W^

rji-'-ty-

J''

OBSEEVATIONS

VITRUVII

DE
WITH

ARCIIITECTURA

SI'ECIAL
THIH

By

J.

L.

[Trititslaled
from

1), cuNDi'iT

TO

UEGABD

TXU:

T\\\y

WOliK

ami

Duiiish,

.sTi'.F.KT,

iV/ct-

Tin.

Shi'

TIME

AT

DECEM

WHICU

WlllTTEX

LL.D.
Uss!N(j. I'li.l).,

the

LIBRI

\lkm. Corr. J/.]

ancfiiUij Utxhed

iiANOVKi:

hy

the

sv(.:aiu-:.

Authvr]

W.

The

Council

desirable

this

jprint

to

the

of

while

Institute^

thinking

take

translation^

it

responsihiUty
no

for

of

the

co7ichjsion.s

arrived

at.

any

Edition

The

Vitruvius

of

lohich

basal

is

treatise

Ussin{j*s

Dr.

upon

is

that

of

Rose

and

{Leipsic

Mullcr-Strilhing

but

1867)

the

references

also

apply

edition.

Schneider*

to

Wlicn

nnmbers^e.fj.

the

"9(8)"
"

the

latter

to

that

of

Schneider.

by

noted

chapters

two

arc

former

refers

to

the

edition

of

Rose,

and

-^W

3s~.

"'

NOV

1902

17

OBSEEVATION'S
ON

VITRUVII

ARCEITECTURA

DE
WITH

SPECIAL

REGARD

TO

WORK

WAS

THIS

By
FR0FS8S0R

LATB

Translated

This

is called

work

of it

extract

by

M.

in

was

OF

from

LATIX

AXD

the Danisht

Faventinus,

TIME

AT

WHICH

WRITTEN.

UssiNG, Ph.D., LLD.,

ORBXK

manuscripts

the

Cetius

this opus

When

J. L.

THE

DECEM

LIBRI

the

and

IX

UKIVCaBITT

THK

COPEXHAOKK.

carefully revieed by

Vitruvii
author

first printed,towards

OF

de

end

Author

architectura

is called
the

the

Vitruvius

of the

libri

decern.

In

the

Polio.

fifteenth

century,

it created

An
author
who, according to his own
justlyso.
saying,
tecture,
archiof ancient
was
a
contemporary of Caesar and Augustus, provided us with a manual
valuable help to the understanding of the numerous
a
partly preserved and highly
them
admired
to copy
i^mains of antiquity,and a guide to those who
might want
; and
in its highest glory,and
this at a time when
Benaissance
architecture
when
was
all efforts
the revival'of antiquity. Learned
well as architects pounced upon
tended
towards
as
men
an

immense

him

and

sensation

made

use

and

of him

very

became

; he

teacher

in architecture

to

the. new

time.

And

his

We
do not
authoritylasted for centuries ; only in the present century it has begun to fade.
best monuments
him any longer,as a closer knowledge of the
want
of classical antiquity
has
we

presented

us

with

his faults, and

see

better
we

models

do not

and

believe

better
in him

teachers.

Now

we

implicitly
; as

our

venture
eyes

to criticise him

begin

to

open,

we

Instead of an
excellent
architect from
shortcoming greater than the other.
who
boasts of
period,we find a shallow-minded, ignorant man
gloriousRoman
he
discover
that
does not
is
the
he
he
not
we
even
man
;
may
knowledge which
possess
is
pretends to be. But before entering on a closer explanationof this statement, which
discover
the

meant

one

most

to be the

essence

of this

pamphlet,

I must

declare

that

I do

not

at all consider

the

work

It is imquestionably a work
which
be of great
question as useless or valueless.
may
there
is not the slightestdoubt
that
caution.
For
and with
if appliedcritically
use
we
have
before us an ancient author, though not from the time specially
designatedas clsbssical,
had sources
who
which
above all;a man
who
had seen
a
man
a
see, and
good deal we cannot
it would
these sources
what
have
be of great importance to know
Therefore
not.
we
were,
time he lived.
This quesis it an idle question to ask at what
he used them
and how
; nor
in

/-y.i-

OBSERVATIONS

tion
in

is of

his

importance

language

Romance

the

leads

Roman

fact

We

which

which

if it

been

had

he

happened
this

language,

to

of

view,

the

as

well

to

technical

as

friend, and

the

latter

former

is

was

encouraged
not

and

used

had

published during
least

several

was

respects

Schultz

of

the

so-called

Vitruvius

the

name

who,

as

Schultz's
their

work,

the
a

rule,

brevity

in

PlinianiSy

p. 57

offer the

were

of

so

to

that

Schultz

which

already

in the 9th

no

done

right.

with
that
In

in

him
to

the

same

and

he

became

by

the

fact that

quoting

De

some

really critical
year

needed.
auctorum

in

Vitruvius,
that
imder

pope

Therefore

was

But

thought

999

took

Osann

f.).
of

that

finished

friends, and
p. 617

he

Pliny

but

not

was

in

which
that

prove

genuineness

knowledge,

1856

in

his work,

occasionally, though

evidence

further

to

Schultz

from

ignorant humbug,

an

(1837)

this

to

information

from

century.

undertook

(printed in

intention,

agree

who

refuted

university of Bonn,

suspecting
was

cannot

we

only appeared

that

v.

only the

architectural

and

had

the

have

is

written

was

technical

of

vol.

philological

his views

his nearest

to

Mus.
not

which

in

of

had

critical eye

6, 1829

also

extracts

his ideas

denied

his

work

the

Bhein.

in fact

was

Hirt

the

with

no

detail, and

by archbishop Gerbert,

conclusive

thinks

He

view

hitherto

programme

and
flf.,

proofs

Harleianus,

by Vitruvius, without
best

"

opinion

an

devoid

were

they

"

him

and

Mela

However,

(comp.

far.

in

drawn

"

It

written

or

imparted

He

them

too

observations, which

mentions

Pliny

codex

Pliny.

written

was

Sylvester II,

of

of

adopt

went

has

when

Wetzlar,

May

drawn.

barbarous
without

conmiunicates

he

mistakes

more

Vitruvius

from

of

the

technical

and

in

state

been

He
of

from

of Vitruvius,

of

military

workman
as

Only

see.

Goethe

1836),

and

his views

to

no

to.

his

at

simple

statements

to

had

architectural

an

Frontinus

nonsense

explain
out

Pomponius

also that

of

lifetime.

to

iv.

vol.

being

period,

Augustus.
beginning

scandalised

penetrating mind,

letter

be

councillor

Schultz,
In

information

of

professional authority.

to

spun

his

inclined

but

MS.

fuU

competent

by Goethe,

L.

clearly that

proves

being

on

the

state

detect

been

had

we

some

alludes

or

of

since

ever

knowledge
the

he

time

the

to

from

with

man

Museum^

gathered his knowledge

Vitruvius

at

founded

closely.

more

thing

one

the

had

sufl"cient

Bheinisches

Nake's
for

Vitruvius,
while

subject

the
and

Welcker

was

not

C. F.

and

his

by

defective

had

knowledge,

from

to

with

could

we

real

Augustus,

earlier

an

reports

that

statement

all kinds

for

he

the

easy

fixed

to

if

strange

facts

hterature

can

same

again

point

of

is less

belong

to

time

be

the

this

on

time
lower

This

write

not

live at the
It

the

spoken

of
the

to

the

to

later.

However,

quern

be

knowledge,

as

post

had

did

follows.

of

belonged

age

find

close

transition

author

an

centuries

did not

in the

its

We

the

at

see

Augustus

golden

dated

which

accoimted

opened.

was

writings

in Latin

history of architecture

might
four

the

own

book

readers

professionalman

examine

and

the

in
have

pretending

or

to

appear

of

to

what

author's

from

expert

study of languages.

surprised

it would

language,

the

time

author

author,

DECEM

dissolution, and

terminus

the

technical

was

the

they

from

seen

his

source

some

That

most

his

constructed

shortcoming

literaryeducation.

his

that

considerable

possess

Renaissance

for this

the

doubt

not
and

Caesar,

its

of

; nevertheless

in

be

literarylanguage.

only

that

either

to

three

authors

easily

himself

did

scholars

to

be

lived

wonder

cannot

under

appeared

of

the

even

he

betray him,

Earlier
architect

point

Romans

conventional

will

hope,

at

willingly betray

not

Now

time

certainty.

signs

classes
all

by

that

but

tongue,

which,

exact

does

those

justifiedin referring to Vitruvius,

not

the

the

conclusion

the

to

living

in

that

spoken

also

peculiaritiesalrecwiy
that

was

LIBRI

not

approaching

was

only possible explanaticm is

which

language

ARCHITECTURA

should

we

if such

Now

DE

archaeology, but

to

tongue

classes, and

uneducated

are

Latin

the

languages.

Augustus,

only

not

VITRUVn

peculiaritieswhich

antiquity,when
of

ON

the

oldest

philologists,
no
"

notice
in
H.

spite

of
of

Brunn

indicibus

parallel passages
by
his quotations

reader

(1856), Schultz's

posthumous

OBSERVATIONS

his

pnbliahed by

work,

romischen

des

did

author

decide
architect
not

nor

that

further,

down

libelli."

This

printed pamphlet

of 55

fata

sua

it in my

university

does

not

1872,

wrote

bear
to

in detail

out

it with

in

to

the

it

death

seems

his

take

to

necessary

(1890)

be

in

one

Philologus,
tried

he

to

dismisses

Teuflfel

it is alluded

and

1870,

Schwabe

published by
is not

pamphlet

It

3).

p.

indicated, in order

had

correct

closely

mentioned

Houses,
who

put

habent

"

small

was

named

after

the

all.

So

at

question again.

the

up

Schultz's

may

(I have

Pliny,

lAtteratur,

editions

form,

Brunn

the

was

he

But

to

real

what

he

Plinius,'* in which

which

romischen

following

three

fifth edition

in the

but

the

matter

der

of

des

Quelle

be

to

Boman

and

editor

authors

two

the

about

Oeschickte

in

manner

same

author*s

in

notice

short

the

als

was

Germany

Greek

the

by Detlefsen,

modest

in

enough

neither

of Theodosius.

too

the

Vitruvius

"

general opinion

in

Though

done

thinks

Schultz

that

to

has

pretended

forgotten

About

between

relation

rather

or

who

Geheimen

Lieutenant.

read

we

Zeitalter

das

Schultz,

L,

he

work,

Vitruvius

appeared

1876

his

Augustus

it is almost

known

essay

of

Great,

of

been

time

booklet

octavo

pages

have

the

the

that

prove

excellent

tolerably long

the

programme

to

seem

live at the

not

F,

C.

von

to

philosopher

closet

iiber

Untersuchungen

Pollio

the

DECEM

Schultz, Ingenieur

that

clearly

proves

Constantine

of

Otto

von

UBRI

title

the

Vitruvius

finishing touch

the

expert, but

did

he

time

the

to

technical

give

He

question.

the

to

ARCHITECTURA

under

Marcus

herausgegeben
live

not

DE

appeared

son,

Kriegsbaumeisters

Ober-BegierungS'Bathy
the

VITRUVII

ON

I.

time

The

and

educated,

literature

In

of

Augustus

the

art

by Vitruvius, and
cannot

learn

doubting

agree

with

this

surprising phenomenon

lines

opinion

some

reader's

pardon

like

("

philosopher

uti

non

work

the
to

his

his

that

such
the
We

rhetorician,
disertus

rhetor

nee

do

quotes

know

even

by

him

an

After
about

greatest wealth
the

man

which

could

having

matters

that

treasures

see

art

not

received

of

be

boasts

of

in
his

feelingno
high

says

who

enters

to

that

but

in

acquire more

should
of

not

an

this

asks

the

write

architect

*'). Nevertheless
same

learned

knowledge

he

has

half

which

the

conversations
his

parents

of literature

by parents

this way

artis

according

"

authors

of Greek

than

the

rationibus

it is this

education

he

like

("4), "thanks

VI

he

does

summis

work

that

support

he

that

upon

without

and

thoughts

practicalman

In

scribere

sum

art, and

of

was

grammarian,

nisus

careful

and

he

scholar.

grammaticus

acquired

such

learning

he feels it unnecessary
consists

large number

name

struck

thought

was

only natural

was

physical reflections,and

who

man

"

not

or

nee

haec

that

and

of grammar,

guests (VIII, 4, 25), and, in the preface of Book

enjoys writing

with

rules

the

Architectura

feel

(chap. 1, 17) in which

first book

the

De

attributing the

of
it

Then

like

write

to

writings.

culminating points

books

period, we

thought

fact.

class, it

lower

unable

from

have

as

highly

was

their

to

language, style,nor

circumstance

the

his litteris imbutus

uneducated

humanities.

of the

the

to

by philosophical and

time

our

having taught
he

against

it

ten

that

at

public

beauty

of the

one

the

Neither

would

stated

be

highest rank,

the

up

saying
of

sin

architectus

ut

and

quoted

philosophus

is taken

own

scholars
with

sed

belonging

equals

written

really so.

nobody

at

hands

our

be

to

explained by

be

been

any

of

summus

exercitatus

his

have

for

and

himself

not

standing

into

this is

whether

might

of

language

they pretend

had

literaryeducation
the

speak

ourselves
take

we

statement,

time, if the author

without

feel

of

peculiar stamp

The

literature.

of Roman

age

gift of giving

when

that

from

that

the

Now,

refrain
to

seem

to

golden

constantly

we

civilisation.

of ancient

had

authors

in

as

the

was

and

teachers,

filled his

possesses,

for
and

mind

declaring

want.**

education

he

does

not

want

to

be

considered

an

OBSEBVATIONS

ARCHITECTURA

DE

UBRI

DECEM

apologisesto the reader for possiblegrammatical blunders, it is

againstsuch complaintsas his uneasy conscience makes
idea how
innumerable
these complaints
anticipate.Evidently he had not the remotest

ignorantartisan,and
only

if he

himself

to defend

attempt

an

him

be.

would

It is said

will receive
receive from
difference

Vitruvius

by

the
Varro

of real

man

was

not

to write

care

Augustus, but

of

AtheruBumol

critic in the

January this

(1898)

year

"

that

skilled reader

from the Latin of Vitruvius

greater impressionof uncouthness
Latin of many
parts of Varro's De Be Bustica.'* There is indeed

no

does

time

the

VITRUVn

ON

styleand

he

learningand culture, nevertheless

he talks, he takes pains to write

as

fails,
as

such

attempts generally do

spoken language of his

time

an

he wrote

like

will

he talked.

as

learned

if not

he

immense

of

man

undertaken

by

often

transpire. We shall call

do not claim
of his most
Our remarks
attention to some
prominent linguistic
peculiarities.
the matter
rather be called sporadic; in reading an
to exhaust
: they may
author, the eye
to his language and style that it is dulled to his characteristics.
gets graduallyso accustomed
Among
specialessays on Vitruvius I have only made use of one, which, in spiteof the
difference in the generalview of the author, has been very useful to me, namely : Praun,
I also owe
Syntax des Vitruv, Bamberg 1885.
Bemerkungen zur
important contributions
friends Dr. 0. Siesbye and Professor J. L. Heiberg.
to my
which
One
"
of the peculiarities
in the authors of the later periodof the
occur
especially
of abstract
is the frequentuse
empire,where they wanted to write nicelyand philosophically,
in the plural. So also in Vitruvius.
which
even
only
nouns,
Among abstract nouns
appear
in his writingsI will mention
ignotitia III prssf.
3, indecentia VII, 5, 6, pervolitantia IX,
master

the

the

than

(6),1, nascentia IX, 7 (6),2, crescentuB

2, VI
Ill, 1, 3, V prsef.
10

commensus

I, 3, 2, 1, 7 extr..

mensura

finds

author

extr.
prsef.

sometimes

And

"c.

