FOG4 Grammar Chart

Focus on Grammar 4
Grammar Chart Transparencies

The purpose of the grammar charts is to help students notice the form of the structure, to pre-teach some of
the grammar notes that follow, and to familiarize students with grammar terminology.The Focus on Grammar
(FOG) transparencies give instructors a tool to more effectively engage students in class as they tackle a new
grammar point together.
Here are some suggestions for using the transparencies.
Ask questions that will help students become aware of the form of the structure. For example, for
present and future unreal conditionals (FOG 4, Unit 23, page 338), read the statement,If Mia had money,
she would live in a palace, and ask the class to name the verb in the if clause. (Had.) Ask students what
form it is. (The simple past form.) Ask students if the meaning is in the past. (No.) Ask the class to name the
verb in the result clause. (Live.) Ask students what form it is. (The base form.) Ask students what base form
means. (The simple form without an ending.)
Have students use the examples in the charts to practice the form. In the simple past and past progressive unit (FOG 4, Unit 2, page 11), you might ask students to look at the examples in the chart and
change the affirmative statements to negative ones. (Marie studied at the Sorbonne. Marie didnt study
at the Sorbonne.)
Use the charts with Grammar in Context. Ask students to look at Grammar in Context and find examples
that illustrate the points in the grammar charts. Students can also use the grammar terms in the charts to
label items in Grammar in Context.
Compare charts. For example, compare the past perfect and past perfect progressive (FOG 4, Unit 4,
pages 2931). Ask, Do you use had (not) in statements with both the past perfect and past perfect progressive? (Yes, but past perfect progressive uses been after had (not).) Ask,Do you use the base form with
wh- questions with both the past perfect and past perfect progressive?(No.The past perfect uses the past
participle.The past perfect progressive uses been + base form + -ing.)
Help students understand grammar terminology through the use of the charts. All Focus on Grammar
charts are clearly labeled. (Affirmative/Negative, Yes/No Questions, Wh- Questions, Subject, Base Form,
Subject Pronoun, Object Pronoun, etc.) Ask questions to make certain students understand what the
labels mean.
Use the charts to practice items from a list. For example, in FOG 4, Unit 15, page 228, students could
practice the modals by making up sentences about themselves and classmates. Instead of You should not
watch this TV show, they could say,I should not eat so much junk food,I ought to go to museums more
often,I had better study for my English test. etc.
Ask students to provide personal examples. For example, Unit 23, page 338 of FOG 4, says,If Mia had
money, she would live in a palace. Ask students to say what they would do if they had the money to do it.
(If I had money, I would buy a new car.)
Guidelines provided by Irene E. Schoenberg
Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Grammar Presentation
SIMPLE PRESENT
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
Affirmative Statements
They live in Mexico.

She always works here.
Now, theyre living in Mexico.

Shes working here today.
Negative Statements
Negative Statements
They dont live in Mexico.

She doesnt work here.
They arent living in Mexico now.

She isnt working here now.
Yes / No Questions
Yes / No Questions
Do they live in Mexico?

Does she work here?
Are they living in Mexico now?

Is she working here now?
Short Answers
Short Answers
Yes, they do.

Yes, she does.
Yes, they are.

Yes, she is.
No, they dont.

No, she doesnt.
No, they arent.

No, she isnt.
Wh- Questions
Wh- Questions
Where do they live?

Why does she work so hard?
Where are they living these days?

Why is she working so hard?
Focus on Grammar 4, 3e, Unit 1
SIMPLE PAST
PAST PROGRESSIVE
Marie studied at the Sorbonne.
She was studying at the Sorbonne in 1892.
Negative Statements
Negative Statements
Lois didnt plan to marry Clark at first.
She wasnt planning to get married.
Yes / No Questions
Short Answers
Yes / No Questions
Short Answers
Did he teach?
Yes, he did.
No, he didnt.
Was he doing research?
Yes, he was.
No, he wasnt.
Wh- Questions
Wh- Questions
Where did they practice?
Where were they practicing?
Simple Past and Simple Past
Past Progressive and Past Progressive
We won when we skated there.
We were winning while we were skating there.
Simple Past and Past Progressive
Past Progressive and Simple Past
She met him while she was studying.
She was studying when she met him.
PRESENT PERFECT
PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
SIMPLE PAST
I built a website last month.
Ive built a website.

