Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Submitted to:
Submitted by:
Krishan Kumar
BBA V Semester
Regn.no 13DAVCF1031
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
A project report has never been the sale product of the person whose name appears on the
cover. There are always some people whose guidance proves to be of immense help in
giving its final shape. So, it is my first duty to express my gratitude towards all of them.
Success in my endeavor calls for co-operation and the valuable for senior and colleagues.
First, of all I would like to convey my heart full gratitude to Mr. Munesh Gupta
(C.A. ,Finance) for giving me permission to work on a project in this organization. I am
also thankful to Mr. R.N.Katyal who has provided me supervision and guidance during
my project work. I cherish to record my thanks to management of ESCORTS
LIMITED.
I am also thankful to my project guide for helping me in preparation of this project
report.
PREFACE
The project was carried out during the tenure of summer training and my job was to
conduct a market research in to two states in which I was instructed to do and find out the
perception of the single cylinder tractor owners. The purpose of this training was to give
a comprehensive & innovation, managerial& practical introduction to marketing in an
entirely marketing atmosphere. This project report describes not only the single cylinder
market but also the strategies preferred by companies their market share and brand
awareness.
This project further deficits the company profile of escorts Ltd as well and in depth
picture of MPT,the revolutionary double cylinder tractor and which can be drag into this
niche single cylinder segment or escort Ltd. over the few years hundred of companies
have greatly improved their performance through superior marketing research .escort
MPT,JAWAN that is in fact a double cylinder tractors but equivalent in price in
comparison to single cylinder tractors and is used by the farmers as single cylinder tractor
and having excellent running power on road and in the cultivation.
INDEX
CHAPTER
TOPIC
CHAPTER 1
CHAPTER 2
COMPANY PROFILE
CHAPTER 3
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
CHAPTER 4
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
RESEARCH DESIGN
a. DATA COLLECTION
b. DATA ANALYSIS
CHAPTER 5
CHAPTER 6
CHAPTER 7
BIBLIOGRAPHY
PAGE NO.
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION OF THE TOPIC
Introduction
FROM
TO
War surplus tractors and bulldozers were imported for land reclamation and cultivation in
mid 1940's. In 1947 Central and State Tractor Organisations were set up to develop and
promote the supply and use of tractors in agriculture and till 1960, the demand was met
entirely through imports. There were 8,500 tractors in use in 1951, 20,000 in 1955 and
37,000 by 1960.
1961 to 1970.
Local production began in 1961 with five manufacturers producing a total of 880 units
per year. By 1965 this had increased to over 5000 units per year and the tractors in use
had risen to over 52000.
By 1970 annual production had exceeded 20000 units with over 146000 units working in
the country.
1971 to 1980.
Six new manufacturers were established during this period although three companies
(Kirloskar Tractors, Harsha Tractors and Pittie Tractors) did not survive. Escorts Ltd
began local manufacturing of Ford tractors in 1971 in collaboration with Ford, UK and
total production climbed steadily to 33000 in 1975 reaching 71000 by 1980. Credit
facilities for farmers continued to improve and the tractor market expanded rapidly with
the total in use passing the half million mark by 1980.
1981 to 1990.
A further five manufacturers began production during this period but only one of these
survived in the increasingly competitive market place. Annual production exceeded
75000 units by 1985 and reached 140000 in 1990 when the total in use was about 1.2
million. Then India - a net importer up to the mid-seventies - became an exporter in the
80's mainly to countries in Africa.
1991 to 1997.
From 1992 it was not necessary to obtain an industrial licence for tractor manufacturing
in India. By 1997 annual production exceeded 255000 units and the national tractor park
had passed the two million mark. India had now emerged as one of the world leaders in
wheeled tractor production.
1997 to 1999.
Five new manufacturers had started production since 1997. In 1998 Bajaj Tempo, already
well established in the motor industry, began tractor production in Pune. In April of the
same year New Holland Tractor (India) Ltd launched production of 70 hp tractors with
matching equipment.
Tractor manufacturing is now firmly established in India and is highly competitive with
rapid advancements being made in technical design and quality with increasing attention
to export markets. Of the 16 companies that began operations before 1990s, eight are
considered major manufacturers (Eicher, Escorts Ltd, Sonalika, Mahindra and Mahindra,
John Deere, Swaraj, VST, and TAFE).
