
Derrida(1988)Afterword:TowardAnEthicofDiscussion,publishedintheEnglishtranslationofLimitedInc.
Derrida(1989)ThisStrangeInstitutionCalledLiterature,interviewpublishedinActsofLiterature(1991),pp.3375
Derrida(1990)OnceAgainfromtheTop:OftheRighttoPhilosophy,interviewwithRobertMaggioriforLibration,November15,1990,
republishedinPoints...:Interviews,19741994(1995).
Derrida(1991)"A'Madness'MustWatchOverThinking",interviewwithFrancoisEwaldforLeMagazineLitteraire,March1991,republishedin
Points...:Interviews,19741994(1995).
Derrida(1992)Derrida'sinterviewinTheCambridgeReview113,October1992.ReprintedinPoints...:Interviews,19741994Stanford
UniversityPress(1995)andretitledasHonorisCausa:"Thisisalsoextremelyfunny,"pp.399421.Excerpt
(http://prelectur.stanford.edu/lecturers/derrida/interviews.html#cambridge).
Derrida(1993)SpectersofMarx
Derridaetal.(1994)roundtablediscussion:OftheHumanitiesandPhilosophicalDisciplines
(http://www.pum.umontreal.ca/revues/surfaces/vol6/derrida.html)SurfacesVol.VI.108(v.1.0AAugust16,1996)ISSN11882492
(https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:11882492)LaterrepublishedinEthics,Institutions,andtheRighttoPhilosophy(2002).
DerridaandFerraris(1997)IHaveaTasteforSecret,19935conversationswithMaurizioFerrarisandGiorgioVattimo,inDerridaandFerraris
[1997]ATastefortheSecret(https://books.google.com/books?id=QzSowXaPwBsC),translatedbyGiacomoDonis
Derrida(1997)interviewLesIntellectuels:tentativededfinitionpareuxmmes.Enqute,publishedinaspecialnumberofjournalLignes,32
(1997):5768,republishedinPapierMachine(http://www.editionsgalilee.fr/f/index.php?sp=liv&livre_id=2796)(2001),andtranslatedinto
EnglishasIntellectuals.AttemptatDefinitionbyThemselves.Survey,inDerrida(2005)Papermachine
Derrida(2002)Q&AsessionatFilmForum,NewYorkCity,October23,2002,transcriptbyGilKofman.PublishedinKirbyDick,AmyZiering
Kofman,JacquesDerrida(2005)Derrida:screenplayandessaysonthefilm(https://books.google.com/books?id=ICD8tILSOUC)
Graff,Gerald(1993)IsReasoninTrouble?(https://books.google.com/books?id=2EwLAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA680)inProc.Am.Philos.Soc.,137,
no.4,1993,pp.68088.
Kritzman,Lawrence(ed.,2005)TheColumbiaHistoryofTwentiethCenturyFrenchThought(https://books.google.com/books?id=bREQibN9i
sC),ColumbiaUniversityPress
Mackey,Louis(1984)withareplybySearle.AnExchangeonDeconstruction(http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/1984/feb/02/an
exchangeondeconstruction/),inNewYorkReviewofBooks,February2,1984
Peeters,Benot(2012)Derrida:ABiography(https://books.google.com/books?id=DtPkwZJpGPYC)(Polity)
Powell,Jason(2006)JacquesDerrida:ABiography(https://books.google.com/books?id=sbhlgspwVwMC)(LondonandNewYork:Continuum)
Poster,Mark(1988)Criticaltheoryandpoststructuralism:insearchofacontext(https://books.google.com/books?id=OnWAAAAMAAJ),
sectionIntroduction:TheoryandtheproblemofContext
Poster,Mark(2010)McLuhanandtheCulturalTheoryofMedia
(http://www.mediatropes.com/index.php/Mediatropes/article/viewFile/11931/8817),MediaTropeseJournal,VolII,No2(2010):118
Searle(1983)TheWordTurnedUpsideDown(http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/1983/oct/27/thewordturnedupsidedown/),inThe
NewYorkReviewofBooksOctober1983
Searle(2000)RealityPrinciples:AnInterviewwithJohnR.Searle(http://www.reason.com/news/show/27599.html)Reason.comFebruary2000
issue,accessedonlineon30082010
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FurtherreadingworksonDerrida
Introductoryworks
Adleman,Dan(2010)"DeconstrictingDerrideanGenreTheory"(PDF
(http://www.improvcommunity.ca/sites/improvcommunity.ca/files/research_collection/657/Coleman_Derrida_Genre.pdf))
Culler,Jonathan(1975)StructuralistPoetics.
Culler,Jonathan(1983)OnDeconstruction:TheoryandCriticismafterStructuralism.
Descombes,Vincent(1980)ModernFrenchPhilosophy.
Deutscher,Penelope(2006)HowtoReadDerrida(ISBN9780393328790).