Ive been building a website this month.
Negative Statements
Negative Statements
She didnt write last week.
She hasnt written many letters.

She hasnt been writing lately.
Yes / No Questions
Short Answers
Yes / No Questions
Short Answers
Did he move?
Yes, he did.
No, he didnt.
Has he moved?
Has he been living in Perth?
Yes, he has.
No, he hasnt.
Wh- Questions
Wh- Questions
Where did he work?
Where has he worked?

Where has he been working?
PAST PERFECT
Statements
Contractions
Subject
Had (not)
Past Participle
I
You
He
She
It
We
You
They
had (not)
received
gotten
awards.
I had
you had
he had
she had
we had
they had
=
=
=
=
=
=
Id
youd
hed
shed
wed
theyd
had not
= hadnt
Yes / No Questions
Had
Subject
Past Participle
Had
I
you
he
she
it
we
you
they
received
gotten
awards by then?
Short Answers
Afrmative
Yes,
you
I
he
she
it
we
you
they
Negative
had.
No,
you
I
he
she
it
we
you
they
hadnt.
Wh- Questions
Wh- Word
Had
Subject
Past Participle
When
had
he
received
awards?
(continued)
PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

Statements
Subject
Had (not) been
Base Form + -ing
I
You
He
She
It
We
You
They
had (not) been
working regularly.
Yes / No Questions
Had
Subject
Been + Base Form + -ing
Had
I
you
he
she
it
we
you
they
been working
regularly?
Short Answers
Afrmative
Yes,
you
I
he
she
it
we
you
they
Negative
had.
No,
you
I
he
she
it
we
you
they
hadnt.
Wh- Questions
Wh- Word
Had
Subject
Been + Base Form + -ing
How long
had
he
been working?
FUTURE
We are going to leave
Negative Statements
We are not going to leave
We will leave
We will not leave

for Mars soon.
for Mars yet.
We are leaving
We are not leaving
We leave
We dont leave
Short Answers
Yes / No Questions
Afrmative
Negative
she is.
Is she going to leave

Will she leave
for Mars soon?
Yes,
she isnt.
she will.
No,
she wont.
Is she leaving
she is.
she isnt.
Does she leave
she does.
she doesnt.
Wh- Questions
When is she going to leave
When will she leave
for Mars?
When is she leaving
When does she leave
(continued)
FUTURE PROGRESSIVE
Statements
Subject
Be (not) going to /
Will (not)
Be + Base Form + -ing
are (not) going to

will (not)
People
be living
on Mars by 2050.
Yes / No Questions
Be / Will
Subject
Going to
Are
they
going to
Will
you

be living
on Mars by then?
Short Answers
Afrmative
Yes,
they are.
Negative
theyre not.
No,
I will.
I wont.
Wh- Questions
Wh- Word
Be / Will
Subject
Going to
are
they
going to
will
you
When

be living
on Mars?
FUTURE PERFECT
Statements
Subject
Will (not)
Have + Past Participle
I
You
He
She
It
We
They
will (not)
have earned
interest by then.
Yes / No Questions
Will
Subject
Will
I
you
he
she
it
we
they
have earned
interest by then?
Short Answers
Afrmative
Yes,
you
I
he
she
it
we
they
Negative
will (have).
No,
you
I
he
she
it
we
they
wont (have).
Wh- Questions
Wh- Word
Will
Subject
How much
will
she
have earned
by then?
(continued)
FUTURE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

Statements
Subject
Will (not)
Have been + Base Form + -ing
I
You
He
She
It
We
They
will (not)
have been earning
interest for a month.
Yes / No Questions
Will
Subject
Will
I
you
he
she
it
we
they
have been earning
interest for a month?
Short Answers
Afrmative
Yes,
you
I
he
she
it
we
they
Negative
will (have).
No,
you
I
he
she
it
we
they
wont (have).
Wh- Questions
Wh- Word
Will
Subject
How long
will
she
have been earning
interest?
NEGATIVE YES / NO QUESTIONS
WITH BE AS THE MAIN VERB

Questions
Short Answers
Be + Not + Subject
Afrmative
Negative
Arent you from Rio de Janeiro?
Yes, I am.
No, Im not.
WITH ALL AUXILIARY VERBS EXCEPT DO

Questions
Auxiliary + Not + Subject + Verb
Short Answers
Afrmative
I am.
Arent you moving?