Escorts
12.80
Mahindra n Mahindra
28.40
Eicher
7.30
Tafe
15.10
HMT
1.20
Sonalika
John Deere
8.4
8.1
Ptl
9.20
Nhi
6.50
Others
1.30
ABOUT ESCORTS
The Escorts Group is amongst India's leading engineering conglomerates operating in the
high growth sectors of agri-machinery, construction & material handling equipment,
railway equipment and auto components.
Having pioneered the farm mechanization in the country, Escorts has played a pivotal
role in the agricultural growth of India for over five decades. One of the leading tractor
manufacturers of the country, Escorts offers a comprehensive range of tractors, more than
45 variants starting from 25 to 80 HP. Escorts Farmtrac and Powertrac are the widely
accepted and preferred brands of tractors.
A leading material handling and construction equipment manufacturer, Escorts
manufactures and markets a diverse range of equipment like cranes, loaders, vibratory
rollers and forklifts. Escorts today is the world's largest Pick 'n' Carry Hydraulic Mobile
Crane manufacturer.
Escorts Group
Agri
Machinery
Escorts
Communicatio
ns
Construction
Equipments
Railway
Equipments
Escorts has been a major player in the railway equipment business in India for nearly five
decades. There product offering includes brakes, couplers, shock absorbers, and rail
fastening systems, composite brake blocks and vulcanized rubber parts.
In the auto components segment, Escorts is a leading manufacturer of auto suspension
products including shock absorbers and telescopic front forks. Over the years, with
continuous development and improvement in manufacturing technology and design, new
reliable products have been introduced. The Escort Group has also been operating in the
ITES and financial services sectors.
Technological and business collaboration with world leaders over the years, globally
competitive indigenous engineering capabilities, over 1600 sales and service outlets and
footprints in over 40 countries have been instrumental in making Escorts the Indian
multinational. Today, when the world is looking at India as an outsourcing destination,
Escorts is rightly placed to be the dependable outsourcing partner of world's leading
engineering corporations looking at outsourcing manufacture of engines, transmissions,
gears, hydraulics, implements and attachments to tractors, and shock absorbers for heavy
trailers and armored tanks.
In today's Global Market Place, Escorts is fast on the path of an internal transformation,
which will help it to be a key driver of manufacturing excellence in the global arena.
unifying force of the name they gave their companies; Escorts, literally 'escorting' their
products and services to the customer while most other businessmen were just selling.
Tragically, Mr. Yudi Nanda died in an accident in 1952 - but his spirit remained
embedded in the foundations of the company. Mr. H P Nanda then took on the mantle to
realize the dreams, which he had always seen with his brother.
Escorts (Agents) Ltd., and Escorts (Agriculture and Machines) Ltd. merged in 1953 to
create a single entity -Escorts Agents Pvt Ltd. Having initially started with a franchise for
Westinghouse domestic appliances, by this time the Company had already expanded its
marketing and service operations, representing internationally known German and
American organizations such as MAN, AEG, Haniel & Leug, Knorr Bremse, MIAG and
BMA for sophisticated electrical and mechanical engineering equipment and Minneapolis
Moline and Wisconsin for agricultural tractors, implements and engines. Escorts made a
major thrust into the agricultural arena by taking on the marketing and service franchise
for Massey Ferguson tractors in Northern India, which soon comprised 75% of MF's allIndia sales - a signal tribute to Escorts' inherent strengths. Its first industrial venture came
up in 1954, in partnership with Goetzewerke of Germany for the manufacture of piston
rings and cylinder liners - followed by production of pistons in collaboration with
MAHLE of Germany, in 1960. The company's incorporation in its present name, Escorts
Limited, was effected on 18th January, 1960.
Escorts' next major industrial activity was the assembly of tractors in 1961 in technical
cooperation with URSUS of Poland. Subsequently this led to the manufacture of the
country's first indigenous tractors under Escorts' own brand name, which were to play a
pivotal role in the Green Revolution. This went on to lay the foundations that even today
are the Company's core strengths -relevant, world-standard technology through strategic
international alliances; a broad based marketing and service network yet unrivalled;
powerful symbiotic relationships with suppliers and dealers and above all, the crusade to
make a difference.
Beyond the growth of the organization, these principles have ensured that Mr. H. P.
