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EARLY
KARAITE
CRITICS
OF THE
MISHNAH
BY HARTWIG HIRSCHFELD,Jews' College, London.
I
NISSI
B. NOAH
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I58
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159
p. 74.
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14
n:m^3lD5nn
15 See below.
;n:,
13 Likk., p. 41
also called CDin 'D.
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I62
'D.
Prophetarum
posteriorum
H. Strack, fol. I8I6.
codex
Babylonicus
Petropolitanus,
ed.
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163
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See 131'~ 13"n1'W, Mantua, 1597, fol. 25 vo.; N'l 31t pOD i':3 i3
n:l3n
nl1T'nl, Leghorn, 1641: 113TpiD nl1U i: (my attention was
drawn to these passages by Dr. A. Marmorstein). Anan (Harkavy, Stzudien
und Mittheilungen,VIII, p. 4I) says 1n'1v
Nm^t
3:tKA K61
nlt1n'
1'1
n-111)1o V
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165
AL-BASIR
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167
32 N-;WE'-D 'K'itYK
, JQR..,XVIlI, p. 600.
33 Ibid.
34
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against the testimony of Moses Bashyazi. Of this, however, later on. The first of these two chapters consists
in the main of quotations from a work of an opponent
who, as may be seen from chapter 15, is no other than
Saadya. The object of the author of the fragment is to
refute Saadya's attack against kiyas. A special feature
of the fragment is that it is written in the Arabic language
and script, almost devoid of diacritical points, and that even
the Hebrew passages occurring therein are so written.
This is a peculiarity which deserves some attention. We
have seen that in the tenth century Karaite authors exchanged the Hebrew language for Arabic, but used Hebrew
square characters for both. This is the case with David
b. Almokammas, Salmon b. Jeroham, KIirkisani,and largely
with Jepheth. With the last named a change was effected,
and we suddenly find a great number of Karaite MSS.
in which both the Arabic text and the Hebrew quotations
are written in Arabic characters. The oldest MS. so
written is, as far as I was able to ascertain, Jepheth's
Commentary on Ruth, dated 1004. Some Karaite copyists
went even further and left a large number of fragments
in Arabic writing of Hebrew texts from various books of
the Bible without a single Arabic word.35 This practice
went on for about three centuries. What may have been
the reason ? The rules of Arab orthography are not appropriate for Hebrew on account of the larger number of
vowels in the latter language. The copyists found a way
out of the difficulty by adding the Hebrew vowel-signs
35 See Hoerning, Description and Collation of Six Karaite Manuscripts,
London, I889. The author's opinion that they date from the tenth century,
also adopted in Margoliouth's Catalogue of the Hebrew and Samaritan Manuscripts in the British Museum, cannot be maintained.
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169
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170
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172
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177
inserted a refutation of Saadya's criticism in his commentary on Exodus (21. 3-4),44 stating that he could only
deal with the matter briefly, because' this is a commentary'.
He, too, quotes salient passages from Saadya's treatise,
but he does so in his usual abusive manner. He divides
Saadya's arguments into two classes, idle assertions and
falsehoods. As little is to be gained from repeating his
arguments in full, I refrained from reproducing them. They
help us, however, to understand why this treatise of Saadya,
as well as most of his polemical writings, are entirely or
partially lost. More than ever am I convinced that they
were destroyed by Karaites, who only preserved so much
of them as they thought they could refute. In this way
we owe to these two men the preservation of a few relics
of an important work by the powerful opponent of Karaism.
I
Brit. Mus. Or. 5558 B.
I3 x
I cm.
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