Hasnt he been here before?
Negative
Yes,
he has.
Im not.
No, he hasnt.
they can.
Cant they move tomorrow?
they cant.
WITH DO AS THE AUXILIARY VERB

Short Answers
Questions
Do + Not + Subject + Verb
Doesnt he live here?
Didnt they move last year?
Afrmative
Yes,
he does.
they did.
Negative
No,
he doesnt.
they didnt.
(continued)
TAG QUESTIONS

Affirmative Statement
Negative Tag
Subject + Be
Be + Not + Subject
Youre from Rio,
arent you?
Negative Statement
Affirmative Tag
Subject + Be + Not
Be + Subject
Youre not from Rio,
are you?

Negative Tag
Subject + Auxiliary
Auxiliary + Not + Subject
Youre moving,
arent you?
Hes been here before,
hasnt he?
They can move tomorrow,
cant they?
Negative Statement
Affirmative Tag
Subject + Auxiliary + Not
Auxiliary + Subject
Youre not moving,
are you?
He hasnt been here before,
has he?
They cant move tomorrow,
can they?
WITH DO AS AN AUXILIARY VERB

Negative Tag
Subject + Verb
Do + Not + Subject
He lives here,
doesnt he?
They moved last year,
didnt they?
Negative Statement
Affirmative Tag
Subject + Do + Not + Verb
Do + Subject
He doesnt live here,
does he?
They didnt move,
did they?
SIMILARITY: AND + SO, TOO, NEITHER, NOT EITHER

Affirmative
Negative
Subject + Be
And + So +
Be + Subject
Subject + Be + Not
And + Neither +
Be + Subject
Amy is a twin,
and so is Sue.
Amy isnt very tall,
and neither is Sue.
Affirmative
Negative
Subject + Be
And + Subject +
Be + Too
Subject + Be + Not
And + Subject +
Be + Not either
Amy is a twin,
and Sue is too.
Amy isnt very tall,
and Sue isnt either.

Affirmative
Negative
Subject + Auxiliary
And + So +
Auxiliary + Subject
Subject +
Auxiliary + Not
And + Neither +
Auxiliary + Subject
Amy has had two sons,
and so has Sue.
Amy cant ski,
and neither can Sue.
Affirmative
Negative
Subject + Auxiliary
And + Subject +
Auxiliary + Too
Subject +
Auxiliary + Not
And + Subject +
Auxiliary + Not either
Amy has had two sons,
and Sue has too.
Amy cant ski,
and Sue cant either.

Affirmative
Negative
Subject + Verb
And + So +
Do + Subject
Subject +
Do + Not + Verb
And + Neither +
Do + Subject
Amy likes dogs,
and so does Sue.
Amy doesnt like cats,
and neither does Sue.
Affirmative
Negative
Subject + Verb
And + Subject +
Do + Too
Subject +
Do + Not + Verb
And + Subject +
Do + Not + Either
Amy likes dogs,
and Sue does too.
Amy doesnt like cats,
and Sue doesnt either.
(continued)
CONTRAST: BUT

Affirmative
Negative
Negative
Affirmative
Subject + Be
But + Subject + Be + Not
Subject + Be + Not
But + Subject + Be
Amy is outgoing,
but Sue isnt.
Amy isnt quiet,
but Sue is.
Negative
Affirmative
But + Subject +
Subject + Auxiliary Auxiliary + Not
Subject +
Auxiliary + Not
But + Subject +
Auxiliary
Amy has traveled,
Amy couldnt swim,
but Sue could.

Affirmative
Negative
but Sue hasnt.

Affirmative
Negative
Negative
Affirmative
Subject + Verb
But + Subject + Do + Not
Subject + Do + Not
But + Subject + Do
Amy lives here,
but Sue doesnt.
Amy doesnt drive,
but Sue does.
GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES
Gerunds
Infinitives
Eating fast foods is convenient.
Its convenient to eat fast foods.
They recommend reducing fats in the food.
They plan to reduce fats in the food.
She started buying McBreakfast every day.
She started to buy McBreakfast every day.
Were tired of reading calorie counts.
We were surprised to read the number of calories.
I didnt like his ordering fries.
I urged him to order fries.