"c.

IX, 9 (8),6-7,

2, VII prsef.1,
Strikingpluralsare conscriptionesV prsef.
let 3, IX, 7 (6),3, soZZ^r^i^ VII prsef.
I, 1, 17, II, 1,8, scienticB 1,1,17, III prssf.

ericditiones

that the

own

abstract

these

it sufficient to add
ad

fuerit fundamentorum

solidum

retain

nouns

depressio;

"

I, 5,

of
"

of their verbal character

much

so

est instead

only

in I, 3, 2

factiimest, as
erit moenium

cum

*'

cum

conlocandorum

explicatio."
words

of the

One

to the Latin

Pliny

language,comp. Ht5^.
appreciatedhis

so

far

as

to

times.

hundred

doubt

no

tendencies

frequentlyoccurringin

about

index, it is found

exclude

Nat,

from

of the

that

XXXIV,
Latin

own

classical authors.

65

: non

style, but

foreign word,

every

language ; his apology testifies to the

Not unfrequentlywords are found

Vitruvius

At the time

fact that
in

such

was

is symmetria ;
of

Pliny this
hahet
he

the

not

of

NohFs

is still a

stranger
symmetria,

nomen

his purifying
generallyadopted in the
not

was

different connection

fwtitia in the

Latinum

does

if it

according to

word

carry

case

with

and

different

symmetria.
"

signification

III

praef.1, VI
III prsef.extr., and anteponere
put forth
put forth at first II prsef.5 ;
si prope urbem
essent, dignum esset, ut ex his
dignum est for operce pretium est II, 7, 4 :
officinis omnia
similar things are quoted from Vopiscus,Lactantius,
perficerentur
opera
;
4, ponere
praef.

Thus

"

"

sense

"

renown

*'

"

"

"

and

Augustinus ;

necessUate

necessario

X, 2,

1.

placet : V, 10, 4 : magnitudinesbalinearum

signity
fistulis plumbeis aqua
fieri pro copia hominum
videntur
VIII, 7 (6),11 : "itaque minime
;
In other
duci videtur.'*
places Vitruvius correctlyadds oportere^ so that the omission might
of stylein the author, as in II, 1, 8 :
perhaps rather be called a peculiarity
primo volumine
exponere."
putavi
consider it as merely accidental
which
the word
that
Shall we
was
generally
na/rrare,
which
is
used during the classical period,does not occur
at all in Vitruvius?
(" narratio,*'
In

few instances

videtur is meant

to

**

"

"

"

ON

OBSERVATIONS

in Bose's edition II

found

Vitruvius

only

3, is
prsBf.

memcrare

uses

DE

VITRUVn

; or

correction of

mistaken

LIBRI

ARCHITECTUBA

ratio

"

DECEM

"

in the

;
manuscripts)

(without prefix)appears but once,

in Cicero means
"to depart,"and only in Virgil

that

verb

the

ire

find voder e which

frequently
into the
signifiesto go,"thence enteringinto the later prose and subsequently
the
Latin
word
?
Is
it
Romance
accidental
that,
entirelysuperseding
genuine
languages,
transcribes the simplefuture
after the fashion of more
recent authors, Vitruvius frequently
by erit ut ? e.g. I, 1, 10 : erit ut uterque liberetur." V, 12, 6 : ita erit uti possitturris
fiant."
Drager, Hist Synt, 2, p. 267,
insuperSBdificari." VI, 6, 11 : tunc erit ut
erit ut non
apud te
quotes a similar example from Apuleius,Met. II, 3 :
nimiquam

whereas

we

Ovid

and

"

"

"

"

"

"

devertar."

often find the comparativeunnecessarily

we
regardto the comparisonof adjectives,
utiHoresU, 3, 2,
I, 1, 4, maxi/me tutiores I, 5, 5, maxime
emphasised: maxime facilitis

With

quo

6.
magisex meliore vinoparaMtur VII, 10, 4, potvus dignioresVI praef.

Comp. nimium

dulcior.
Lactemt. Instit. I, 21, 10 : maxime
Commodian,
Similarly
Apolog. 5 : plus levior. SulpiciusSeverus, Chron. II, 46, 5 : plus iusto inflatior.About
the use of the preposition
cib in the comparison,
see
immediately below.
in such a way
The superlative
is repeatedly
that the differt
o
ence
placedparallel a positive

penituBVIU,

7, 14.

is effaced
insuaves

si sit optim^aseu

partes, (Of course

emd

where

romanische

it may

Comparation,
the adverbs

Among
"

II, 8, 19

sunt

from

one
differently

there

occur

vitiosa,VIII, 1, 7

are

where

cases

in classical authors ;

even

p. 54 f.; but this is not

may

emother

be
"

mentioned

II, 1, 1

the

in

is done

see

in the

homimmi

eo

gravissinuedurcequeet
by such a juxtaposition,
Wolfflin,Lateinische und

qu^

here.)

case

aiiter^not

"

harm

no

of

sense

congressu

**

otherwise,"but

"

aliter
profundebantur

Sed forte non

nuUi haec levia
VI prsef.
4 :
voces," cf. IX, 4, 1 ; forte=fortasse
spiritu
sunt
5 :
IX,
6,
(4)
esse
eos
sapientes,
quipecunia
copiosi
;
putant
putantes
parve
parve per
flectitur delphinus";temperate (with genitive
I, 4, 7: "volucres minus
as parum)
eos
"

"

^*

umoris, caloris temperate,aeris multum," cf. II, 7, 3, II, 9, 9 " 11.

The
same
occurs
accordingto : I, 1, 17, "iuxta necessitatem."
in Justinus and later,
circumtrans without an object, on the other side,"IX, 4 (1),4 :
in clerical authors,
obscuris egreditur
ad lucem," elsewhere
acta trans locis patentibusex
und
lateinische
trans
Grammatik
248.
contra
Archdv
IV,
Lexikographie
fur
p.
comp.
oppositeto," IX, 4 (1),2 " (2),2 as in Aurelius Victor cmd Boethius,comp. Archivf,lat.
Lex. V, p. 319 flf.
which
indicate the
In the use of prepositions
struck by several peculiarities
we
are
ab
dissolution of the language: a", indicating
because of," in II, 9, 11 :
the cause,
umoris
ab
lentitudine
firmas
habent
c
atenationes,"
II,
non
pondere
rigorem
recipiunt
terreni,minus

habent

iuata=^8ecur^um

"

"

"

*'

**

"

9, 14

suci vehement!

ab

'*

amaritate

"

ab

carie aut

tinea

non

nocetur."

ab,

^'

compared

correctly substituted by Rose for ad in VI, 4, 5 : non enim

atria minora ab maioribus easdem possunt habere symmetriarum rationes," a habit Which
tions
Wolfflin in Archvo f. lat. hex. VII, 8. 125 has proved to exist in the ancient Latin translais analogousto the use of other preposiof the Bible, Itala and Vulgata,and which
tion
with," has been

such

as

"

no

doubt

'prcby super

or

"

"

supra,

ultra.

metopae quae
placed instead of the dative or parallelwith it,as in IV, 3, 2 :
sunt proximsead septenfiunt,"VII, 13, 2 : hse regiones
proximaBad angularestriglyphos
trionem
158, 2 : "ad finem vitse proximus"),VI, 9,
by Euodius in AugustineJS[p.
(equally
is

ad

"

"

"

(6),2

''

lavationi rusticae ministratio

conmioda
Salinas ad

erit ministratio."

non

Equally in

temperandum praebeturaquae

"r*

erit

X,

longe,"but
(4), 2:

multitude."

soon

after

''ita hortis ad

X,1S^14:

''ut

"

ad olearios fructus

irrigandumvel
ad

solvendmn

ad

3
non

\
I
6

ON

OBSERVATIONS

"

VITRUVn

ARCHITECTURA

DE

LIBRI

DECEM

in lieu of the

the whole,**Praun
observes on
"On
generallyapplied"solvendo."
the
ad
the
extended
with
its
has
or
gerund
preposition
gerundive
sphere at the
the
the
the
and
in
the
with
ablative."
of
other
constructions,
dative,
genitive,
expense
de instead of the simpleablative in I praBf.
2 :
wise
Likeparentituo de eo fueram notus/*
circini usum,
in I, 1, 4 :
facilius fledificiorum expediunturdescripe
e
quo maxime
of measure,
tiones.*' About ex in expressions
below.
see
With regard to conjunctions,
Drager,Histor. Syntax II p. 153, has alreadypointedout
that aut and sive are used quiteindiscriminately
by Vitruvius. A critic in the Athenceum,
the misuse
I had
of aut and sive is no great matter."
Jan. 1, 1898, says :
not expected
esset

p. 65,

the

"

"

"

"

this declaration from

"

skilled reader.'*

Latin

Most

scholars

would

have

the

contrary

view.

Equallyimclassical is the
The
.

word
.

does

7ieve

as

neve,

I, 1, 7

not
:

**

of the

use

occur

sit cupidusneque

ne

it is also
patum.** As for negations,
He

the sentence.

tendum,**

"

Vitruvius

non

says

of
consisting

sentences

always puts

in mimeribus

to be observed

ne

that he

possunt esse

This is done

esse,*'"c.

example
striking
in vetustate

likes to

animimi

place them

"

other

enim

non

of

ne

occu-

in

foremost

prsBt^rmit-

putavinon

**

in
occasionally

is II, 8, 8

alternatives.

two

neqtce instead

habeat
capiendis

putaviprsBtermittenduminstead of

frequently.A
esB

He

"

non

puto dubium

non

very

caemento,

"

in
negatives

in Vitruvius.

in

authors, but

qusB sunt

molli

ruinosse.*'

non

is gradually
num
conjunction
replaced
does not exist
from the language. In Vitruvius num
disappears
entirely
find (the single)
The
at all,neither do we
nonne.
only particle
by which he
an, ne, nor
cf.
introduces a dependent interrogative
clause is si,e.g. II, 8, 19 :
si est firma probatur,**
find utrum
II praef3, VI preef6, VII prsBf5, VII extr. al. Only in double clauses we
dubitantes utrum
morbo an pabulivitio Isesa essent.'* But si occurs
an, as I, 4, 9 :
equally,
statim nemo
de ipsa autem
II, 8, 19 :
testa, si sit optima seu vitiosa,
potest
comp.
iudicare.*' VII, 5, 4 :
fieri potest necne.**
Si in
animadverterunt
si quid eorum
neque
this sense
alreadyoccurs in Plautus ; so we do not wonder that it is found in Vitruvius, but
wonder that it is the only interrogative
he knows, as it is the only one which
we
conjunction
has migratedinto the Eomance
to an influence
languages. Whether this si is due originally
from the Greek language,
authors
I daxe not decide.
ancient
Boman
not unThe
most
f
or
which
their
borrowed
words
ideas
to
to
frequently
name
fromjjrreek express
or
objects
The
constructions.
did
lacked
but
borrow
forms
own
not
words,
or
language
age of
they
Cicero and Augustus tried to remove
the Greek words and to keep the language pure, but
that where
these attempts did not entirely
succeed, and in the silver age we find repeatedly
It is

by

and

an,

fact that in the silver age the

well-known

later

on

"

"

''

"

it became

their
Greek
liked to show
words, the authors
necessary. -to use
Greek flexions,
in the nominative
instead of us, u in the
as
os

the
retaining
In the

course

of time such

hellenisms

increased,and

the

of them

great number

knowledge

in

"c.
genitive,

which

occur

in Vitruvius also

Greek words not only

he lived. He uses
helpto indicate the periodwhen
where
he may
and
argumentations,
possibly
quote from a Greek source, but also in his own
connected
with Greek flexions,as VI praef.
4
et philotechnis
rebus," X, 4, 5
philologis
He does not even
afraid of ois instead of
colossicotera,'*
I, 1, 13 "aniatrologetos.**
seem
"

"

is,as

**

pentadorois II, 3, 3.

**

characteristic hellenism

thari, V,
as

1, 3

"

is the

use

inferiorum
superiora

alia

of the

the comparative
longiussitaha ab
in Apuleius,
in
as

to
genitivecorresponding

fiericontractiora,"I, 5, 4

"

ut

ne

missionis** (as in the manuscripts).This grecismis found

sagittae
statuas et imaginesdignioribus
:
meique maioribus reservare
Animam
omnium
dogm. Plat, I, 9 :
gignentium esse seniorem ;

Met, III, 11

suadeo

**

"

*'

....

in

'*

de

Tertullian,

ON

OBSEBVATIONS

40

Apol.

Pastor

''

maiora

Archiv
this

that

says

him

for

I have

well, but

He

below.

for

etiam

quo

videtur

striking

of

attraction

of

Athenseus

and

(Itala), as

retained,

in

the

knew

I should

Plautus

my

comp.

AtheruBum

Ennius."

and
I

instead

sacris

from

pretty

II, 1, 4

will

Latin

of

not

am

mentioned
his

but

sources,

mention

3, 11

his

pondere

**

eequo

demonstrative

the

maxime

deorum

in

gymnasia,"

relicto

be

will

we

IX,

as

sunt

non

spatio

"

omission

Greek."

praef.3, VIII, 1, 5, IX, 3,

item, comp.

quorum

civitatibus

quibus

relative

of

the

which

influences

these

striking

the

from

largely

knowledge

Among

sedibus

"

in

the

thought

Irenseus

regular construction
been

reviewer

{/cat)in comparisons,

etiam

Equally

I, 7, 1

his

Greek.

(ovBev ^aaov)

"Herculi

and

esse"

chapters

drawn

have

by

superfluous

relative, as

the

before

the

Flautus

translated

"

the

than

more

corona."

fuerat

Vitruvius

influenced

the

above-mentioned

of

Bible

the

genitive has

by

it.
that

minus

non

Further

17, "c.

of

has

here

Vulgate

indicating the places.

likely to

more

seems

style is appreciably
preference

said

been

translation

avoided

not

DECEM

translations

Latin

the

Latin

The

genitive is

found

translated

has

he

that

to

never

often

It has
sure

Greek

LIBRI

occasionally the

flf. The

"p. 117

YIl,

Lex.

slipshod

obliged

been

have

/.
"

but

so,

in

oldest

facient."

horum

mostly

and

hsec/'

quam

Vfolf"m^

maiora

"

the

ARCHITECTURA

"

terrain

in

frequently

very

6, 27

I Maccab.

et Africes

Asiae

maiorem

"

Hermes

DE

VITRUVn

and

tutela

civitas

still

the

arborum

quanto

pronoun

more

longitudines

patiuntur."
In

syntax of Vitruvius,

the

expressing
**

maior

latitudine

which
"

also

appears

Plin.