MarkDooleyandLiamKavanagh(2007)ThePhilosophyofDerrida,London:AcumenPress,2006Montreal:McGillQueensUniversityPress.
Goldschmit,Marc(2003)JacquesDerrida,uneintroduction"Paris,AgoraPocket,ISBN226611574X.
Hill,Leslie(2007)TheCambridgeintroductiontoJacquesDerrida(https://books.google.com/books?id=oWoAcsayEz8C)
Jameson,Fredric(1972)ThePrisonHouseofLanguage.
Leitch,VincentB.(1983)DeconstructiveCriticism:AnAdvancedIntroduction.
Lentricchia,Frank(1980)AftertheNewCriticism.
MoatiRaoul(2009),Derrida/Searle,dconstructionetlangageordinaire
Norris,Christopher(1982)Deconstruction:TheoryandPractice.
Thomas,Michael(2006)TheReceptionofDerrida:TranslationandTransformation.
Wise,Christopher(2009)Derrida,Africa,andtheMiddleEast.
Otherworks
Agamben,Giorgio."Pardes:TheWritingofPotentiality,"inGiorgioAgamben,Potentialities:CollectedEssaysinPhilosophy,ed.andtrans.
DanielHellerRoazen,Stanford,CA:StanfordUniversityPress,2005.20519.
Beardsworth,Richard,DerridaandthePolitical(ISBN0415109671).
Bennington,Geoffrey,Legislations(ISBN0860916685).
Bennington,Geoffrey,InterruptingDerrida(ISBN0415224276).
Critchley,Simon,TheEthicsofDeconstruction:DerridaandLevinas,3rdEdition.Edinburgh:EdinburghUniversityPress.18March2014.
p.352.ISBN9780748689323.
Caputo,JohnD.,ThePrayersandTearsofJacquesDerrida.
Coward,HaroldG.(ed)DerridaandNegativetheology,SUNY1992.ISBN0791409643
deMan,Paul,"TheRhetoricofBlindness:JacquesDerrida'sReadingofRousseau,"inPauldeMan,BlindnessandInsight:EssaysintheRhetoric
ofContemporaryCriticism,secondedition,Minneapolis:UniversityofMinnesotaPress,1983.10241.
ElBizri,Nader,'QuitesvousKhra?:ReceivingPlato'sTimaeus',ExistentiaMeletaiSophias11(2001),pp.473490.
Fabbri,Lorenzo."ChronotopologiesoftheException.AgambenandDerridabeforetheCamps"
(http://www.academia.edu/1870908/Chronotopologies_of_the_Exception_Agamben_and_Derrida_before_the_Camps),"Diacritics,"Volume39,
34/37
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Number3(2009):7795.
Foucault,Michel,"MyBody,ThisPaper,ThisFire,"inMichelFoucault,HistoryofMadness,ed.JeanKhalfa,trans.JonathanMurphyandJean
Khalfa,London:Routledge,2006.55074.
Fradet,PierreAlexandre,DerridaBergson.Surl'immdiatet,Hermann,Paris,coll."HermannPhilosophie",2014.ISBN9782705688318
Gasch,Rodolphe,InventionsofDifference:OnJacquesDerrida.
Gasch,Rodolphe,TheTainoftheMirror.
Goldschmit,Marc,Unelanguevenir.Derrida,l'criturehyperboliqueParis,LignesetManifeste,2006.ISBN284938058X
Habermas,Jrgen,"BeyondaTemporalizedPhilosophyofOrigins:JacquesDerrida'sCritiqueofPhonocentrism,"inJrgenHabermas,The
PhilosophicalDiscourseofModernity:TwelveLectures,trans.FrederickG.Lawrence,Cambridge,MA:MITPress,1990.16184.
Hgglund,Martin,RadicalAtheism:DerridaandtheTimeofLife,Stanford,CA:StanfordUniversityPress,2008.
Hamacher,Werner,Linguaamissa,BuenosAires:MioyDvilaeditores,2012.
Kierans,Kenneth(1997)."BeyondDeconstruction"(PDF).Animus2.ISSN12090689.RetrievedAugust17,2011.
Kopi,Mario,Izazovipostmetafizike,SremskiKarlovciNoviSad:Izdavakaknjiarnica,2007.(ISBN9788675431206)
Kopi,Mario,Nezacjeljivaranasvijeta,Zagreb:Antibarbarus,2007.(ISBN9789532490350)
Mackey,Louis,"SlouchingTowardBethlehem:DeconstructiveStrategiesinTheology,"inAnglicanTheologicalReview,VolumeLXV,Number3,
July,1983.255272.
Mackey,Louis,"ANicerKnowledgeofBelief"inLoiusMackey,AnAncientQuarrelContinued:TheTroubledMarriageofPhilosophyand
Literature,Lanham,UniversityPressofAmerica,2002.219240(ISBN9780761822677)
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