Its time to eat.
MAKE, HAVE, LET, HELP, AND GET
Make, Have, Let, Help
Subject
They
Make / Have / Let / Help
(dont)
make
have
let
help*
Object
Base Form
them
animals
learn
tricks.
* Help can also be followed by the infinitive.
Get
Subject
Get
They
(dont)
get
Object
Innitive
them
animals
to learn
tricks.
PHRASAL VERBS: REVIEW
TRANSITIVE PHRASAL VERBS

Not Separated
Subject
Verb
Particle
Direct Object
She
He
called
in
a consultant.
figured
out
the problem.
Separated
Subject
Verb
Direct Object
Particle
called
a consultant
him
in.
figured
the problem
it
out.
She
He
INTRANSITIVE PHRASAL VERBS

Not Separated
Subject Verb
They
It
Particle
came
back
quickly.
caught
on
everywhere.
PHRASAL VERBS: SEPARABLE AND INSEPARABLE
Separable Transitive
Subject
Verb
Particle
Direct Object
She
picked
up
the phone.
Separable Transitive
Subject
Verb
Direct Object
Particle
She
picked
the phone
it
up.
Inseparable Transitive
Subject
Verb
Particle
Direct Object
He
counts
on
your calls.
them.
Intransitive
Subject
Verb
Particle
They
sat
down.
ADJECTIVE CLAUSES WITH SUBJECT RELATIVE PRONOUNS
ADJECTIVE CLAUSES AFTER THE MAIN CLAUSE

Main Clause
Adjective Clause
Subject
Verb
Predicate
Noun/
Pronoun
Subject
Relative
Pronoun
Verb
read
a book
that
discusses
friends.
A friend
is
someone
who
knows
you well.
is
in Boston.
Whose + Noun
I
have
a friend
whose home
ADJECTIVE CLAUSES INSIDE THE MAIN CLAUSE

Main Clause
Adjective Clause
Main Clause (cont.)
Subject
Noun/
Pronoun
Subject
Relative
Pronoun
Verb
The book
that
discusses
friends
is
by Ruben.
Someone
who
knows
you
can give
you advice.
writes
books
lives
in Boston.
Verb
Whose + Noun
My friend
whose sister
ADJECTIVE CLAUSES WITH OBJECT RELATIVE PRONOUNS
OR WHEN AND WHERE
ADJECTIVE CLAUSES AFTER THE MAIN CLAUSE

Main Clause
Adjective Clause
Subject
Verb
Predicate
Noun / Pronoun
(Object
Relative Pronoun)
Subject
Verb
He
read
the book
(that)
she
wrote.
She
is
someone
(who[m])
respect.
read.
Whose + Noun
That
is
the author
whose book
Where / (When)
She
loves
the city
where
she
grew up.
They
cried
the day
(when)
they
left.
ADJECTIVE CLAUSES INSIDE THE MAIN CLAUSE

Main Clause
Adjective Clause
Main Clause (cont.)
Subject
(Object Relative
Pronoun)
Subject
Verb
Verb
The book
(that)
read
is
great.
Someone
(who[m])
you
know
was
there.
you
know
writes
books.
Whose + Noun
The man
whose sister
Main Clause
Adjective Clause
Main Clause (cont.)
Subject
Where / (When)
Subject
Verb
Verb
The library
where
work
has
videos.
The summer
(when)
she
left
passed
slowly.
MODALS AND SIMILAR EXPRESSIONS: REVIEW
Ability: Be able to*
Ability: Can and Could

Subject
She
Modal
Base Form
of Verb
can (not)
act.
is (not)
act.
She
could (not)
Base Form
of Verb
Subject Be able to
act
able to
last year.
was (not)
act
last year.
Advice: Should, Ought to, Had better

Base Form
of Verb
Subject Modal
You
should (not)
ought to
had better (not)
watch
this TV show.
Necessity: Must and Cant

Subject Modal
You
must (not)
cant
Base Form
of Verb
Necessity: Have (got) to*

Base Form
of Verb
Subject Have (got) to

They
(dont) have to
He
has (got) to
go.
go.
*Unlike modals, which have one form, be in be able to and have in have (got) to change for different subjects.
Assumptions: May, Might, Could, Must, Cant

Subject
Modal
They
may (not)
might (not)
could (not)
must (not)
cant
Base Form
of Verb
be
actors.
Assumptions: Have (got) to**