II,

unius

But

attract

and

Varro

as

attention

is his

with

accusative,

our

equally employs

he

the

the

genitive,a

Pliny,

of this

denum,

Vitruvius

dimidise," cf. Ill,

et

altse

septuagenum,

pedum

Thus

7.

instead

his

latas

''areas

H.

N.

of

way

^^

as

construction

XXXVI,

92

longas pedum

III, 4 (5), 1

(5), 3, IV,

latum

rationibus, uti, si

4, 2

erunt

parte

also

longa
the

uses

in

sunt

qusB

"c.

facito."

sit columnfle

" (5), 1, VIII,

ablative, comp.
(columnarum)

crassitudines

"

"

quinquagenum

uti lataet

"

(8), 1, IV, 4, 1, VIII,

IV,

pede,"

octava

quinquagenum

centenum

genitivus qtccUitatisVitruvius

sesquipede,

longum

"

extenuentur

but

authors,

quinum

pedum

XXXVI,

crassitudinis

II, 3,

latsB

140,

(6), 4 "c.

more

16:

10,

XVni,

"

ancient

that

regular construction

imse

(pyramides)

Columel.

in

things

the

uses.

XX

pedes

quam

of the

one

often

He

measures.

fronte,

hse

flant

parte."
similar

"

**

Arretio," IV,

"

of

(8),4

ibi, V, 8

arboribus

excisis

I, 2, 1, it

*'

VII,

(If

considered

be

comici
the

as

Even

ablative

This

names

the

in

Hispania

appears,

with

the

peragunt,"
the

II, 9,

genitive,II, 8,

Cicero's

against

in

put

are

"^gypto

genitive

of

scena

is foimd

testimony

harmonises

in

actores

same

the

instead

Zacyntho."

"

tragici et

coUocatis."

well

Country

Asia," VI, 1,

frequently.

in the

of towns

"eo

"Achaia

II, 6, 5

Sunio," VIII, 3,

(7), 2:

determinations.

local

the

Gallia,"

et

Names

eoque

as

may

in

found

Ponto

"

et AfricsB."

Cretse

instead

is

preposition, as

13, 2

VII,

Ponto,"
13

wavering

without

ablative

the

use

X, ^
ad

Ep.

of

eo

12:

Brutum

genuineness

of

those

epistles.)
is constructed

Noceri
mentia
de

dogm^ate Platonis
Est

causa

occurring
of the

gerund
p. 57

Italian

and

II,

It

rare

is,as

Spanish.

in

larix ab

passive voice, II, 7,

the

carie

aut

of

II, 9, 15, instead

Madvig,

poets, comp.

is very

ff.

"

tinea

non

**

neque

nocetur."

ab

ignis

vehe-

Similarly Apuleius

17.

cognoscere,

in the

Praun,

personally

II, 9, 14

nocentur."

we

in

Lat.

Gr.

cognoscendi, is
" 419.

Vitruvius, whereas

know,

the ablative

form
^

the

It has

ablative

which

construction

been
is

passes

noticed

and

now

that

the

then

genitive

exceedingly frequent, comp.

into

the

Bomance

languages

//^

"^

As

prose

good

longer

comp.

Studia

in Studemund's

In

result.

real

according

Plautus

find

we

indiscriminately in

the

It is the

of every-day

negligence

for his rhythms

dependent
in II, 6, 4
17

"

but

infemas
lectum

est, qua

generibus

tradita

proprietatibus

firma
et

sunt

et

fact which

Finally

esse,
as

will not

1, 1, 16

shall*
to

word

These

to

In

and

the

Romance

of

speaking

more

in

forgotten by

cultivated

speaking
the

last

to

language.
existed,

even

does

It has

of

oratio

an

it is

and

singulis
quibusque

rationibus

haec

nobis

"quae

obliqua
for

praef.9

words.

We

where

in other

also appear

imclassical

Quorum

**

the

indicative,

the

certainly

VII

as

the

infinitive

the

notas."

to

IV,

is very

verb

have

to

ei

utrum

often

noticed

already

Similarly

sentence.

habere

governing

point

the

to

We

the

at

which

differed

To

sure,

be

and

of

belong

find

auxiliaries,

the

which

they

3, 2

belong,

qui metopas

"

its

before

put

object,

the

in

proved
ages,

yet
a

that

it

spite
was

popular tongue

The

in

less

or

and

of
not

this
so

similar

difference,
with

the

to

that

the

or
we

perly
pro-

would
the
that

find

is

words

(slang

it remains

Romans,

way

it

old

some

Vitruvius

which

of

source

former

the

arbitrary formations
like

vulgar

somewhat

appears

; in

to
been

literary

between

latter by

writer

the
the

real

the

language

the

of

besides

was

latter

the

in

mind,

of

language,

it). However,

been

classes.

has

phenomenon

difference

and

language

influence

the

it,and

in all nations

negligent

this

existed

there

from

Latin

the

that

it to

ages

lower

somewhat

to

attribute

much

very

of the

that

indicated

remotest

we

of

decadence

have

classical

not

in the

of

more

De

(7), 7:

substituted

But

the

before

superior culture
society,and by some
more

not

usS

make

the

even

former

notions

in

philologists. They

people and

the

some

some

"

"quibus
8

intel-

eo

indicative

comparatsB

irregularities
may
4.

position of

tongues.

languages.

by

and

clause,

foremost

others

many

popular tongue

refined

enriched

relative

the

sum,

Romance

of educated

quotes

II, 9, 17

8:

est, qusB

ex

sentence.

differently explained by many

tongue, for it is thought that
the

discipUnas penitus

whole

or

features

its transition

clauses

subjunctive
similar

as

preferably placed

are

"

poena/'

negation

the

in relative

Obs.

indefinite

brieflymention

put

(8),

has

dicam."

369

"

11

in

pulvis,'*II, 9,

deterior

the

instituantur, exposui.*' IX,

him

Vitruvius

(16), 10

esse

17.

v.

indicative

the

clearly where

videantur

moods

it suited

where

Praun

sentence,

same

both

see

abies

22

any

which

Amphitruo

ibi nascitur

dicitur

cogitabant."
most

the

even

putting

etiam

limits

without

Nevertheless

supemas

rerum

consider,

to

constitit

facere."

sequales volunt

language

in

vice versd, the

Gr,

an

possint

ut

stop

in

velle, "c.

**

side
natura

and

Lat,

digna

we

and

posse,

whether

non

appears

indicative

the

used,

subjunctive

inclination

the

find

Madvig,

merenti

accident,

be

to

we

comp.
the

employ

ita

penetrare

sint inventa,

frequently

we

authors,

Becker

sentences

author

prsBstat usus,** X,

rules

modmn

ad

quem

quibus

subjunctive ought
is

quid

in

all

Plautus,
E.

distinct

such

we

by

and

draw

Plautus'

doubt.

or

in urbe

diutumitatem

of

the

indulge

would

.,

by

used

Terence

Plautus, but

several

on

followed

subjunctive, holds

especially by

in

subjunctive;

rationibus, exposui," cf. II, 10, 3, VI,

esse

That

quid

disregard of
placed side by

are

quibus

procreantur
potenmt

....

subjimctive

the

in

been

has

ita qusB

The

p. 72.

on

passages

the

flf.,
to

117

comment

reflection

adversarii

ratione

the

writer

prose

in aedificiis ad

egregios

rule

by

made,

I p.

also

my

desideratio

Insequitur animadversio,

DECEM

general

indicative

the

comp.

really expresses

Eelinquetur

"

and

which

talk

classical

no

which

clause

the

been

Latinos

have

to

sentence,

same

have

indicative

the

opinion ought

Becker's

to

subjimctive

the

that

Attempts

3.

priscos Scriptores

ad

application of

the

between

known

LIBRI

approaches daily talk, especiallyin

Obs.

356

"

Gr.

Lat

ARCHITECTURA

dependent interrogativeclause

language

the

when

Madvig,

DE

sufl"cientlywell

fact

writers, to express

classical
no

it is

moods,

to

VITRUVn

ON

OBSERVATIOICS

be
same

there

towards

OBSERVATIONS

the

close

himself
that

"

of

show,

of the

empire.

as

have

we

"

in the

only

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been

boasts

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man.

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DE

time

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at

as

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witness

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notice

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DECEM

it has
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in the

but

ARCHITECTURA

Vitruvius

quoting

In

seen

plain imeducated

not

VITRUVII

ON

as

we

he

that

from

being

going

are

which

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to

not

Augustus.
II

If the
language is striking,the style is
quoted specimens, highly afiPected. The author
unsuccessful.

out

Cum

This

divina

taque virtute

tua

is shown
et

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scriptaet magnis
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offensionem.

ea

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et

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apto tempore interpellanssubirem

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Cn.

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ad

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in

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scorpionum

primo

cum

beneficio

eo

ergo

tuam

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contulit

te

et

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servasti.

in

parentis

ballistarum

eis commoda

cum

Gum

studiosus.

imperium

et

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commendationem

sororis

per

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in eius

meum

Minidio

tribuisti, recognitionem

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studium

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et

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de

etiam

parenti

sedibus

in

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cselestium

M.
Itaque cum
reliquorumque
mihi

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etiam
ut
aucta,
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verum
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te

above-

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victoriaque tua

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populusque Bomanus
audebam,
cogitationibusconsiliisquegubernaretur, non

we

classics,but

dedication

subactffi
tuis

the

imperator Caesar,

stratis, triumpho

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verti multa
te aBdificavisse
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tradantur, curam
ut
amplitudine rerum
posteris memoriae
gestarum
pro
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facta et futura
et ante
Conscripsi praescriptionesterminatas, ut eas
qualia sint opera per
mtiones.*
habere
te posses
nota
his voluminibus
disciplinae
aperui omnes
; namque

obligatus,ut

**

When

Csesar,

and

when

and

relieved

of such
about

and

from

time

state,

welfare
but

also

of

that

state, but

have

excellent

ought
with
this
his

not
my

"

virtue

gods, he

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quality
has

by

models

book

"

of

thee

not

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sublime

thee

(valour) ;

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transferred

had
as,
to

soon

as

For

thy

taken

by

an

an

the

public
be

thought
as

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father

need

salary

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thou

in

counsel

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the

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im-

have

in

want

work

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of

memory

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those

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The

possible.

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all the

rules

translation
Of

course,

the

be

is
a

bad

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ancient

had

building

public

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with

rules,

consulting

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because

erected, for

made

to

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an

as

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state

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deeds.

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me

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care

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built

private buildings, so

of ballistas

grantedst

this benefit,

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wishedst

thou

as

fear

Cn.

the

as

and

shooting

So, being

this

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much,
as

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There

Minidius

well

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his

to

thee.

to

M.

other

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of

account

clinging

construction

which

write

to

noticed

the

in

on

not

began

well

knew

inteirest

thee

to

thy great

dwellings

the

the

received

its favour

repairing

sister^s recommendation.

might

empire

in

tion

only provinces might

the

and

work

of
of

arrangement

scorpions,

surrendered

in

mine

Aurelius,

M.

helped

Cornelius,

acknowledgment

of the

constitution

the

fore, together with

been

has

of

transferred

haa

memory

dominion

ardour

great
at

care

his

this

power,

and

midst

displeasure,

take

only

things.
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been

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public buildings,

and

my
with

not

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also

these

mine,

with

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didst

sublime

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executed

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about
of

fear

up

and

in

forward
had

looked

people
by thy

venture,

convenient

added

the

ruled

not

all and

of the

Roman

were

come

and

buildings,so
to

to

thou

by

defeated

peoples

the

did

which

for

thought,

observing that

con:m[ion

business,

grave

been

all

and

fear,

counsel,

inconvenient
But

had

thy

thy compatriots glorified in

victory,

architecture,

efiforts of

enemies

whole

the

over

and

mortality,

genius, Emperor

and

dominion

thy divinity, when

to

senate,

all

haberem

non

mind
its

valour, and

thy triumph

thoughts

divine

thy

invincible

humbly

vitse

extending

was

world,

thy

exitum

so

others,

buildings as
in

this book

art."
to

be

affected

as

correct

Latin

cannot
C

as

10

OBSERVATIONS

The

with

is the

model

author's

following

the

ON

lines

VITRUVn

letter

well-known

Gum

sustineas

tot

Italas

Bes

et

armis

Si

he

true,

interest

his

he

building, he
this

about

emperor

wishes

to

French

Even

We

that

might

scarcely imagine

can

anything

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death

being

has

no

Vepoque

his

it of

does

own

to
a

of

fond
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importance.

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this

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arrogance

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his

book

accord,

and

in

year

27

B.c-

by

him,

to

an

him

sister, given

his

of

d'Auguste)

Vitruvius

asked

taken
favour

is

is

read

his

information

the

get

ideas

It

we

and

Augustus

that

may

modest

Caesar

his

of

aware

details.

transferred

has

he

writer

little later

of

out

that

little into

knowTi

has

idea

the

anything

and

coarse

more

at

go

he

emperor

romaine

he

us

recommendation
and

the

have

let

that

Caesar's

author

science

spiritof Augustus,
hear

the

on

possible that

address

the
upon

the

it became

written

was

of

surname

and

permanent,

inferior

an

several

is

Ccesar

Imperator

Octavianus

indicated

book

La

Augustus

that

moment

which

see

We

and

but

divine

after

work

Horace,

gratitude,

the

peceem,
Caesar."

tempora,

latter

the

acknowledgment

benefits.

conferred
that

this

distinctlyas

as

his

tua

author

the

having,

(Terquem,

by suggesting
of received

of

that

show

We

subject.

author

declares

and

written

has

begins

ornes,

surprised,to begin with,

are

contemporary

virtue,"

"

This

Augustus.
pension,

of

great efforts of thought.

own

in

which

Augustus,

to

commoda

dedications

two

We

publiea

morer

lines

the

by speaking

commences

his

about

imitating

of

think

could

than

Vitruvius.

of

Horace

DECEM

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in

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these

tasteful

and

those

than

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longo

between

difference

refined

from

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Legibus emendes,

What

LIBRI

**

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ARCHITECTURA

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rank.

But

years

later.

Augustus

at

In

startling.
;

any

of

The

the

adopted

was

could

rate

writers

it

literature

history of

the

from

that

suppose

the

Quirinus

of

temple

the

mentions

author

senate

and

replaced by Imperatory

be

not

the

(III, 1 (2), 7), which

(III, 2

Rome

which

that

served

time.

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Horace,

Yet

inferior

an

omission
knows
Fanum

This

title

the

Adriatic,

building

the

centre

So

there

the

only title of Imperator^

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In

be

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very
his

Horace,
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model,

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he

in this

says

place

uses

is
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; instead
:

haa

*'

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family

name,

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badly expressed.
tense,

present
of

saying
thou

scarcely

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**

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As
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ex-

'

While
Of

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ShaU
That

the

you

the

steals

so

public

one

his

the

Jupiter.

patron

by

tedious
moment

so

with

weal

of

weight

prove
our

(Old English

great

defend.

arms

amend,

laws

with

letter

helping

in

important
and

serious

and

morals

with
not

of

service

sustain

affairs,

in

Mela.