Nanda's contribution to the cause of industry and the consumer will endure. He pioneered
the revolutionary concept of 'interdependence' between ancillary and large industries,
institutionalizing vendor development and in the process building Faridabad and the
entire belt of townships in the region. He introduced the discipline of service going
before marketing, reassuring the customer that Escorts would stay with them, that they
were here for the long run. He built lasting alliances with an array of the world's most
respected names in tractors, industrial equipment, two-wheelers, construction equipment
and telecommunications. Going further, he created institutions devoted to value
engineering and training, not only as investments in the company's future but also as
catalysts for the enhancement of Indian industry as a whole: The Escorts R&D Centre
and The Escorts Institute of Farm Mechanization. His concern extended to the society in
which he worked, and he manifested it by establishing the Escorts Medical Center at
Faridabad, Escorts Heart Institute and Research Centre at New Delhi, as well as
numerous village development programmes. And above all, he imbued the corporation
with his own pioneering, entrepreneurial spirit, instilling both a conscience.
DIRECTORS
MR. G. B. MATHUR
LOGORATIONALE
The hexagonal nut (in red) represents a geometric perfection. The nut has been a
functional device that has stayed at the core of mankinds engineering adventures. In spite
of modern technologies coming in, it still remains unarguably a symbol of technology
and all that holds it together. Locked into the nut is a spanner (in white), the turning force
for the symbol of technology. The two pictorial elements are configured together to form
an 'E', a pneumonic for Escorts.
A doctrine of corporate and engineering openness, the Escorts logo allows an aisle, a
pathway through which new ideas can walk in any time freely, giving Escorts the
character to listen and absorb new and fresh thoughts.
The symbol with its three meanings makes a rebus or visual pun and is rendered in red,
the color of energy and dynamism. Every time it is used, it represents the Escorts seal of
quality and excellence.
International Subsidiaries
Escorts AMG has two international subsidiaries
Farmtrac North America LLC in the U.S.A
Farmtrac Tractors Europe Sp.z o.o.in Poland
They now cater to 41 countries
Escort Series
Farmtrac Series
PRODUCT KNOWLEDGE
Segmentation of Tractors
The Indian tractor industry, in line with the tractor industry worldwide, is segmented on
the bases of the power delivered by the engine. i.e., horsepower (HP). However the
average tractor size in India is 35hp, while it is much higher in developed countries.
While in the international market, the tractors with an engine power of less then 50 hp are
classified as small tractors, those with less than 30 hp are classified as small tractors but,
in India, 31-40 hp as medium range tractors and those over 40 hp as large tractors.
Small Tractors
<30 hp
Medium Tractors
31-40 hp
Large Tractors
>40 hp
Small tractors
The 21-30 hp small tractors account for 20 % of the total demand. These tractors are
suitable for soft soil condition of northern states such as Punjab haryana and western part
of Uttarpradesh.
Medium range tractors
The medium range segments comprising 31-40 hp tractors for around 50 % of the total
tractor sales. These tractors are best suited for the Indian soil condition and haulage
requirements.
Large tractors
The rich farmers with large land holdings, especially in Punjab and Haryana, prefer the
above 40 hp tractors. Most of the replacement demand is from these segments, as the
farmers upgrade to high- powered tractors.
Performance at a glance
(AMG GROUP)
Financial performance
PBT
2005-06
2006-07
34.44
-17.33
2007-08
26.14
PAT
2005-06
2006-07
2007-08
19
-6.44
11.87
SALES ANALYSIS
YEAR
2006-2007
2007-2008
DOMESTIC
47767
53000
EXPORT
5225
6450
TOTAL
52992
59450
Ratio analysis
A ratio is defined as the indicated quotient of two mathematical expressions and as the
relationship between two or more things. In Financial analysis, a ratio is used as
benchmark for evaluating the financial position and performance of a firm. Ratios help to
summarize large quantities of financial data and to make qualitative judgment about the
firms financial performance.
Ratio analysis involves comparison for a useful interpretation of the financial statements.
Single ratio in itself does not indicate favorable or unfavorable condition. Therefore in
this report it is compared with:
Past ratios, i.e. ratios calculated from the past financial statements of the same
company.
Competitors ratios, i.e. Ratio of the major competitor at the same point in time.