Subject
Have
(got) to
They
have (got) to
He
has (got) to
Base Form
of Verb
be
actors.
an actor.
**Unlike modals, which have one form, have in have (got) to changes for different subjects.
Future Possibility: May, Might, Could

Subject
Modal
It
may (not)
might (not)
could
Base Form
of Verb
start
at 8:00.
ADVISABILITY IN THE PAST:
SHOULD HAVE, OUGHT TO HAVE, COULD HAVE, MIGHT HAVE
Statements
Contractions
Subject
Modal*
Have
Past
Participle
He
should (not)
ought (not) to
could
might
have
told
her.
should have
could have
might have
=
=
=
shouldve
couldve
mightve
should not have
shouldnt have
*Should, ought to, could, and might are modals. Modals have only one form.
They do not have -s in the third person singular.
Yes / No Questions
Should
Subject
Have
Past
Participle
Should
he
have
told
her?
Short Answers
Afrmative
Yes,
he
Negative
should
have.
No,
he
shouldnt
have.
Wh- Questions
Wh- Word
Should
Subject
Have
Past
Participle
When
should
he
have
told
her?
SPECULATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS ABOUT THE PAST:
MAY HAVE, MIGHT HAVE, COULD HAVE, MUST HAVE, HAD TO HAVE
Statements
Subject Modal* / Had to
They
may (not)
might (not)
could (not)
must (not)
had to
Contractions
Have
Past
Participle
have
seen
the statues.
may have
might have
could have
must have
could not
=
=
=
=
=
mayve
mightve
couldve
mustve
couldnt
NOTE: We usually do not

contract may not have, might
not have, and must not have.
*May, might, could, and must are modals. Modals have only one form.
They do not have -s in the third person singular.
Questions
Do / Be
Subject
Did
Short Answers
Verb
carve
Subject
Modal / Had to
They
may (not)
might (not)
could (not)
must (not)
had to
these statues?
they
Were
aliens?
Yes / No Questions: Could

Could
Could
Subject
he
Have
Have
Been
have.
have
been.
Short Answers
Past
Participle
seen
aliens?
been
an alien?
have
Subject
Modal / Had to
He
may (not)
might (not)
could (not)
must (not)
had to
Have
Been
have.
have
been.
Wh- Questions
Wh- Word
Could
Have
could
have
Who
What
Past
Participle
built
the statues?
happened
to these people?
THE PASSIVE
Active
Passive
Millions of people buy it.
It is bought by millions of people.
Someone published it in 1888.
It was published in 1888.
They have reached their goal.
Their goal has been reached.
Passive Statements
Subject
Be (not)
Past
Participle
(By + Object)
It
is (not)
bought
by millions of people.
It
was (not)
published
Their goal
has (not) been
reached.
in 1888.
Yes / No Questions
Be / Have
Is
Was
Subject
Short Answers
(Been +)
Past Participle
Afrmative
sold
it
in Japan?
Has
been sold
Yes,
it
is.
was.
has (been).
Negative
No,
it
isnt.
wasnt.
hasnt (been).
Wh- Questions
Wh- Word
Be / Have
Subject
Where
is
was
it
(Been +)
Past Participle
sold?
has
been sold?
THE PASSIVE WITH MODALS AND SIMILAR EXPRESSIONS
Statements
Subject
Modal*
Be
Past
Participle
The crew
will (not)
should (not)
must (not)
can (not)
had better (not)
be
replaced
next month.
*Modals have only one form. They do not have -s in the third person
singular.
Statements
Have (got) to /
Be going to**
Subject
has (got) to
doesnt have to
is (not) going to
The crew
Be
Past
Participle
be
replaced
next month.
**Unlike modals, have in have (got) to and be in be going to change

for different subjects. Questions and negatives with have (got) to need
a form of do.
Yes / No Questions
Modal
Subject Be
Short Answers
Past Participle
Afrmative
Will
will.
Should
be
replaced?
Yes,
Must
it
Can
must.
Is
shouldnt.
No,
it
can.
Yes / No Questions
Does
wont.
should.
it
Auxiliary
Verb
Negative
Subject
it
Have to /
Going to
have to
going to
doesnt have to be.