V, X.
done

alone

you

Rome's

While

has

he

that

he

occupied

which

addresses

always

that

built

Pomponius
temple

the

II, III, IV,

Books

himself

not

still he

has

he

Augustiy

and

but

This

elsewhere

basilica

ades

Forum

upon

Augustus.

it, like

calls

he

as

the

him

him.

quite suitable,

shows

he

describes

he

the

about

conferred
is

calling
as

Augustus,

name

about

paraphrase,

first sentence

his

1,

for

prefaces

says

English
a

honour

Horace

of

letter

written

been

have

to

Therefore

13.

year
the

in

theatre

stone

one

and

B.C.,

title of

Fanestris,

the

14

surprising

temple

the

in

avoided

more

knew

he

in the

the

basilica, viewing

comp.

refined

by

V, chapter

constructed

seems

have

Julia

with

that

; it would

Vitruvius
hast

and

good

the

Vitruvius

dedication

The

translation.

doubt

no

alteration

complete

Where

be

can

much

Colonia

or

long side of

the

of

not

book

was

by

him

could

In

connected

was

mentioned
calls

only

he

written

dedication

author's

so

well.

been

knows

and

B.C.,

of Balbus

have

is not

16

year

theatre

friend,

is

side

quite

the

on

the

Vitruvius

his

on

for

intimate

like

the

must

Augustus

his

in

the

book

the

model

as

same

whereas

(3),2),

they conclude

built

was

crime

Csesar^s

time

trofMlation,)

'

'

ON

OBSERVATIONS

machines

to construct
tell

not

what

us

it

seems

art will be

that

he

he

with

entrusted

the

pretends

salaryfor
he

this work
was

officer who

such

post

had

his

did

ever,
How-

book.

and

his time

served
he

; that

does he

but why

hydraulicengineer?

an

this

know

not

have

Cassar's time

relates from

things he
to

been,

an

engineer in

it becomes

Caesar's

clear

service.

What

quoted in support of his a.ssertion. He mentions

with
who, we axe told,went
proprietor,
great landed
these expeditions
on
stayed with Yitruvius as his guest,aiid carried on
with him
all day long. However,
nothing of such
historyknows
been

has

YIII, 4, 25

Julius,

C.

in his wars,

Caesar

of Masinissa,

son

and

conversations

learned

non-conmiissioned

been

received

(see below), that

11

DECEM

LIBRI

got this office after having written

have

may

have

what

not

was

certain

he

clearlybelow.
looking closelyat

tells in book

he

Frontinus

from

unlikelythat

should

that he

siege,and

ARCHITECTURA

seen

in

And

that

very

pensioned

was

said

been

It has

of
learn

we

DE

VITRUVU

quite arbitraryconjectureto identifyhim with the Meisintha

71, or with the Masinissa
spoken of in Appianus, CiviL lY, 54,
Most
who
an
never
was
ally of king Juba.
an
likelythis man
eager Pompeian, and
ness
be allegedas an
existed at all ; anyhow, this story cannot
argument for the trustworthiwhat
But
shall we
of Yitruvius.
say to the followingstory ?
the
II, 9, 15 "c.
Caesar, it is said,stood with his army
near
Alps {circaAlpes). He
in the surrounding country to send him
but there was
had ordered all towns
a
provisions,
mountain
fort which
would
This place had
to be taken, and
Caesar advanced
not obey.
it. But in front of its gate stood a high tower
built up of trunks placed alternately
towards
lengthwiseand crosswise as a pile. Fire was laid to it,but it would not catch, and the town
Caesar learned that these trunks
could only be made
to surrender
by a regularsiege. Then
Masinissa, for it is

mentioned

which

in Suetonius, Jul,

would
the

not

burn

of

name

of the

those

were

castle

the

hitherto

fore,
that, there-

larch-tree,larix, and

unknown

Larignum

castellum

was

Larchtree

castle.

It strikes

us

as

and
the whole
Alpine fortress bears a quiteLatin name,
tale about
this incombustible
cannot
tree id so evidentlya cock-and-bull
story, that we
But
the author
possiblyimagine it to have been written by an engineer in Caesar's army.
he relates at the close of his
betrays himself even
more
unmistakably by the story which
than
he says, had
The
work
about the siegeof Massilia.
(X, 22, 11 flf.)
besiegers,
dug more
counter-worked
thirtymines, and were
by the besieged,who deepened the moat in front of

peculiarthat

very

wall and

the
those

who

of Massilia

barbaric

small

let floods of water

down

upon

finallygaining the victory. Now

think of any other siegethan that by Caesar in

the

history

in the

arranged water-basins

advanced

through

does not

for this state

allow

us

the
to

mines,

in order

town

to

thus

the

year

49

and
other
of no
knew
friendlyrelations to Bome
than
enemies
the Gauls, by whom
no
siege is reported to have taken place,and to whom
attribute such a methodical
cannot
we
proceeding. But now we possess in the second book
of Caesar's Bellum
Civile his own
descriptionof the siege. It givesa detailed report about
the walls that were
which
and besiegingmachines
towards
conducted
built, the towers
were
the walls ; it tells us that the inhabitants
set fire to these machines, that they were
replaced
that the town
had to surrender, for the besiegedcitizens did not gain the
by others, finally
is
There
about mines ; the whole tale about them
is not a singleword
victory in the end.
and
here we
fortunate enough to seize the impostor in the very act.
a fiction,
are
The

always

only edifice

basilica which
that
was

in Eavenna
used

of the

stood

he says
all

in the

of

which

he

has

most

our

author

built in Fanimi

public and

speaks
on

the

private buildingsare

more

in

Adriatic.
based

on

detail is the above-mentioned

If

we

add

and
piles,

to this
that

he says, was
for this purpose,
a tree which,
only known in the towns
Po and on
natural to conclude
that this
the Adriatic Sea, it seems

his remark

the
on

was

larch-tree

the

mouths

his

home-

12

ON

OBSERVATIONS

To

country.
mentions
not

time

when

Bome

architecture,

when

Strabo

when

remain

being

him

that

Augustus

Indeed,
time

of

some

inaugurated

only

in

the

only

year

the

in modern

to

"c.

the

had

"c., not

time.

it

the

of

marble,"

capital (V, 3, 8),

should

slightestindication

where

he

of

speaks

of

having

wishes

he

reason

"

give

to

Not

word

trifles

columns,

the

Doric

if he

wanted

this

was

construct

to

instead

style

of

alluded

says

of

restoration,

and

19,

the

which

Doric,

the

here,

little

was

572)

p.

justly

not

it

which

temple

may

splendid edifice, did

which

to

inaugurated by

older

we

of

to belong
seem
in
Quirinus, which

of

Topographiey

whereas

columns,

the

all

temple

the

Bom.

that

mentions

he

they

temple

be

ill-treated

and

dipteros octastylos, according

the

by

it may

witness

What

to, and

Campus

on

though

as

and

new

for

Severus,

in Vitruvius.

Ultor

Mars

Caesar, the temple

cos.feoit,bears

arguments.

of

number

temple

made

LIV,

only

of

be

spite of Becker's

same

Corinthian

the

use

(in
the

and

size

same

and

Cassius

of

14,

year

of Marcellus

temple

still admire,

III

those

to

seem

the

by Septimius

this

with

Dio

but

well

quite

replaced might
Augustus,

16

year

as

and

all

compared

exception might

as

we

"

Agrippa

M,

about

the

the

Theatre

magnificent buildings of Agrippa

Hadrian

by

The

with

Augusti

finished,

Pantheon

inscription:

book.

in

finished

not

were

his

Forum

of the

the

restored

was,

mere

An

76

in

Augustus

custom,

lived

works

of

town

which

who

splendid

into

find

not

Augustus

were

speak

to

which

of

III, 1 (2), 7, is qualifiedas

the

do

written

later, and
number

large

unchanged.

probably

had

world's

only

he

colour

architect

an

most

bricks

of

the

we

of

have

to

years

preserved

buildings are

Vitruvius

of what

is

older

an

And

edifices

supposed

four

but

remains

times,

ensemble
Boman

that
the

above-quoted preface
for which
building much,

is

and

magnificent

or

B.C.

last

shadow

indeed

Borne

used

has

in the

except

built

is

three
2

Jupiter Tonans,

Martius,

the

Vitruvius

when

was

of

has

marvels.

little about

very

Aventine

town

of

DECEM

advice.

useful

the

by

by them,

the

"

description

these

knows

Mount

by constructing

transforming

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unknown

others

along

following

and

Any

but

DE

only

uses

the

source

past is nothing but humbug,

care

not

to

refer.

Kunstachri/tsteller (1887)

p.

17.

16

OBSERVATIONS

The

architects

He

book

has

he

what

has

time.

the

seen

says,

all artists
The

perfonn

orchestra

to

It has

well

as

The

thymelici.

astonished

height

this

the

seeing

TheateVy

the

it seemed
in

Epidaurus,

limit

the

proscenii.

but

railing in
not

order

to

sit

Ampliorem

apud

eos

it

was

The

depth

wall

of

plus pedum
possint

habent

omnium

et

eo

comici

eius

tra
V, uti qui in orches-

agentium
Grseci

latitudine

quod

in orchestra

actores

"

eos,'*
in

scena

have

in

scenam

meant

quod

perhaps
pera-

as

reliqui

gimt,

abyss

Greece

separatim

nominantur.

minus

debet

pedum

V,

scene

esse

(7),1

preciditque

cuius

extremam

circinationem
in qua

It would

orchestram

per

et

latus

constituitur

frons

ab

non

XII.

proximutn

est

circinationis,

curvaturse

thymelici

logei altitudo

plus

et

it is

foundation

the

Eius

quadrati

be

with
But

scenici

non

on

not

able,
only unsuit-

suas

eo

proscenii,

finitio

but
has

front.
to

ex

Jinitio

furnished

in

curvaturam

designatur
designatur

X,

the

it.
not

be

high-

hindmost

columns,

seem

itaque

theatre

feet

the

be

about

to

until

the

one,

artifices

autem

who

griechische

Vitruvius

ornament

actiones,

prsestant

from

"

correct

eleven

which

rises

an

are

absolutely

of

of these

would

the

We

honour

being

was

it had

and

latter

the

Das

to

the

in

ft.'

12

would

foremost

the

stage,

into

scenici

higher.

exactly

in front

that

art

of

excavation

this

size which

logeon, because

while

Dorpfeld,

the

be

to

supposed

'

the

right. Anybody

with

at

acted

and

gestus.

et

pulpitum,

[codd.

not

in

their

places of

their

colonnade

falling down
is

; et

to

but

It

the

"

be

statement

consider

we

from

designata

orchestram

minoreque

**] tragioi

loca

seats

said

confirmed

this

form

Grsecorum,

quam

operam,

front

stage-building which

the

colonnade

dant

to

supposed

of

Eome

orchestra.

exceed

to

feet

twelve

by Vitruvius,^

to

author

spectators

names

not

understand.

orchestra

thought

not

ft. and

pulpitum

not

this

now

cutting

in

the

display

the

by

do

was

described

actors

pulpitum

Rcena

sedibus

ne

\oyfiov appellant, ideo

''

fiierit

sunt

sederint, spectare

recessiorem

the

prevent

artifices in

pulpiti altitudo
'^

the

by

above-mentioned

senatorum

antem

the

impossible, especially if

latius factum

Ita
omnes

behind

were

the

it

in

It is called

is ten

monumentally

out

length of twenty-two,

simply
The

so.

quod

by

metres

borne

scencdy

them.

covered

we

credited

construction

/rows

is determined

indicated,
three

the

performers

which

roof

the

may

nobody
be

10

Eoman

as

the

artists

other

the

find

allow

deep.

each

to

actors,**

case

appeared

to

the

stage,
The

the

to

which

according

of

is

from

former

which

by

because

Greek,

go

Greek

the

Thus,*'

"

seats

other

exactly

sitting in
the

less

the

than

of

were

of

Therefore

356.

p.

Though,

who

movements

and

back

less

the

the

is formed

their
to

in

that

own

may

be

orchestra,
reason

order

to

not

out

the

his

to

(chap. 6, 2).

(7), 2

distinguished

are

the

there, while

perform

logeon ought

the

"

stage is further

corresponds

than

this

quite recently
in

of this

height,

whether

doubts

they

spectators

all

the

have

His

describes

he

descriptions

off ^,

of the

Greek.

previous

two

in

is

it is different

was

orchestra,

that

ft., in

actors

chap.

says,

actors

logeum

higher
at

and

comic

reason

Greek

the
feet

prevent

the

as

for which

orchestra,

So

larger orchestra

tragic

he

than
senators

of the

the

cutting

by

the

exceed

not

movements

theatre

Greek

the

whereas

stage,

part of

Eoman

is broader

theatre

must

stage

all the

see

About

is five

the

of

height

the

on

the

It

; here

points

said,

have

we

the

then

theatre

the

he

as

selves.
them-

theatre.

monuments

that

so

were

Eoman,

from

drawn

not

writers

doubt,
Greek

which

difference

hindmost

in

orchestra,

Eoman

same,

no

Greek

and

few

the

of

the

the

to

seen,

the

are

the

up

not

fundamental

the

with

regard

had

he

only

first the

well

pretty

certainly

are

time,

own

description

theatres,

With

eyes.

As

his

the

agrees

which

takes

stage of the

the

"

of

treats

own

other.

circle of the

of the

from

perhaps
his

to

DECEM

LIBRI

architecture

whom

closer

principal features

stage, which

the

theatre

oflf^

the

each

parallel with

his

structure

the

However,

he

theatre

Eoman
with

is about

question

**

7, that

ARCHITECTURA

Greek
of

was

thing, appears

one

V, chap. 6 and

description of

about

which

source

DE

mentions,

he

whom

used

This, for

Varro.

Vitruvius

given by

accounts

ancient

the

VITRUVU

OX

ea

ea

regione

regione

parallelos
scense.

ad

linea

ON

OBSERVATIONS

of the

stage, the hjrposcenium,

of

the

for certain

from

Theater,

in front

colonnade

the
in this

this

had

There

of

in

when

on,

Isis had

of

seaport

penetrated

to

countries,

and

the

did

not

prevent

surely

XLVII,

temple
Martins

to

up

(Dio

Cass.

relax.