Projected ratios, i.e., ratios developed using the projected, Performa, financial
statements of the same firm.
Since liquidity ratios and Activity ratios help to measure the firms ability to meet current
obligations and firms efficiency in utilizing its assets respectively, these two have been
used.
Helpful in forecasting.
NOTE: As, separate financial reports are not maintained for AMG, figures have been
taken from the balance sheet of Escorts
TYPES OF RATIO:There is four types of ratio which is used for calculating the firm financial position
RATIO
ANALYSIS
LIQUIDITY
ACTIVITY
RATIO
RATIO
PROFITABILITY
RATIO
LEVERAGE
RATIO
Liquidity Ratios
Liquidity ratios measure the ability of the firm to meet its current obligations. It is
necessary to strike a proper balance between high liquidity and lack of liquidity. A high
degree of liquidity means that a firms fund will be unnecessarily tied up in current assets.
Whereas lack of liquidity, implies failure of a company to meet its obligations due to lack
of sufficient liquidity.
The ratios, which are used for the analysis of Escorts liquidity position in this report, are:
Current Ratio
Quick Ratio
CURRENT RATIO
LIQUIDITY
RATIOS
Quick Ratio
Current ratio
Current ratio is calculated by dividing current assets by current liabilities:
Current ratio = Current Assets
Current Liabilities
Current Ratio
2005-06
2006-07
2007-2008
1.13
1.30
1.29
the firm will be able to meet its obligation. Current ratio refers to the margin of safety for
creditors therefore higher the current ratio, the greater the margin of safety.
Comment:-From the above table it can be interpreted that Escorts liquidity position is
more or less constant .Escorts current ratio has increased from 1.13 in 2005-06 to 1.30%
in 2006-07 but has decreased from 1.30% in 2006-07 to 1.29% in 2007-08.
Quick Ratio
Quick ratio establishes a relationship between quick or liquid assets and current
liabilities. An asset is liquid if it can be converted into cash immediately or reasonably
soon without a loss of value. Inventories are considered to be less liquid therefore for
calculating quick ratio they are deducted from current assets.
Quick Ratio = Current Assets Inventory
Current Liabilities
Quick ratio
2005-06
2006-07
0.81
1.04
2007-08
0.98
Activity Ratios
Activity Ratios are used to evaluate the efficiency with which the firm manages and
utilizes its assets. These ratios are also called turnover ratios as they indicate the speed
with which the firm manages and utilizes its assets.
Activity ratios, which are used to analyze Escorts effectiveness in Asset utilization, are:
Inventory Turnover
Debtor Turnover
Net Assets Turnover
Current Asset Turnover
Creditor Turnover
INVENTOTY TURNOVER
DEBTOR TURNOVER
ACTIVITY
RATIOS
Inventory Turnover
It indicates the efficiency of the firm in producing and selling its product. It is calculated
by dividing Sales by average inventory. In a manufacturing company inventory of
finished goods is used to calculate inventory turnover.
Inventory Turnover =
Sales
Average Inventory
Inventory turnover
2005-06
2006-07
2007-08
10.15
13.10
9.87
Significance:This ratio indicates whether or not the stock has been efficiently utilised. It shows the
speed with which the stock is rotated into sales. The higher the ratio, the better it is, since
it indicates that the stock is selling quickly. In business where stock turnover is high
goods can be sold at low margin of profit and even then the profitability can be high.
Comments:
Escorts Inventory turnover ratio of the company is good it means that there is proper
outflow of the stock and goods do not remain in the go down for a long time
Debtors turnover
2005-06
2006-07
2007-08
0.26
0.31
0.16
2005-06
2006-07
2007-08
49.00
65.50
Collection period
77.13
NOTE: For calculating the collection period, the number of days have been taken
as 365 instead of 300.
Significance: This ratio indicates the speed with which the amount is collected from
debtors. The higher the ratio, the better it is, since it indicates that amount from debtors is
being collected more quickly. The less the risk from bad debt, and so the lower the
expenses of collection and increase in the liquidity of the firm
Comment: The debtors turnover ratio for the year 2007-08 is .16 and is lower than 200607. Likewise the collection period has also increased which is not a good indication.