cant.
Short Answers
Be
Past
Participle
be
replaced?
Afrmative
Negative
does.
Yes,
it
doesnt.
No,
is.
it
isnt.
THE PASSIVE CAUSATIVE
Statements
Subject
Have / Get
Object
Past
Participle
(By + Agent)
She
has
her hair
cut
by Andr
He
has had
his beard
trimmed
before.
get
my nails
done
at Andrs.
They
are going to get
their ears
pierced.
every month.
Yes / No Questions
Auxiliary
Verb
Subject
Have / Get
Object
Past
Participle
(By + Agent)
Does
she
have
her hair
cut
by Andr?
Has
he
had
his beard
trimmed
before?
Do
you
get
your nails
done
at Andrs?
Are
they
going to get
their ears
pierced?
Wh- Questions
Wh- Word
Auxiliary
Verb
Subject
Have / Get
Object
Past
Participle
(By + Agent)
How often
does
she
have
her hair
cut
by Andr?
Where
did
he
get
his beard
trimmed
before?
When
do
you
get
your nails
done
at Andrs?
Why
are
they
going to get
their ears
pierced?
PRESENT REAL CONDITIONALS
Statements
Statements
If Clause
Result Clause
Result Clause
If Clause
If I shop online,
I save time.
I save time
if I shop online.
If the mall is closed,
I can shop online.
I can shop online
if the mall is closed.
Yes / No Questions
Result Clause
If Clause
Do you save time
if you shop online?
Can you shop online
if the mall is closed?
Short Answers
Afrmative
Yes,
Negative
I do.
No,
I can.
I dont.
I cant.
Wh- Questions
Result Clause
If Clause
What happens
if I dont like it?
FUTURE REAL CONDITIONALS
Statements
If Clause: Present
Result Clause: Future
If she studies,
she wont fail the test.

shes going to pass the test.
If she doesnt study,
shell fail the test.

she isnt going to pass the test.
Yes / No Questions
If Clause: Present
Will she pass the test

Is she going to pass the test
if she studies?
Short Answers
Afrmative
Yes,
she will.
she is.
Negative
No,
she wont.
she isnt.
Wh- Questions
If Clause: Present
What will she do

What is she going to do
if she passes the test?
PRESENT AND FUTURE UNREAL CONDITIONALS
Statements
If Clause: Simple Past
Result Clause: Would (not) + Base Form
If Mia had money,

If she were* rich,
she would live in a palace.

she wouldnt live in a cottage.
If Mia didnt have money,

If she werent rich,
she wouldnt live in a palace.

she would live in a cottage.
*With the verb be, use were for all subjects.
Contractions
I would
you would
he would
she would
we would
they would
=
=
=
=
=
=
Id
youd
hed
shed
wed
theyd
would not
= wouldnt
Yes / No Questions
Short Answers
Result Clause
If Clause
Afrmative
Negative
Would she live here
if she had money?

if she were rich?
Yes, she would.
No, she wouldnt.
Wh- Questions
Result Clause
If Clause
What would she do
if she had money?

if she were rich?
PAST UNREAL CONDITIONALS
Statements
If Clause: Past Perfect
Result Clause: Would (not) have + Past Participle
If George had had money,
he would have moved away.

he wouldnt have stayed home.
If he had not stayed home,
his fathers business would have failed.

he wouldnt have married Mary.
Yes / No Questions
Short Answers
Result Clause
If Clause
Afrmative
Negative
Would he have left
if he had had money?
Yes, he would have.
No, he wouldnt have.
Wh- Questions
Contractions
Result Clause
If Clause
would have
What would he have done
if he had had money?
would not have = wouldnt have
= wouldve
DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH
Direct Speech
Direct Statement
Subject
Reporting Verb
The check is in the mail,

The haircut looks great,
The traffic was bad,
he
said.
Indirect Speech
Subject
He
Reporting
Verb
Noun/
Pronoun
told
the bank
Ann
her
said
Indirect Statement
(that)
the check was in the mail.