In

sent

was

Augustus
coordinate

for these

Venus,
"

gymnasiums

theatra
for

said,

ot

amphitheatres,

of the
town

empire.
;

but

never

know

we

found
He

Augustus

that

his

"

and

the

gives the

built

temple

was

understand

empire

time

rule

to Mars

that

others

were

out

Serapis

made

bum

in

exiled

other

the

circus

Pater,

in the
sunt

gymnasiums
Rome

was

Mars

splendid

is

remains

their

of

his

to

all towns,

in the

Mars

where

situated
are

and

not

that
the

are

amphi-

one,

supposed

of which

and

place.
there

only

at

and

same

cities

be

Tib.

work

in Roman

case

troops

Italy (Suet.
in

the

foreign

costmnes

body

neque

to

21

ings
surround-

this

towns

the

before

year

gymnasia

it is

indeed

night

Hercules,

possessed

Vitruvius

Campus

the

dedicates

absurdities

non

the
In

from

who

this

where
the

on

disposition of

to

of

year

Serapis (Dio

remove

taking place

as

are

temple of
the

to

enlisted

Apollo, Liber

In

the

come

Roman

interdicts

its nearest

and

author

an

Augustus

Ultor,

far

the

told

not

are

ordered

were

were

about

the

to
was

civitatibus

Taurus.

we

worship

B.C., the

and

Vespasian spent

Jews

near

of

in 43

ut

and

missing

never

in

("
era

our

These

Isis

probably

Rome

harbour

It is true, the

to

of

gods

highest place,

the

centurj' of

nay,

time

different

resistance

class;

time

There

anything

hear

second

there

attempt

that

quibus

in the

temple

city of

Isis

the

temple
in

to stand

which

all tolerably large cities, which

further

call

to

live at the
the

particular exception.

of

and

of

Minerva,

mentions

at

the

opinion

we

not

in

Isis and

Isis

of
and

"

he

of

Roman

did

serious

and

some

imagine

by Statilius

stone
in

for

of

we

is to have

we

considerable, built of
were

"

he

amphitheatres

Elsewhere

").

gods

that

used

his

particularlywas

town,

serious

return,

Jupiter, Juno
the

are

it is

Hercules,"

no

with

them

even

worship

the

he

formed
per-

Plautus,

height

foreign worship.

lowest

in the

worshippers

can

actors
of

enough
the

of the

different.

of

the

was

6), and
19

to

Now,

mention

crtn

this

adorers

never

II, 85).

Ann,

Tac.

Sardinia

to

and

Serapis,near

and

met

here

the

to

worship

LIV,
a.d.

the

sense

temples

in the

this

erection

Campense

divine

thousand

four

also

built

the

to

but

The

Italy.

from

altogether

it had

being

Iseum

Rome

did not

implements

which

the

was

into

were

it was

forbidden

certainly outside

7jt stadia

government
cult

it

entry

meant

the

in

close

author

of Isis and

those

Augustus

concession

was

prohibited Egyptian

Augustus

and

it

Isis

to

doubt

no

Hkely

very

triumphal

his

36,

15),

of

times

granted

was

situated, but

was

time

several

temples

only

which

which

the

quite natural

places, but

many

griechische

but
unjustifiable,

the

spread everywhere,

was

the

at

had

senate

official assent

dissolution,
Cass.

but

be

would

of Isis

worship

the

with

town

Das

time

natural

thing

the

which

Minerva

and

place, or, like

This

the

stated

same

towards

places in

the

Jupiter,Juno

of

market

which

still

has

wider

on

was

logeum,

fact that

the

testify to

given for

Serapi in emporio ").

Isidi' et
later

in the

in

know

we

theatres.

Greek

are

Those

"

Mercury

it

is

tion
reconstruc-

colonnade

from

sources,

the

word

lived

who

place

Thus

mean

the

latest

beginning
taken

already

misunderstanding

author

an

which

passages

I, 7, 1 rules

situated

to be
that

it with

such

course

ancient

the

other

In

Of

Vitruvius.

feet, taking it to

changing

especiallyin

seen

are

Augustus.
but

it.

occur,

it up

took

by

the

afterwards

wall, viz. the

back

Eomans

the

(comp. Dorpfeld,

from

which

from

corresponding

it

to

latter, according to Greek

twelve

to

of this

elsewhere
the

then

with

never

were

ten

given

(a-Krjvq), was

the

sense

where

and

it could

and

be

to

name

synonymous
that

this

Varro

wall

front

in

space

is

name

the

17

DECEM

This
{irpoa-xi^viov).

proscenium

where

proscenium,

back

it is used

sense

proscenium

word

the

In

play.

misunderstood

by

of

this

LIBRI

it is known

as

is

Oropos,

near

which

the

whole

the

designated
and

But

102).

p.

it,and

calls

right name

theatre

inscriptionin

its

preserved

small

the

Its

ARCHITECTURA

DE

Pollux

scs

Athens.

in

theatre

VITRUVII

as

very

theatres
amphi-

later time
outside
still to

the
be

outside

erected

I, 2, 5 rules

Li

in

but

reality the

god, but

Mars

Minerva,

find

Qucdst.

there

because

time

the

at

crevisse

ardores

did not

et abundavisse

is waste

burning

is

of

heard

any

read

we

or

if

and
as

several

attempts

water

found

had

places

examination

{mniores),

but

it waef

flf.)
give
the

but

us

test

he

where

also

of the

someness

bore

from

what

those

that

IV,

were

liver.

has

been

have

favourable

built

5, 1 Vitruvius

particular circumstances

name

the

were

of

in order

speaks

the

close

to defend

of

the

put obstacles

that

by

the

Would

be

castra

way,

of

stativa
he

of the
the
the

has

building
the
he

be

in

of

fortified

water.

found,

latter

case

whole-

the

different

something

means

thinks

the

about

(I,

meaning

real

the

though

which

Lucan

not

is to

question

To

much

so

of

quality of
town

were

were

ancients

the

omission
does

livers

places."

by

idea of the
the

after

which

showed

who

the
And

no

chosen,

than

republic ;

orientation

for

place
to

act

an

used

the

damaged

the

other

to

If

been

food

the

he

finding out

of

means

boundaries

in the

custom

moment

importance

of the

moved

is

Vitruvius

has

camp

they

neglected

suitable

greater

is evident
at

it is

him

and

victims

decisive

act

food.

not
that

and

water

Augustus.

most

where

spot for

It

water.

this

of

bad

had

of

sacrificed

they

to

or

and

where

places
Uvers

time,

they discovered

the

the
the

first

the

sound

if

men,

religion have

at

To

only

to

of the

time

the

old

army

applies not

strategicalconsiderations

dangerous
intestines

descriptionof this

of the

examination

this

be

there

in

grazed

illness

to
were

but

the

the

detailed

livers

that

practised at

demoralised

have

due

was

the

also

of

diseased

and

this
that

fortresses

of the

preservation

for the

And

been

He

once

may

examined

They

resolution, thinking

the

their

greenish

sure

which

cattle

constructed.

whether

made

must

the

610

tain
moun-

formerly

consumed."

there

that

").

people

top of the

has

spot

flammam

Augustus

the

"

and

antiquitus

agros

of

been

has

matter

sacrificed

them

food, they built

or

in these

might

this

that

Vesuvius

circa

some

it.

Mount
memorantur

that

(V, 4, 8)

says

of

ignored

time

the

At

conclusion

the

be

to

know

not

they

Vitruvius

zeal

evomuisse

author

an

have

not

("

says,

quoniam

everywhere,

many

If

under

Seneca

sint, sed

so

four,

himself

he

what

are

all round

concluded

combustible

the

ancestors
were

camps

they

diseased, they changed

foimd

Our

**

they could

others,

by

be

only draws

; he

eruption

permanent

animals,

it may

increased

the

cated
dedi-

with

which

tot

more.

could

of

been

fire.

I, 4, 9

In

so

Strabo

manner.

that

extinguished, as

now

subterraneous

towns

ashy,

and

but

in that

of Vesuvius

speak

of

he

79.

a.d.

there

bank

himself

of

comparing

heard

et inde

monte

several

because

fields

the

Corinthian.

quia ubique

heat

the

seems

that

mentioned

have

to

contenting

for

taught

are

on

deity,

particular

recently

temple
it

not

while

never

the

over

great eruption

the

and

twenty-four,

times

forth

Vesuvio

sub

of

heard

has

he

Evidently

in former

vomited

was

Libera

of the

We

the

478), is also

p.

non

not

has

established

had

that

fire

great that

so

winds,
He

round

winds,

esse,

but

reality

it is worth

anywhere.

Augustus

of

the

in

winds,

the

ventos

twelve

counts

II, 6, 2 it is stated

In
became

not

He
more

no

are

and

different

statement

duodecim

Placet

"

should

and

of each

temple

character

belonged.

temples,

though

twenty-four

this

With
17

V,

plures sunt."

nusquam

note

mentions

he

Ceres

Liber

Ceres

for the
the

by
it

Topographic,

Rom,

speaks in detail about

names.

iiat.

temple

of

temple

of

chosen

which

to

Doric

have

of Vesta,

Becker's

(comp.

to be

Corinthian,

is

the

temple

dictated

period
to

know,

the

orders
never

was

the

were

we

as

called

twelve,

of

Hercules

6 Vitruvius

I,

eight, or
must

taste

Hercules

to
In

artistic

Ultor,

generally

Tiber,

the

DECEM

Maximus.

building

style of

Also

well-known

the

to

as

UBRI

city of Rome.

the

Circus

the

ARCHITECTURA

DE

ancient

the

laid down

are

and

of Mars

temple

but

the

by

of

but

town,

city near

in the

situated

was

the

VITRUVH

middle

in the

Forum

his

on

seen

be

of

ON

OBSERVATIONS

18

like

town

empire.

temples

temple

of
and

deities, saying
the

statue

of

"

the

If

no

god

which

look

may

tho3e

of

the

followed

direction.

This

is

Christian

oldest

the

century

system

their entry

had

temples.

lived

will

author

Lucretio

cum

Cicerone,
writer

speaks

if he

httle

was

admired.

was

the

scholastic

lived

that

before
to

the

later

time

the

fourth

churches

the

heathen

century.

the

author

writings

of

rhetorica
Latina.'*
of

age
as

an

nascentes

vero

him

quoted

cum

The

Augustus

natural

sopher,
philo-

antiquarian knowledge
that

in

meet

we

rhetoric

grammar,

the

that

lingua
at

and

that

fourth

the

arte

but

with

the

memoriam

de

have

of the

the

prove

nostram

historical

that

applies to

to

another

know

during

through

authors,

school

of the

We
that

disputare, de

the

learning

divisions

three

common

required,so

sermonem

would

linguistic,but

in

had

necessitated

Vitruvius

post

these

nobody

and

poet,

is the

It

from

taken

examples

as

of

Romans

but

supposed

Plures

conferent

contemporary

it the

was

says

natura

rerum

Varrone

were

de

coram

cum

known

in Varro

nor

velut

he

entry

the

they

at

the

their

environs

was

have
been

**

had

Greece

beginning

Vitruvius.

which

has

3, 17

IX,

acquaintance.

personal

posterorum
as

In

heroes

temples,

cannot

which

more

republic.

Greek

he

that

in

the

taught by

it is this rule

seems

that

which

gods

soil and

the

know

the

the

at

looking

We

In

opposite direction

And

passage

videbuntur

multi

Lucretius

that

his

make

we

it

is

hke

the

and

of those

stand

to

may

deceased

south.

the

what

of

side.

why

the

unless

oriented

changed

one

of

temples

contrary

western

reason

close

but

the

of

the

sacrifice

to

up

go
seem

astonishing

19

DECEM

who

those
statues

those

only

towards

were

mention

the

at

the

was

the

on

Another

We

just

is

turned

in Greece,

as

churches

and

that

so

divine

the

This

east,

system,

oriented

were

the

temples

Etruscan

the

Greeks

the

rising sun,

faced

gods

west,

and

sacrifice.'*

and

Etruscan

west.

the

towards

turn
the

towards

offer prayer

who

temples
the

in it shall

stands

altar

LIBRI

ARCHITECTURA

DE

VITRUVU

ON

OBSERVATIONS

these

dialectic.

and

Ill

All

these

indicia

written

not

was

opinion pretend
and

that

used

the

The

relation

So
between

ff.

architecture.

closely,to

more

have

called

invite

the

these

reader

Frontinus

speaks

authorities,
the

which

those

of

water

and

the
*"

Many

they

of

the

used

one

ha4

new

by

or

who

used

in

either

by

introduced

was

under

plumbers
the

in

the
to

name

fivefold, whereas

who

bom

after

talking personally

it from
oar

with

the

time
Lucretius

wiU

Vitruvius,

city

of

who

those
structure
feel
about

put

nature,
about

with
the

Latin

the

to

times,

he

from

the

Cioero

were

about

tongue.

p.

24

and

they

Later
to

this

the

down

to

formed
rhetoric,

that

f., that

says,

that

and

14

further

on,
some

measure

quinaria,

fact

invention
which

matter

on

according

was

his

conclusion

"

others,

name

in

will

the

XXI

hydraulic

this

that

book,

Agrippa,

the

tubes

of

with

(inche8,=TV ft.).

Its

Agrippa explained

to

ancient

according

Rome.

reader

first

in

blunders
do

examine

to

led

his

In

aqueducts.

by digiti (fingers,=-j^ft.),or by

attributed

be

of

read

Schultz

blunders.

has

is in

It

have

Philologie,

grave

the

these

which

passage

Vitruvius.

common

de

all to

at

wish

of

question

the

by

Bevtce

such

who

of

Frontinus

detail

in

remind

in

work

case.

in

uncia

plumbers
will

those

prominent

use

exclusively

increased

refer

the

most

the

anything

Still I will

specially the

measure

the

to

had

and

Pliny

is not

commits

have

the

champions

is treated

authors.

measures

derived

were

of

one

made

either

continues,

became

as

have

measured

sufficient

be

consider

to

must

he

to

really

cannot

that

the

Tannery,

Paul

Vitruvius

that

agree

he

competent

attention

Frontinus

were

recently by

it would

So

Vitruvius

and

and

that

this

that

show

to

Frontinus

both

They

superficialcalculations

obliged

are

pamphlet,

118

p.

are

we

reader

the

convinced

have

may

Augustan
age ; nevertheless,
because
all deceptive tokens,

the

they

book.

above-mentioned

(1897),

think

during

name

quantity
Vitruvius
of
with

curved
Varro

20

ON

OBSERVATIONS

septenaria \ "c.y

Agrippa,

up

alii

ut

vicenaria,

to

Vitruvium

appellatus quinariaB nomine.

et
plumbarios, ab
qui Vitruvium

latitudinem

in

circumacta

habens

in

rotundum

ab

^,

prioribus

quod

quinque

plana

....

digitorum
Sed

efficiat.

fistulas modulum

hunc

putant

exclusis

faciunt, dicunt

lammina

the

means

quidam

ut

of

length

senaria

urbis

usum

auctorem

plumbea

the

to

\ digiti, as

inductus,

architectum,

quod

eo

it due

viz.

modulus

Agrippam

Qui

venit,

thinks

quadr antes,

("Postea

^.

plimibariisper

himself

quinque

DECEM

LIBRI

ARCHITECTURA

Frontinus

measured

tube, which

of the

diameter

fingers broad.

five

plates,

leaden

DE

VITRXA^II

....

maxime

probabile

sequentibus

crescente,

VII,

septenaria, quae

the

same

explanation

the

latter

as

it is said
if

that

authority

digitorum

the

the

plate

L,

This,

Vitruvius

been

had

separately should

of

him,

before

of

puts

course

As

is

to

the

style

latter

give

compendium

drawn

from

this
'

"

not

of which,

ought

proposes

the
is

recently fomid

vahie
we

is

Neither

not

"

mosaic-like

by the way,
td
adopt

according

to

this

is very

the

ceeded,
ex-

Krohn,

first edition

the
in

Such

quinaria.

the

scripts
manu-

proceeding

of

the

name

work

The

indistinct.