The shorter the average collection period, the better the quality of debtors, since a short
collection period implies prompt payments by debtors. Although Escorts has a zero debt
credit policy but through channel finance facility by means of hundi it is giving credit up
to 90 days, comparing this with the average collection period, its collection and credit
efficiency appears to be satisfactory.
A too low collection period is also not necessarily favorable as it may indicate a very
restrictive collection and credit policy. Because of the fear of bad debt loses the firm may
be selling to those only whose financial conditions are undoubtedly sound and who are
very prompt in making the payment. Such a policy succeeds in avoiding the bad debt
loses, but it curtails sales so severely that overall profits are reduced.
Sales
Net Assets
NAT
2005-06
2006-07
2007-08
1.12
1.34
1.22
It should be interpreted cautiously because the denominator of the ratio includes fixed
assets net of depreciation. Thus old assets with lower book value may create a misleading
impression of high turnover without any improvement in sales.
Current Assets and net working capital turnover ratio
This ratio shows the efficiency with which the firm is utilizing its current assets.
Sales
Current Assets
2005-06
2006-07
2007-08
2.57
2.62
2.35
Note :- Lone and advances are not taking when we calculate current assets
Net working capital turnover ratio = Sales / Net Working Capital
2005-06
2006-07
2007-2008
13.00
11.19
10.51
C.T
2005-06
2006-07
0.37
0.52
2007-08
0.46
Profitability Ratio
A company should earn profits to survive and grow over a long period of time. Profit is
the measurement of the efficiency of the business.
Generally there are two types of profitability ratios calculated:
Gross Profit
Gross Profit Ratio =
* 100
Net Sales
GPR
2005-06
2006-07
2007-08
14
12.86
15.70
Significance: This ratio measures the margin of profit available in on sales. No ideal
standard is fixed for this ratio, but it should be adequate enough to meet not only
operating expenses but also to provide for depreciation, interest on loans, dividends and
creation of reserve.
Comment:- As the figure constitute that the Gross profit of the company is continuously
increases which is very significant result but still company have to find out new way to
increase there profit
* 100
Net Sales
NPR
2005-06
1.08
2006-07
-0.31
2007-08
0.60
Significance:- The profit margin is mostly used for internal comparison. It is difficult to
accurately compare the net profit ratio for different entities. A low profit margin indicates
a low margin of safety: higher risk that a decline in sales will erase profits and result in a
net loss.
Comment:-Escorts net profit is negative in 2006-07 but in 2007-08 it is .60.The ratio in
the current year is quite significance
*100
Net Sales
Operating net profit = net profit+ non operating expenses-non operating income
OPR
2005-06
3.51
2006-07
0.007
2007-08
1.57
*100
Equity Shareholders Fund
Profit after interest but before tax =10 lacks- 3 lacks=7 lacks
Profit after tax =7lacks- 2.10lacks=4.9lacks
Return on equity = 4.9-2=2.9 lacks
Equity Shareholders Funds = Equity Share Capital + All Reserves + P/L a/c balance fictitious assets - debit balance of the P/L a/c
ROESFR
2005-06
1.87
2006-07
-0.58
2007-08
0.99
Significance: This ratio measures how efficiently the equity shareholders funds are
being used in the business. It is true measure of the efficiency of the management since it
shows what the earning capacity of the equity shareholders funds. The higher the ratio,
the better it is, because in such a case equity shareholders may be given a higher
dividend..
Comment:-Escorts Equity shareholder fund is increase in current year in compare to
previous year so it is good because the earning of share holder is increase . But the graph
is fluctuating; this shows that the shareholders are not getting constant return on their
investments. So company have to stable there Equity shareholder fund ratio
Rate of return:
In finance, rate of return (ROR), also known as return on investment (ROI), rate of profit
or sometimes just return, is the ratio of money gained or lost (whether realized or
unrealized) on an investment relative to the amount of money invested. The amount of
money gained or lost may be referred to as interest, profit/loss, gain/loss, or net
income/loss. The money invested may be referred to as the asset, capital, principal, or the
cost basis of the investment. ROI is usually expressed as a percentage rather than a
fraction
Net Worth
Profit before interest, tax and dividend = Profit after interest but before tax + interest paid
- interest income
ROR
2005-06
11.72
2006-07
4.61
2007-08
6.82
Significance: This ratio helps in taking decisions regarding capital investment in the new
projects. The new projects will be commenced only if the rate of return on capital
employed/ net worth in such projects is expected to be more than the rate of borrowings.