the haircut looked great.
the traffic had been bad.
INDIRECT SPEECH: TENSE CHANGES
Direct Speech
Subject
Reporting
Verb
Direct Statement
Indirect Speech
Subject
I live in Dresden.
I moved here in
June.
Im looking for
an apartment.
Ive started a
new job.
Im going to
stay here.
Ill invite you for
the holidays.
Reporting
Verb
Noun/
Pronoun
Indirect Statement
Jim
me
you
told
him
her
us
them
He
said,
We can go to
museums.
I may look for
a roommate.
I should get
back to work.
I have to finish
my report.
You must come
to visit.
We ought to
see each other
more often.
He
(that)
said
he lived in Dresden.
he had moved
there in June.
he was looking
for an apartment.
he had started a
new job.
he was going to
stay there.
he would invite
me/us for the
holidays.
we could go to
museums.
he might look for
a roommate.
he should get
back to work.
he had to finish
his report.
I/we had to come
to visit.
we ought to
see each other
more often.
INDIRECT INSTRUCTIONS, COMMANDS, REQUESTS, AND INVITATIONS
Indirect Speech
Direct Speech
Subject
He
Reporting
Verb
said,
Direct Speech
Drink warm milk.
Dont drink coffee.
Can you turn out
the light, please?
Why dont you visit
the clinic?
Subject
Reporting
Verb
Noun/
Pronoun
He
told
advised
asked
Connie
her
to drink warm milk.

not to drink coffee.
to turn out the light.
her
to visit the clinic.
Indirect Speech
said
invited
INDIRECT QUESTIONS
Direct Speech: Yes / No Questions
Subject
Reporting
Verb
He
asked,
Direct Question
Do you have any experience?
Can you create spreadsheets?
Will you stay for a year?
Indirect Speech: Yes / No Questions

Subject
He
Reporting
Verb
(Noun /
Pronoun)
asked
(Melissa)
(her)
Indirect Question
if
whether (or not)
she had any experience.

she could create spreadsheets.
she would stay for a year.
Direct Speech: Wh- Questions About the Subject

Subject
Reporting
Verb
He
asked,
Direct Question
Who told you about the job?
What happened on your last job?
Indirect Speech: Wh- Questions About the Subject

Subject
Reporting
Verb
(Noun /
Pronoun)
He
asked
(Bob)
(him)
Indirect Question
who had told him about the job.
what had happened on his last job.
(continued)
Direct Speech: Wh- Questions About the Predicate

Subject
He
Reporting
Verb
asked,
Direct Question
Who(m) did you work for?
Where do you work now?
How are you going to get to work?
Why have you decided to change jobs?
How much are you making?
Indirect Speech: Wh- Questions About the Predicate

Subject
He
Reporting
Verb
asked
(Noun /
Pronoun)
(Melissa)
(her)
Indirect Question
who(m) she had worked for.
where she worked now.
how she was going to get to work.
why she had decided to change jobs.
how much she was making.
EMBEDDED QUESTIONS
Main Clause
Embedded Question
Im not sure
He wondered
if I left the right tip.

whether (or not) five dollars was enough.
Can you remember
how much our bill was?
Wh- Word + Innitive

I dont know
how much to tip.
Do you know
where to leave the tip?

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Focus on Grammar 4

Grammar Chart Transparencies

Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.

They live in Mexico.

Now, theyre living in Mexico.

They dont live in Mexico.

They arent living in Mexico now.

Do they live in Mexico?

Are they living in Mexico now?

Yes, they do.

Yes, they are.

No, they dont.

No, they arent.

Where do they live?

Where are they living these days?

Focus on Grammar 4, 3e, Unit 1

Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Marie studied at the Sorbonne.

She was studying at the Sorbonne in 1892.

Lois didnt plan to marry Clark at first.

She wasnt planning to get married.

Was he doing research?

Where did they practice?

Where were they practicing?

Simple Past and Simple Past

Past Progressive and Past Progressive

We won when we skated there.

We were winning while we were skating there.

Simple Past and Past Progressive

Past Progressive and Simple Past

She met him while she was studying.

She was studying when she met him.

Focus on Grammar 4, 3e, Unit 2

Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.

I built a website last month.

Ive built a website.

She didnt write last week.

She hasnt written many letters.

Where did he work?

Where has he worked?

Focus on Grammar 4, 3e, Unit 3

Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.

PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

Had (not) been

Base Form + -ing

had (not) been

Been + Base Form + -ing

Been + Base Form + -ing

Focus on Grammar 4, 3e, Unit 4

Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.

We will not leave

for Mars yet.

We are not leaving

Is she going to leave

Does she leave

Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Be + Base Form + -ing

are (not) going to

Be + Base Form + -ing

Be + Base Form + -ing

Focus on Grammar 4, 3e, Unit 5

Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Have + Past Participle