Vitruvius,

of

that
notes

quoted
mentioned

manuscript

the

instead

which
the

but,"

drawn

the

Anyhow

"

from

above-

sources

'*

passage,
of

"

he
uti

magnitudinum

pressing himself,

is

agreeing

his

round.

only

says

magnitudinem
ita nomina,"
the

to

he

facts

has

in

value

own

all

with

the

supposed

brevity, contains

those

"

says,

(Praef. 17),

intelligibleand
K.

he

all his

determined

has

between

loquacious,

and

then, he

Now

no

taken
under-

has

Pliny,

the

been

has

difference

great

Now

books.

of

is broad

Pliny, in

that

Pliny

in

doubtful.

is

former

Vitruvius.

of

there

general

possess

we

name

his

edition

his

by

which

the
of

36

In

There

allows

thinks

of

author

ours.

credit

(1872).

passage

thus

in

the
the

an

but

of Vitruvius,

of

16, 35, and

Pliny.

in

he

correction

document

of

found

In

MS.,

gained

Dethlefsen

written

passage

has

compound

all.

Schlettstadter

measures.

is

Mr.

mistake

on

similar

calculation

the

20,

possibly be

as

unfrequently

not

not

are

at

or

vicenaria,

reviewed

has

architect

an

numbers

the

and

source,'* and

case

the

larger

by supposing
to

Pliny

where

authors

calculation

his

continued

has

of

text

other

two

had

has

19, 1897,

it cannot

Philologus

of Vitruvius.

another

calling himself

who

Vitruvius

which

facts

important

June

Vitruvius

same

in

become

to

as

flec-

digitorum

if the

but

basing

that

the

to

contrary, knows
to

sources

is the

identity
of

so

quinquagenaria.
fuerit

the

that

who

" 29,

applied

knows
and

the

on

Dethlefsen,

diction

concise

so

his

this

this

prove

be

each

way,

quinquagenaria

author,

an

Pliny,

among

it, and

and

as

liim.

whether

about

save

V, and

to

(6), 4,

rotundationem

in

Frontinus

of

possibly

same

Vitruvius

fact, then, Frontinus

him

him

mentions

question
doubt

of

before

lay

be

it is formed,

possible criticism.*

to any

mention

not

which

changed

end

an

matter

does

be

and

Frontinus,

must

to

it

independence,

Philologische Wochenschrift,

is to

; L

He

from

present pamphlet, attempts

the

he

we

his

show

to
learn

curvatur,

VIII,

lamna

quae

has

mentioning

quam

called

antequam

namque

it is Vitruvius

No,

calculation

of

the

is

habet,

Pliny

quinquagenaria, similiterque reliquae.*')

PUny

could

it in

from

order

what

way

in Berliner

who

in

and,

different

how

quinquagenaria?

suspecting

without

of

passages

originalone,
deviated

have

instead

quinaria

the

vocabitur

lamna,

the

ante

Vitruvius

our

tube

the

fistulas

diametro

plate of which

the

breadth,

concipiunt

ea

with

analogous

of

digitos habuerint,

quot

nomina

perficieturex

is

indeed,

text

ita

in

digiti

lamnanmi

autem

fistula

cum

50

measures

In

58).

breadth

the

latitudo,

lamnae

quinaria** (XXXI,

in

yet without

Vitruvius,

to

adiectione

vicenariam.'*)

ad

in

ratio

quae

singulos

per

quadrantes

usque

attributes

after

VI

incremento

quadrantum,

diametro

durat

appellatur, cuius

eius

is named

tube

that

magnitudinum

tantur,

denaria

"

quinque

senaria, quae

simili

Frontinus

dimidioque

est,

latitudine

(" E

which

in

ut

deinceps

et

diametro

vicenariam

ad

usque

quadrantum

singulorum
et

moduHs

quoque

dictam

quinariam

est

However,

nomina''

ita
which

author's

has

he

that

way

is

quite

of

ex-

ON

OBSERVATIONS

his material

drawn

Dethlefsen

from

succeeding parts.
which

Dethlefsen
owns

and

Krohn,

even

question.

all that

Besides,

he

does

Caesar.

But

the

by

igni non
aliis
oven

is

chalk

of

putting lapides instead

the

two

the

same

words

words,

of

196

diximus

qua

that
the

ramis,

than

Ima

and

is not

Pliny's manuscripts
in

eiecto

writing, but

deteriores

196

"

bold

The

way

lower

the

after

its bark

described

upper

part of

above,

part is knotty

in

eductis

meant

Pliny's

in

torulo

usual, is

as

Vitruvius

of

that

the

which

word

he

umorem

been

esse

arbore

ad

long-winded
Pliny's
word

formed

ea

nodos

per

dicitur

more

That

have

Ex

**

enodis

eadem

mistaken

has

vocatur,

unlikely,and

most

editors

the

as

is

aera

ex

Hsbc

est.

sappinus

duritiam

incomprehensible.

hypothesis

The

arboribus

ipsisautem

Vitruvius

ahies

has
been

having

II, 9, 17

knots

no

kept

in

and

then

it is called

and

also

harder

; it is

water

in

sappinus,

; its

name

is

part which
knots,

is nearest

because

it draws

to the

soil gets fluid and

its moistmre

imme-

robustiores

apricis ac

writes

part the
and

from

diately

short

is

not

decoratur

perfectly justified
from

Vitruvius'

the

strong

named
'

ground

;.

knots

by

heat

makes

If cut

and

feet, this upper

twenty

aquiloniaepartes,

diutumae

ideo

Bomae

; the

its roots.
it put
hewn

at

part is called
other, lower

But
forth
a

in

et

infemas

Insequitur animadversio,

"

branches.

of its hard

fustema*

without

Vitruvius,
is

ita

proximitate

nodationis

propter

opacisque, spissioresex

umidis

ex

supemati praBfertur."

stripped of

an

between

even

Vitruvius, II, 9,

caloris

for decorticatur

non-existing

Et

"

abies

The

in

torulo,

totum

the

he

ex

stones

fuit, enodis

decoratur) atque

recipiens ex

radices

abridgment

an

meant

detoratur,

Pliny continues,

be

alio

coquendam

understanding

terra

this compare

vocatur.*'^

Dethlefsen's

probable by

more

pars

quae

(MS.

quadrifluviis^"c.,

should

by

quadrifluviisdisparatur eiecto

sappinea

et

45

nee

difference
has

Nay,

latter, not

not

and

abridged Vitruvius,

distinct

'*)?

his

flammam

**

like

has

is

does

calcem

wood,

place
a

est
the

perdolata

et

excisa

addition

his

description

clear

rendered

pedes

cum

comparatur

and

XX

36.

is consumed

nor

ad

other

makes

saxum

With

per

35,

facit

read

we

fomace

in this

superior, vehementia

est

vero

quae

circiter

autem

opera

Pliny,

alte

preecisa

intestina

in

efl"citur

liquida

proxima

est

pars

terrse

of the
and

discovered

was

charcoal

II, 9, 14

by

it

carbonem

nee

in

he

Abietis

**

fustema."

duriorque

nor

kindled

it be

he

blance,
resem-

out

qualitiesin "" 43

forms

saxum

likelythat

says

16,

him.

which

Theophrastus

11, that

p.

Vitruvius

decorticatur

fluviata

things

Theophrastus

its

ardet

nee

is it Pliny who

more

and

wood,

on

burns

"

Pliny

book

"

In

chalk-burning

meant

same

nodosa

(sc. abiete), quae

fustema.

he

169
much

(" 186) ratione

superior pars
et

it not

Is

guessed

In

XXXVI,

(comp.

thing

above

though elsewhere
:
lapis non

saxum,

Books

by

describes

ardere, nisi uti

Now,

being burnt).

abide

in

this is

that

the

of

is still less

there

are

and

extract

no

books

three

Here

their

and

burn

unless

bum

will

and

account

stones).

potest

se

( It cannot

uratur"

where

than

as

views, confesses

we

(itneither

lapides

quam

the

33.

preceding
it contains

given

has

larch-tree, larix, which

not
'*

ipsa per

recipitnee

hgnis

it could

that

of fire otherwise

power

his

the

by

all, but

at

above.

trees

the

one,

and

his

story told by Vitruvius

heard

had

too

the

it in

includes

ignis vi consumitur

modo

of

is

31

is said

aqueducts

there

the

know

not

He

following

remarks

Pliny speaks

XVT

Pliny, however,

but

the
the

principal authority.
know.

shares

in

only

not

Books

otherwise

concerns

his Book

In

Vitruvius

with

Pliny

that

day

such

as

piece, and

one

parts described

the

appear

connection

of

all

as

who

in

Therefore

clear

in the

also

but

himself,

fact

;
as

used

has

Pliny

that

means

this

to

no

it is

not

21

DECEM

and

works,

do

elsewhere

mosaic

Vitruvius, it is

in

found

not

are

is

Here

LIBRI

different

of

from

right place, in perfect organic

exactly in their

found

ABCHITECTURA

DE

great number

introduced

clauses

as

VITRUVU

quid

ita

in its upper
knots

many

height

fustema,
part of the

of

about

because
stem

is

sappinus,
But

those

of

the

trees

that

grow

towards

the

22

OBSERVATIONS

in

qusB

and

that

"infemas*'
known

in

and

ntilitates, sed

nascitur, quo

Iseduntur.

Arboris
in

facta.

sunt

to

Pliny

has

ceteri

ex

convenit

"

ebeno

Vitruvius

conscientious,

more

firma

ulmus

and

order
north

which

those

and

The

cedars

appreciated.

cedar

oil neither
this

shares
size in
'

to

fir

oa

quality
and

cedar

them

yield resin,
oil, and

which

the

which

it is

For

longer.
is

which

worm-eaten

with

the

; but

the

secretes

oil which

spread

books
worms,

cypress

and
and

other
from

aesculus

flexiles

leaves

adds

incorrect.
;

scripsere,
is

who

Pliny,

but

said

it

nothing prevents
umoris

quoque

impatiens

stantesque

tamen

tree

resemble

as

Those

Africa, and

large

qualities
and

the

is called

things
rotten-

'

the

It is
statue

what

wood
of

was

times,

and

The

aseultM

in

that

goddess,

it

made

was

one

cemts

cannot

of

it is not
ot

Most

who

Mucianus,

be

of

well

as

as

in

of

its

in

Crete,

many
bility.
dura-

of cedar.

ceiling was

its

of the

was

here,

particularly

grow

leaves.

temple

goddess)

because

used

is

the

est

in

parts of Syria.

some

granted

it to

which

cedar,

trees

ebony.

declares

of

the

(of

statue

temples,

famous

the

with

is

ceiling

the

other

the

Ephesus

in

quod

cypress
In

straight.

run

circumdifferent

^Esculus,

"

cerasus

ac

usual, in

as

of this

its wood

in

veins

Diana

YacosBans.

same

whereas

preserves
from

of the
the

The

juniper
to

hand
he

Mucianus

and

is evident

The
:

in

are

The

in

eo

ness.

over

It grows

the country
have

spread

rots.

cedar.

jimiper

cedar

is

viso

whereas

ebony,

II, 9, 9 ff.,but,

those

supemas.

Syria

can

including

"

ipso deae ambigitur

silly physical explanations

more

reason

the

to

and

nor

the

have

this

preferred

wood

Spain, especially in

The

countries

else

is also

but

Syria

cedar-oil

that

the
subject
buildings. What

wood,

of

nonnullis

et

onerisque quantiUbet patiens

pandantur,

good

so

be

Vitruvius

in Vitruvius

not

cedar-

to

aetema

facile

generally

are

Crete, Africa

The

gets

recommend

cedar

last

from

most

places

of

Ea

propter

in Crete,

grows
says

his, qui proxime

ex

said

AfricaB

simulacro

de

fanis

with

do

non

directa.

together, supposing

tree

Pliny " 213,

;

marcescunt

alnus

same

others, and

sunny

infemas

abiea

the

the

shady

from

come

wood

massive
Home

than
and

damp

celeriter

lentae, sed

with

carie

et

vena

everything

with

et

cedreum

of Vitruvius,

source

cerrus

The

was

summarise

not

palustribus

image

especially by adding

out,

spun

in

in

fideliores."

stronger

are

growing

et

cos.,

to

than

trabibus

III

tineis

nobihbus

former

the

nothing

books

generally

is the

Pliny

fraxinus

et

siccatae

cisura

the

was

does

Fagus

"

in terram

adacta

contra

218

Pliny "

Phny

that

supposing

from

us

that

it

that

it has

cedrinis

it preserves

corresponds

esse

Mucianus

says

states

That

vine-wood.

was

Ephesus,
eius

tradunt,

esse

vitigineum."

in

tectum

that

nee

virtutes

libri,

et

the

maximeque

oleimi, quod

Cretae

of

tineam

nee

habent

further, if Pliny

that

with

do

to

more

not

Further

cedro

juniper

the

says

And

states

ex

maxima

and

Pliny

Spain.

is correct, but

had

man

of

rhenian
Tyr-

was

trees

Hispania,

ibi et in ceteris

et

cedar

the

foliatura, materies

arbores

eae

the

Vitruvius

worms,

of Diana

temple

the

about

autem

north

statement

the

that

betrays

in the

it

Vitruvius.

easdem

etiam

uti

unctsB,

lacunaria

in

iuniperus

cupressese

places, while

same

against

latter

The

books.

the

latter

timber

preserve

it

in

grow

Africa, the

sunt

muddles

the

Apennines,

new;

materies

haec

vasta

et

in

peruncta

pinu resina,

et

similis

Nascuntur

Vitruvius

every

*'

the

between

found

not

oleo

cedro;

cedrus

cum

est

taking

when

inferum

something

was

diutumi-

terms

era,

beyond

difference

are

cedri

quae

Dianae, etiam

and

eius

is

which

cupresso

reliquae res

this

our

mare

from

came

there

Item

"

ex

autem

SyriaBregionibus.'*
them

whole

virtus
:

"

these

in "urbe."

examples

13

"

Sea,

sedificiis ad
of

of

century

Adriatic

Vitruvius

To

explanation

first

what

Eome,

the

on

some

eadem

has,

simulacrum

aede

aeternitatem

in

quemadmodum

dicitur,

Ephesi

side.

that

Iimipero

Vitruvius

Vacceeis.***

this

the

the

meant

only

gives

in

DECEM

egregios in

elaborate

an

Africa, Syria laudatissima

Creta,

sentit.

cariem

from

LIBRI

infemas

est, qusB

meant

"supemas"

" 197,

countries,

Cedrus

"

came

ARCHITECTURA

quite superfluous

home-country,

observes,

PUny
different

DE

deterior

superum

that

what
in his

abies

was

"mare

and

Sea,

VITRUVn

subsequently gives

which

page,

knew

Eoman

"

dicitur

supemas

whole

up

urbe

praestat usus,"

tatem

ON

the

had

last

known

As

for

authorities
been

visitors

to

say

temple,

of vine- wood.
and
resist

the
water.

beech
The

decay rapidly.
alder,

on

it

three

consul
the

to

certain

the

The
con"

ON

OBSERVATIONS

recipienspenitus

potestatisvitiatur.
but

miss

we

setemitatem

which

knew

he

pondera

id considerare
eius

fundamentis

After

which

'

palos."

last

ibi

the

"Ulmus

quite

Eoman

the

pandant

simul

there

Thus

fiunt
be

can

fraxinus

et

vero

Vitruvius

is much

successful

way.