Comment: The rate of return of Escorts is increase current year in compare to previous
year which is significance.
LEVERAGE RATIOS
Long term creditors like the debentures holders; financial institutions etc. are interested in
the firms long-term financial strength. These ratios are calculated to assess the ability of
the firm to meet its long-term liability as and when they become due.
To judge the financial position of the firm, financial leverage, or capital structure ratio
are calculated. These ratios indicate mix of funds provided by owners and lenders.
Leverage ratio for find the long term liability of Escorts are:
Debt Equity Ratio
Debt to total fund ratio
Proprietary ratio
DEBT EUITY
RATIO
LEVERAGE
RATIO
DEBT TO TOTAL
FUND RATIO
PROPRIETARY
RATIO
DEBT-EQUITY RATIO:
Several debt ratios may be used to analyse the long term solvency of the firm. The firm
may be interested in knowing the portion of the interest-bearing debt (also called funding
debt) in the capital structure. It indicates the proportion of funds which are acquired by
long term borrowing in comparison to shareholders funds.
Debt
Debt Equity Ratio =
Equity
Shareholders Funds
Long-term Loans: - Debentures + Mortgage Loans + Bank Loan+ Loan from Financial
Institutions and Public Deposits.
Shareholders Funds: - Equity Share Capital + Preference Share Capital + Share Premium
+ General Reserves + Capital Reserves + Credit Balance of Profit and Loss Accounts and
Accumulated Losses and Fictitious Assets are deducted.
Year
Debt Equity Ratio
2005-06
0.60
2006-07
0.42
2007-08
0.39
Significance: The normally accepted debt equity ratio is 2:1. If this ratio is higher than
2:1, it means that long term borrowing is more than twice in comparison to funds to
provide by owners and it will indicate a risky financial position.
Comment:-As we can see that the firm debt-equity ratio is continuously decrease so we
can say that the firm financial position is good to ay its long term debt
Long Term Loans = Debentures + Mortgage Loans + Bank Loans + Loan from
Financial Institutions + Public Deposits.
Shareholders fund = Equity Share Capital + Preference Share Capital + Share Premium
+ General Reserve + Capital Reserve + Other Reserves + Credit Balance of P/L account Accumulated Losses -Fictitious Assets - Debit balance of P/L account.
FOR E.G.= long term loan= 1 lack
Share holder fund=2 lack
Debt Equity ratio= .33
Or
To
Total
2005-06
2006-07
2007-08
0.65
0.74
0.76
Fund Ratio
Significance: - Debt to total funds ratios of 0.67:1 (or 67%) is considered satisfactory. A
higher ratio than this is generally considered as the indicator of risk. Because it means
that the firm depends too much on outsides loans for the existence. Any withdrawal of
funds by the lenders will put the company in difficulties.
Comment: Debt-Equity ratio of Escorts is going to increase which is not satisfactory.
From the above example we can say that the debt equity ratio is less than in compare to
previous year .this graph shows that the long term loan is greater than the share holder
fund which is not good for the company.
PROPRIETORY RATIO:
This ratio indicates the proportion of total funds provided by owners or shareholders.
Equity
Shareholders Funds
Proprietary Ratio =
or
Debt + Equity
Year
Proprietary Ratio
2005-06
2006-07
2007-08
0.40
0.42
0.29
Significance: - The ratio should be 33% or more that that. A higher proprietary ratio is
generally treated as an indicator of sound financial position from long term point of view.
Because it means that firm is less dependent on external sources of finance. On the other
hand lower the ratio, the less secured are the long term loans and the face the risk of
losing their money.
The objective of the project is to find out the perception of the single cylinder
tractor.
To known about the problems faced by the customers.
Is FARMTECH which is a double cylinder tractor is able to compete with the
single cylinder tractors.
SCOPE
The scope of this project is very important, as the company must know about the
customers perception, what are the implementations of a single cylinder tractor
according to the tractor owners. And what are the demand drivers and the factors which
are really influencing a buyers decision at the time of buying a single cylinder tractor.
RATINALE
The rationale behind working on this project is on interest to work in the field of market
research and to knowing the important process of launching the new product in the
market; improves my knowledge base as well as groom my skills. I have come to know
that knowing the Perception is a significant aspect of the new product development .
Research Methodology
1. OBJECTIVE OF THE RESEARCH
certain attributes.
To
gauge
the
store
image
of
Reebok
vis-a-vis
competitors.
2. LITERATURE SURVEY
An extensive literature survey is done to gather.
Information regarding various tools to be used to measure attitudes & analyse the
collected data
RESEARCH DESIGN
Due care is taken to ensure minimum bias & maximum reliability.
Research
Research is a scientific and systematic study for pertinent information on a specific topic.
Research in common parlance refers to search for knowledge It is the pursuit of truth
with the help of study, observation, comparison and experiment. In short, search for
knowledge through objective and systematic method of finding solution of the problem is
research.
Research Methods
Research methods may be understood as all those methods/ techniques that are used for
conduction of research.
Research Methodology
Research Methodology is not only the application of the research methods but also the
comparison of the logic behind the methods that is being used in this context of research
study and explain why particulars methods or techniques are used and why others are not
being used. Research methodology is a way to systematically solve the research problem.
In this various steps that are generally adopted by a researcher in studying his research
problem along with the logic behind them are studied in order to have a clear view of the
study.
The present study is based upon the Descriptive cum Exploratory method of research to
investigate procedures at micro level. As the study is analyzing & probing in nature, thus,
it is almost entirely based on the primary data generated through questionnaires and
observations. To support further secondary data was also collectd from organizational
records & documents, company reports and books.
Research Design
Collection of data
Sample
Analysis pattern
Research Design
Collection of Data
Sample
Analysis Pattern
Research Design
A research design is the arrangement of condition for collection and analysis of data in
manner that aims to combine relevance to the research purpose with economy in
procedure. In fact, the research design is the conceptual structure within which research
is conducted . It constitutes the blueprint for the collection, measurement and analysis of
the data. Universe & survey population, sampling, analysis pattern all are the different
parts of this structure.
The present study is Descriptive as well as Exploratory study because the project is
based on the information collected from the study of dealers perception for the products
of the firm, which is further utilized for the analysis of the data. Then the comprehensive
analysis is done and efforts are being made to explore the new insights into the problem,
so that suggestions for the further improvement of the system can be suggested.
Data Collection:
Data collection is the most critical part of any Research Project. This is the process of
identifying the suitable and relevant sources of data and than collecting the data from
various selected sources, so that the collected data can be utilized for the further progress
of the study, because collected data is analyzed and interpreted in order to find out the
valuable findings.
In the present study both type of data- Primary as well as secondary are used. But a
massive part of the data was collected through primary data. The main sources from
which the data was selected can be outlined as follows:
Primary sources:
SAMPLE DESIGN
TARGET POPULATION : Males & Females above 16 yrs. Of age in Delhi region
during the month of Jan-Feb.2003
Sample Size : 75
Keeping in mind the objectives of the research various questions have been
formulated.
The questionnaire framed has been divided into two parts keeping into
consideration the lack of time available with the respondents at the market
places where the survey has been conducted, and the number of attributes to
be measured.
DATA COLLECTION
METHODS :
1. Questionnaire method
2. Personal interview
SOURCES OF INFORMATION
1. primary sources
2. consumer survey
3. Secondary sources
4. Business India
5. Business today
6. Business world
7. Journals in the compan
Mahindra and Mahindra the leading tractor manufacturer has not find any place
in the single cylinder segment.
The other two leading companies i.e Taffy and Escorts have not yet launched
their tractor in this segment.
The sales of tractor are dependent mainly on the activeness of sales person.
Rural people are not much aware and bothered about brands.
People generally look at their close relative for buying.
RECOMMENDATIONS
QUESTIONNAIRE
Greetings. I am......... From .......... We meet tractor owners from time to time to
understand the issues faced by owners and how the betterment can be brought about. I
will appreciate if you could please cooperate me in replying following questions.
Q1. Did you own a tractor prior purchase to your present tractor?
1.Yes
2.No
Q2. Can you please tell me which was your earlier tractor model?
(a) Make
(b)Model
(c)HP
(d) Year
Q5. What is the main difference between a single cylinder and a double cylinder tractor?
a)
b)
c)
d)
BIBLIOGRAPHY