Pliny

ducendi

solo, sed

Nearly

sive

on

goes
sunt

autem

tium

which
autumn

^dificiis

and

ever,

The

we

bear

they

quality,

all round
'

is strong,

of

absorbs

all

the

operation

the

elm

In

marshy

almost

under

and

the

to

additions,

charged.
pliable ;

this

before

deep

This

because

piles of

may
aU

that

kind

the

alder

foundation

the

be

ehn

when

used

and
seen

and

beneath

bears

when
its

buildings
put in

pores,
is

and

damaged

Turkey

oak

is

frequently
of

they

being

in

felled

humidity
^

because

Pliny

ash

tough,

are

they

have

they

been

and

out,

from

cut

be

to

and

of

hard,

under

age,

but

their

if before

or

all

make

to

as

sunt.

because

not

are

so

in

bricks
continues

bend

soon

dry

are

as

utiliores

autem

moisture

they

same

lengthy argumentation

buildings they
if

come

air

by
and

The

sandy

moisture
and
the

be

quite dead, they

become

or

clay

chalky
^

enormous

particularly

is

substructures.

bricks

formed

are

still less full of

red,

or

in

best

time

they
ought

They

order

or

must

pebbles,
if

sandy,

to

be

make

to

apt

them

in

but

be

not

it must

it must

be

spring,for

at

crack.

to

made

in

spring

dry uninterruptedly,

to

in

are

midsummer
.

Ravenna,
there

which

whitish

and

It is the

made

weights.
in

'

for
it

of

gravelly,

powerful.

the

used

buildings;

private buildings
their

the

solsti-

per
the

also makes

Maxime

"

and

But

the

done.

not

superabundant

midsummer

places

public

The

enim

way.

Ducendi

"

harder.

it
The

their

weight.

marrow.

but

likewise

very

cuts

it is

albida

terra

ex

in his usual

Vitruvius

that

rule

de

usual, follows

as

Vitruvius

of

speak

to

certe."
enim

Non

this is about

see,

most

is about

siccescant, qui

We

not

as

Vitruvius

are

of

through

useftil in

wherefore
power.

ash

if dried

improves
its moisture

elements,

imperishable

in the

calculoso

reasons
^

our

minus

sunt

fiunt.**

tenore

as

question

Then,

the

his

among
name,

dicam.

autem

adding

uno

soil, lasts for

it is

accoxmt

on

is very

wet

marshy

which

liquid through

of the

ut

decay quickly.

pilework
'

oak

expelled,

are

'

wood

Italian

faciendi

"

is this difference

with

liquore,

sabulo, masculo

ducendi.**

sunt
:

The

oporteat,

eos

imbecilli.**

business

own

probant.**

into

weights

penetrating

The

beech

down

by letting off

it is mixed

fire

his

aU

their

and

felled

are

out.

be

eis

always

multoque

vel etiam

solstitio rimosi

nam

autumnale,

There

left

must

inest

this

not

8.

harenoso

duci

soluto

scarcely felicitous

some

appreciated

are

II, 3 and

sabulone,**

vere,

by

Pliny, though

rubrica

terra

continues

masculo

et

et celeriter

Vitruvius

used

know

we

neque

ex

de

has

says,

have

rammed

can

aut

facti efficiuntur

nisi bimos

non

cherry-tree

still

with

which

"

trary, when

it

rimosi

parantur

sub
sunt

rigorem

proiecto qui

agro,

whom

Vitruvius

sabuloso

He

optime

tempus

vemum

per

etiam

aut

Finguntur

"

Pliny, only

in

"

rubrica

de

he

as

from

sabulone

neque

superfluous explanation.

cretosa

Pliny

luto

calculoso

neque

rather

with

ex

albicante

et

in

aut

author

taken

lateribus, qua

De

"

Pliny,

the

have

to

sunt

non

cretoso

Vitruvius

so

harenoso
a

Lateres

"

if

that

corresponds

170-73

Pliny XXXV,
bricks.

likely

more

factas

habent

non

"est

etc.'*

it is not

book,

umoris

pondere

aridsB

sunt

doubt

no

ab

et

duriores,

sixteenth

the

for

sources

vetustate

autem

emoriuntur,

stantes

lentae

fabricantur

cum

as

privata

et

operibus

in

ad

same

empire

publica

et

opera

continues

He

palustribus

immortalis

expression palatio, pilework,

capital of

onmia

in
...

this is

see,

technical

pense,
willingly dis-

permanet

We

umore

imiidae

something

doubt

no

autem,

the

quod

Alnus

fixa

"c.^

the

Kavenna,

experts

**

**

uses

EavennsB,

which

crebre

structurae

he

that

habent

generis

in

cum

ea,

igni operatione

et

aere

marcescunt,"

Further:

palationibus

his homestead,

from

maxime

autem

immania

utilitates,sed

firma."

"cerasus

only difference

the

sedificiorum

sustinet

et

Pliny, with

in

Pliny's

fundamenta

locis infra

celeriter

fagus

23

DECEM

LIBRI

eiecto

liquorem

populus, salix, tilia,vitex, with

about

is added

similar

et

ARCHITECTURA

sadificiis magnas

foramina

per

Cerrus

in

habet

principiis temperata,

omnibus

coUocatur,

DE

VITRUVn

get

for

cracks

and

in autumn

those
and

that

are

become

chippy.
^

have
two

They
years

are

old.

not

suitable

for

buildings before

being

24

OBSERVATIONS

si

latere, si sit aridus

probatus,
unbiassed

Plin.

17L:

XXXV,

vocabant

ideo

et

nominantur

Graeci

few
own

Pliny

and
on

goes

the

the

it

find

sesquipedem,
doron

palmum

palmis prouti

autem

eos

sunt,

in

publicis

utimtur

quod

grsBce

Lydium

ubi

ideo

is

correspondence

"

in

et

quod

enim
in

geritur ").

Maxilua

pumicosa,

terra

ulteriore

Calle

et

subigi

cum

civitas

Maxilua
in

abqua.

We

pumicosa.'*

see,

quite superfluous

and

lengthy

Of

of half -size

course.

ducuntur

qua

adds

only

only with

bricks

civitatibus

parte

una

same,

semper
that

autem

tetradorois

arefacti, proiecti natant

et

de

est

the

"

says

Hispania

ducti

terra

quite

second

every

sunt

he

Hispania

autem

Vitruvius

formed

sunt

cum

videtur

which

ulteriore

Est

"

in

not,

in aqua

is

doron

pentadoron,

privata

struuntur,

datio'' and

munerum

they

this

see

palmonmi
quae

cum

quae

duobus

dicitur

appellatur, id

pentadorois,

We

found

lateres

complete

("

doron

versus

quoquo

opera

ceteris

pede;

tetradoron

graece

semilateria,

has

Asia

Vitruvius,

est

Pliny

merguntur

non

posse

quod

ponuntur."

were

in

datio

publica

latum

alterum

pentadoron,

in Vitruvius

they

Pitane,

Calle, in Asia

Natare

et

of

not

we

an

can

antiqui

tria, unum

sesquipede,

lateribus

which

Pitanae

"

ita

his

passage

where

potest, utilissima.**
item

IV

genera

munenmi

simt

quae

semilateres

lateres, qui siccati

fiunt

et

cum

altera

added

has

also used,

were

Must

privatis operibus, maiore

unum

quod

palmum

circumlocutions

awkward

his

palmum,

autem

ordines,

he

enim

longum

utuntur,
Ex

dicitur,

Fiunt

struuntur.

lateribus

ergo

utimur, longum

quo

laterum

autem

nostri

manus

per

tetradoron

IV

Minore

Fiunt

"

quo

appellant

geritur

semper

est

sedificia struuntur.

GrsBcorum

his

II, 3,
id

appellatur,

quod

darentur

And

compendium

Pliny

out

Graeci

as

Vitruvius

drawn

Lydium,

Pliny

this?

ita

fuerit

Vitruvius

autem

and

pentadoron

manu

latitudo.

et

est

tria

tertium

quia

mimera,

eadem

in Grsecia.*'

dora

of

Uticenses

**

magistratus

believe

anybody

description of

laterum

Genera

**

tetradoron,

alterum

pedem,

latum

explanation

arbitrio

account

transcribed

latter has

elaborate

cum

Can

clear

unreasonable

and
the

that

and

DECEM

LIBRI

an

ductus,

structuris.**

short

the

erroneous,

probable

more

further, after

And

parietum

consider

reader

lengthy, partly
much

in

utuntur

tum

ARCHITECTURA

DE

quinquennium

ante

et

VITRUVII

ducti."

fuerint

biennium

ante

ON

explanation.
their

they

perpendicular,
Vitruvius

fiant."

lum

that

presupposed
the

on

they

sint

perpendiculum
aestimantur."

semper

'

The

people
till

building

they

approved

been
-^

There

which

is tetradoron,
the

ancient

four

Utica

dry
the

the

called

named
breadths

it is given

according
of

hand;

deducitur,

sed

corresponds

with

bricks

the

use

old

five years

of

and

for
have

; the

The

breadth

the

their

they

hand

so

size, whether
are

as

second
fact

of the

called

they
the

bricks

Lydian

broad

kind
is that

hand

(the

and

bricks
four
as

or

they

are

five
are

In

In

when
*

in

in the

of
it

But

the

if

smaller
size

Asia

in
and

quite dry,

be

do

part
not

in

private

of

towns

of

sink

clay

Pliny.

Spain

Maxilua
bricks

in water.

which

are

They

is very

useful

kneaded.

valuing

brick

perpendicular, they

building them.

is used

esse

in

ones.

the

in

has

dummodo

passage

size

distant

more

house

vero,

public

is

calculation

facti, tanti

the

pumice-stone-like

can

in

of

only

it

stone,

the

year

olim

fuerint

larger

Pitane

which,

consist

If

the

the

latericiis

De

"

Greece

Calle

made

stones

if

perpendicu-

rough

basing
each

beginning

the

buildings,

gift doron,

the

"

in
for

quanti

long.
^

bricks,

1 ft. broad

and

with
to

see,

pentadoron.

third

Greeks

not

we

in

adds

magistrates.

long,

ft.

fingers) doron,

because

do
and

kinds

three

1^

use,

we

of

by

of

are

This,

years,

of

made

and

^V is deducted
he

statement

aeterni, si ad

enim

houses

valuing

eighty

than

expenses,

nihil

stantes,

are

this

in

that

us

longer

building

the

with

connection

In

last

hard

no

imperishable

are

"

sunt

had

Greeks

these

adds

parietes praetulere ;

II, 8, 8 tells

in

cannot

representing

sum

existed.
ad

latericios

"

if the

172, that

XXXV,

brick- walls, for, he

disposal, they preferred

are

in

by Pliny

related

is further

It
at

are

buildings nothing
valued

at

the

is deducted.

sum

spent

in

OBSERVATIONS

Pliny continues
ad

Ideo

"

fecere, Halicamassi

latericiis
inclusum

Bomam

opus

se

per

Areti

murus

nullis
et

primum

in

aede

ad

quae

semper

in

et

domus,

comitium

quam

onmia
The

haberet

the

Pliny

case

if it

as

be

charitable

readers
in

temples
find

must

were

his

that

where

Mevania,

probably

mentions

Pentelicon

That

own.

subject in

We

he

Then

crassior

rationes

And

for

wall

this

of
and

royal palace
Crcesus,

has

existence.

paintings
walls,

were

plates

In

found
of

this

palace
the

stucco

Ceteri

in

Tralles

; in

the

into

wooden

palace

Varro

fact

that

and

which

of

brick

though

it Could
at.

of Mevania

is

off, provided

frames

talia

In

1^

storey, and
must

not

are

such

Rome
is

Also

the

it

hope

aedificia, quia
est

Id

"

eius

carried

the

work

be

moved

ne

munis
com-

quid

genus

rei

et

causae

quam

in order

Rome,

to

the

edileship

itself

even

the

of

walls

the
be

to

more

of

to

Murena

wonderful,

was

was

Italy,

Arretium

of brick.
houses

ft. broad

because

with
us

crassitudines

during

in

let

spatia angustiora fiant.

and

Comitium

wondered

'

admirable

the

and

gerusia,
which

coating
cut

rounded
sur-

parietes,ne

autem

with

maiores

do

to

sint

of

by

long amusing

information

quaeque

has

is stated

by

fiunt

he

Tralles

inventions

whatever

non

patiuntur

non

adorn

temples

were

of Mausolus,

stucco
were

as

in Athens

the

Sardes

where

well

as

however,

transformed

Lacedeemon,
on

Eomae

"

his

oporteat, exponam,

communi.

of stone

; likewise

been
the

got

we

out

Athens

in

be

two

leaves

about

is followed

of

Greece

Halicamassus

nothing

doubt

no

in

well

latter

erroneously,
has

palace

quite
of

ledge
know-

the

He

passage
the

may

has

author

mar-

speaks

common.

the

Vitruvius

says

publicae

Leges

; ia Patree

which,

architraves

of Attains

which

who

non

[viz.of brick]:

thus

Hymettus

in Halicamassus

still in

fieri

urbe

loco

of Hercules,

and

Pliny,

public buildings

built

by pillars and
the

in

reason

were

the

whence

know
to

in

in

palace

which

Pliny
Pliny

negHgence

that

which

gencsia

While

In

In

constitui

"EU}ingMount

Jupiter

passage

Artemisia,

and

praetermittam.

sesquipedales
'

corresponding
not

of

Croesi

their

other.

whereas

gross

says

for the

ligneis

adlataB.

uaam
contignationem tolerat, cautumque
plus quam
II, 8, 16 :
intergerivorum ratio patitur.** Vitruvius

Eomano

non

royal palaces

used

returns

fiat,nee

populo

was

do

he

priest,both

the

marble

The

sesquipedahs paries non

of

town.

and

in

sunt

drawn

the

word

men,

one,

factam,

Proconnesio

have

the

worshipped

are

Hymettus,

as

Halicamassus

hand.

is reliable.

ita

well

as

into

this little Umbrian

knowing

not

47).

about

digression

Heracles

and

Proconnesian

(XXXV,

Phny

Zeus

old

Patris

columnar,

coUegio gerusiam

cum

must

copied

ancients.

of

them

combines

authors

for

council

item
et

etc."

explains

home

the

means

official residence

the

become

institution,

Vitruvius

Patrae,

fuerunt

domus

non-

licet videre,

Lacedaemone

otio, seniorum

have

must

Vitruvius

original.

it

them

of

Itaque

"

Attalicis

Item

MurenaB

structos,

both

either

that

one

or

regibus
inclusae

et

f.

; cum

latericius

structas

lateribus

potentissimi regis Mausoli

great

so

the

know

place

no

his

is

source,

domum

aetatis

latere

quoque

Varro

epistylia sint

Trallibus

requiescendum

ad

et

Pentelensem,

et
aede

gerit sacerdotium.

intersectis

Murena

latere

munmi,

parietes habet

omata,

same

qui

montem

lapidea in

circa

quidem

Italia

II, 8, 9,

regias e

aedilitatis Varronis

omatum

civibus

correspondence

from

ei

Halicamasso

Item

dedicaverunt.
more

ad

Sardiani

Hymettum

picturae excisae

etiam

etiam

civitatis

factum

datur

In

Vitruvius

above

the

cellas, cum

egregie

quibusdam' parietibus
formis

ad

qui spectat
latericias

vetustum

habitandum

with

privatas domos

et

Croesi, quam

pictures ligneis formis

exomandum

mirabantur.

magis

qui

columnas

Lacedsemone

excellentiam*

comitium

ad

lapideas

Sardibus

durat.

nunc

propter

tamen

Compare

opera

murum

.et Herculis

in Italia Arretio

est.**

publica

et

Athenis

lovis

in aedilitate

esset, tralatum

Mevaniae

et

civitatibus

quae

item

Attali,

etiam

Athenis

murum

Herculis, quamvis

et

regiam

tectorium

opus

deportavere

minim

Trallibus

Mausoli,

excisum

parietibus

lovis

sedes

25

DECEM

sic struxere,

regias domos

et

opera

Patris

Hymettum
spectat,
domum
epistylio circumdarent,

gerusiam

of

publica

et

LIBRI

ARCHITECTURA

DE

VITRUVII

montem

et

the

ON

it is

be thicker, which

are

not

cannot
a

rule

built, because

bear
that

rule also

than

more

to

one

wall

common

applies

wall

partition

walls.
B

26

craasitudine

eadem

the

almost

had,

in

as

in

laborem
in

puntur

no

contra

nee

Herewith

PaUenses,
[sc.lapicidinae],

ninaB, Soractinas

plura

etiam

et

iis

ex

si

perferunt

We

sed

dissipantur."

conciseness,

his

in

locis et rubentes,

colore

facta.

Non

habent

ex

licet

covered

caii
steam.

stand

and

aura,

this

as

word

does

neque

dissihunt

Pliny

than

Amiternince,
he

that

has

not

by Pliny.

used

testas

oneribus

tacta

more

any

was

ab

et

probable

se"n

Nigri

"

silices

not

He

the

mean

sea-

in

optimi, quibusdam

circa
lapicidinis,

lidem

nocent.
iis

ex

in monumentis

fiunt, in

formae

with

saw.

yet they
roof;

resist

other

are

is

sea-

influences,

of

the

Albanae,

quibus

aera

but

at

are

all events
rime

and
The

if

factas

circa

sunt

virtutes.

sic

Ferenti

municipium

egregie

et

aeris

minora

uti si sint mode

formis

fiatura

his

ex

sigillafloresque

recentia

apparent

lapicidinis in

In

and

MSS.

they
the

stones

comparatis

The

*'

these
ure

used

of

seat

xxxi.

PhUologtiSt

lava-stones

in the

damaged

stones

also

in

reddish,

quarries

Volsinii, and

the

was

prefect.
The

p. 415.

congesta."

black
als6

are

even

Tarquinian stone-quarries

never

corrected

Anician

not
to

Thus
have

'

to

when

exposed

Statonia
'

which
easy

absurdities.

several

about

they burst,

Tiburtine

crack

are

Bolsena,

stone

infinitas

...

circa

sunt

quae

amplas

his

habent

autem

Tarquiniensium,

maxime

utilitates."

stones.

stones

durable,

fog.

de

in finibus

oflBcinae

quarum

Haec

sint vetusta,

cum

country

white

These

in rain, frost
the

lapicidinaecomplures

statuas

there

but

Albanian

the

there

also

Venetia

cut

by

in

diffluunt

Pallenses,

who

ignee quidem

ne

monumentis,

lake

in

found

are

Fidenatian

they

can

Pliny,
the

near

soft stoneB

with, and

work

nor

situated

and
be

to

of

it

author

habent
in locis

si sunt

abeo

sunt

(BubrcB,

make

same

stones, siUx

maximas

fundendum

aes

too, resembles

be

Umbria

"t

give

alia

albus,

banc

sunt,

albi, sicut in Tarquiniensi Anicianis

item

aerarii

fabri

etiam

minus
iis ad

This,

has

which

the

instead

vero

habent
et
lapicidinis.Namque
acanthos
eleganter scalptos. Quae

the

etiam

Sunt

sufferunt

not

urbem

in Venetia

et

salsugine exesa

simulque

tuta

esse

additions

quemadmodum

facta

Rome,

circa

Tiburtinae, Amiter-

mollia

omnia

sunt

rum-

dissi-

vapore

sunt

sihceae.

quae

prolixitydoes

praefecturaStatonensi.

iudicare

maxime

Other

uti

Piceno

et

ab

incorrupti permanent

Sunt

"

item

Volsiniensem,

autem

from

et

quoque

Anicianae,

dicuntur

cannot

his

Statonensi, quibus

in

II, 7, 3

Vitruvius

et

rehqua

tractabiles

pruinisque

fortes

be

Fidenati

funduntur.**

lacum

Hi

gelu

faciliter tractantur.

genere

Piceno),

hard

the

to

nonnusquam
et

secatur.

the

is to

else

Eomam

et

about

talk

to

circa

molles, uti

durae, uti

haec omnia,

possunt
in

but

cestui

ad

Umbria

maritimam

occasional

vero

vetustatem

scalpticontra

qu89

is

sea.

on

passes

Volsiniensem

lacum

Id

of the

Pliny

" 168

writing

in

breakers

the

In

igni non

Pliny,

serra

aliae

Sunt

in

Sed

eodem

quae

few

from

mistake

air but

ses-

this

see

nothing

mollitia

Tiburtini

in opere

oram

niger tofus and

et

his information

commits

We

apertis et patentibus, gelicidiiset pruina

Vitruvius

except

ruber

Campania

in

drawn

ab

that

see

et

vero

etatempestatibus iniurias,
et

in

where

aspergine

nonnuUae

niger tofus,

secundum

Tiburtina

aestus.

;
"

begins

he

166

Albanas, aliae temperataB

exempta

autem

Item

et dissolvuntur.

11, 7, 1-2

secatur.

sunt

cum

laborem,

tectis, sustiuent

lignum

saxa

"

used

Alia

"

robusti

generibus,
et

In

be

to

dumtaxat

Fidenates,

ruber

uti

dentata

serra

Vitr.

his

sunt

quae

Campania

in

utilitatem, quod

friantur

contignationem.*'

lapis dentata

albus

tecto

maris

corresponds

RubrsB

ut

comes

auram

has

this passage

tolerant, sub

qui

triplinthiifuerint,

diplinthii ant

stones.

which

Venetia

et

quoque

quoque

testas,

which

After

Hunt.**

genera

DECEM

LIBRI

sustinere

unam

good material, but

Umbria

In

opere

nisi

vero,

of natural

Pliny speaks

is

Carthage.

Albano.

et

plus

possunt

non

XXXVI

which

soft tufa

latericii

ARCfilTECTORA

DE

same.

Book

In

collocantur

crassitudine

quipedali

TITRUVII

ON

OBSERVATIONS

near

places

Tarquinii,
about

and

stand

the

white,
the lake

round

sculptures

moulds

; sometimes

also

fire. In

well

make

best

the

are

some

country

by

keep
to

in

Statonia;
on

test

of in bronze-

in

as

near

they

are

monuments

of time;

they

foundries.

OBSERVATIONS

That

large

What
''

should

statue

evidently speaks

of

domitimi
quae

addition

the

sed

etiam

much

in

Pliny "
Vitruvius

What,
that

II, 8, 5

the

"

does

the

says

layers

structa

of

vocant
He

strengthened
his

binders

by

description is

same

Eeticulata

"

Vitruvius

writes

utuntur,
rimas

(chap. 8, 1)

faciendas

Incerta

ideo

Pliny's authority, the

method

his

In

melior.
'

the

If doubts

ex

they

in

out

are

years

exposed

to

damaged
the

exposed
^

to

The

regularly
'

or

must

ordinariis
^

the

atmospheric

These

used

are

; those

the

that

influence

Greeks

they
of

same

the

renounce

hard

mistake,

of

hard

the

of

parts

or

they

"

*'

ex

the

silicibus

of

two

kinds,

isodomum

and

omnes

sed

stop

ad

coagmenta.

speciosam,
consider

to

observe

et

if he

that

this

mentioning

sed

the

ward
awk-

had

been
**

uncertain

"

former.

the

Cato

lapide

Censorius

tectoriis

thick

; ad

improbat

former,

in

which

albo

ex

damnatur

utrumque
all

the

ex

pseud-

; the

latter, in which

they

courses

are

are

of

the

front

unequal

thickness.
^

The

only

the

stones

is apt

which

called

the

it will

they

emplecton,
while

is

used

is

sides

remaining
happen

may

frequently

so

connected;
other

of

by

building:

all, and

Reticulated

easily crack,

more

they

as

which

kinds

two
now

uncertain.

each

where

in the

parts

to

fit.

used

in

crack.

are

and

have

work,

to

There

placed

is

placed just

are

Reticulated

work,

but

kind

third

regularly built,

are

between

"].
are

not

only

the

of

build

[ordina/ria in

stones

non

avoided

equally

be

walls.

stones

square

comp.

stone

brick

as

imbricata

fistuloso

been

safely

can

seque

will

nunc

quo

as

est."

reticulatum,

est

The

opportuna

cubilia

will

we

Rome,

way

in

isodomum
:

air.

walls

in the

ordinary

be

subterranean

unimpaired

construct

lava

cut

be

to
same

concludes

Pliny

habet

of

way

which

after

ex

building

for

having

changes,

of the

have
the

corrupt.

even

rimis

venustius

We

have

vario

durability

used

not

for the
are

possibly

following

meantime

the

himself,

not

the

in the

but

summer,

parts
difficult.

dissoluta

inter

structuram."

utiUor, quae

to

as

is tested

sedentia

Calcem

"

says

tantummodo

nearly

haec, reticulatum,

his

Ex

absolutely preferred by

structuras

after, in

the

When

of lava
text

quality

stones

edifices

duro

walls, with

walls

says

struimt,

sunt

partes

omnes

aha

could

is

entertained

are

stones, their

till two

PHny

174

"

Quae

in

expresses

latter

diriguntm:.**

emplecton
such

some

becomes
Romae

genera

dicitur.

quod

praestant

building, which

of

frequentissime

qua

super

Vitruvius

in which

crassitudine

insequalicrassitudine

cimi

Vitruvius

comparison

incertum

aha

reticulata

quam

way

isodomum,

unum

aequa

like brick

them

that

quite clear, in

not

Structurarum

"

paratum,

caementa

vero

firmiorem

structiura,

antiquum, quod

et

ordinario."

coriorum

et

parietes."

confused.

rather

the

follows

his

coria

est

adds

side.

each

so

squa,re-stone buildings

to

ordines

building

He

latericios

Ex

Tertium

**

to

that

probable

lapide duro

seu

omnia

structurse,

on

goes

from

Pliny is
following passage
that
to Vitruvius,
apphes even
so

In

exactly

struuntur.

viz. in

genus

conlocant."

alternately

silice

is

inaequales

et

fecerunt,"

isodomon

fortuitu

politis; reliqua

" 7, but

ita

Cum

''

coria, pseudisodomon.'*

sunt

frontibus

thing

same

equal thickness,

impares

cum

"

also

observanda

sunt

v^ry

velut

de

dicitur, cum

Isodomum

appellatur.

seem

struunt

sequato

generibus

duobus

Hoec

"

structa, pseudisodomum

Pliny

silice

aut

stones, but

square

but

same,

material.

a
quadrato, ponunt
?
It
excepting quadratum

in

pseudisodomum

fuerint

duro

not

the

tecto

utilius

aptentur

quadratis lapidibus

it does

inferior

such

to

170

"

inserere

has

(chap. 7, 5)

only

not

in

ea

However,

with

lapide

following lines apply

alteram

solum

discesserint

mean

ilPliny

in

continues

He

structurse

Vitruvius

applied

be

to

Nee

"

taken

cum

he

ought

structuris."

Grseci

"

of

unheard

biennium

ante

nee

fuerint, subterraneas

Isesa

eo

ex

test

been

have

and

Vitruvius.

in

eximere

eum

cbbIo conmiittere."

stones

caementiciis

171

then,

this

smaller

should

care

SBstate

Quae
vel

est

that

irregularlyshaped

dubio

lapide

mentioned

is not

169

"

tempestatibus.

restiterint,tutum

with

all

in

has

in

est

27

DECEM

sculpture only.

ornamental

Pliny

Bemedium

LIBRI

is incredible

lava

of

made

been

have

ARCHITECTURA

DE

VITRUVU

ON

do

firmness

because

the

work
the

stones

irregular pieces
not

produce
than

the

fine

network.

reticulated
old

is the
are

which

kind,

finest,
loosely
fit in

building,but

26

OBSEBVATIOXS

Vitr.

silice.'* ^

Et

coquatur.
tectoriis."

erit

ex

quae

is

(" 175)

as

brief

is very

the

about

speaks

he

here

summary

in

that

pit-sand (harena

and

river

Po.

Pliny
a

well

teaches

stamped
mixed

chalk

is found

passage
not

are

with

which

wells

''

nti

Vitruvius

of which

(VUI,

in

his

with

writes

is

This

'

while

Pliny
diameter

What

does
178

("

says

J of their

is

Corinthian

capital, which

equals
The

In

constructed

be

to

was

height, and
1

this

been

the

equal

sides

we

for

^V^

Vitruvius

the

must

'

Old

hard

The

for

stone
^

Cato
;

1,

it

stone
stucco.

It is most

had

7,

be

is

useful

to

calls

their

made
of

two

"

ein

be

knowledge
of

coloured

white

stone,

divisions,

so

that

in

the

vicious

parts

water

passes

'

more

If these
be

with

mosaic

from

possible

to

if

as

or

"

of
der

write
there

from

the

book.

same

pure

may

be

to

proceeded

who

of

complains

drawn

were

in
have

impressed

is

words;

same

those

the

porous

fit for either,

the

using

invented
must

and

is

if it

As

whose

criticise

first

supposed

at

pillar

may

Detlefsen

conclusion

reality

from

is

paragraph

the

columns,

We

he

the

time

diameter
of

top

were

of

first

the

for

here

than

This

occasionally

breadth

Wirrwarr,"

Uebereinstimmung."
similarity of

the

Attic

sure,

The

colunm.

the

slender

more

fix their

to

The
their

of

tbe

were

capitals

more

bottom

height

them

of

capitals).

to

wahres

nowhere

1, 1. 7, 2. 1, 7.

building,the
not

"

Pliny's short

without

of silex, it is
make

11.

if

it

but,

was

by sifting?
whose

the

so-called

spiraeand
;

in

diameter

angular

he

what

changed

one-third

the

are

pura

efficient,

usum

Those

agreed

was

transeat

aquae

be

columns

their

incomplete

all, and

at

made

preferable for
If made

he

found

of chalk

when

better

(p. 146)

1,

it

half

that

statement

wortlichen

drawn

disapproves
is

the

and

2.

the

what

cisterns,

about

understand

giving

be

opiM

forget

tripliciafacta fuerint,

aut

diameter

the

of

of

to

proximam

which

bottoms

name

seems

pure

-similar

Ionic, if f, Tuscan.

them

Ephesus

at

to

from

to

Finally, there

short

things

same

and

base

are

are

columns

capitals, and

the

composition."
8.

the

of

the

suaviorem
not

and

remark

in

pillars,thus

angles'' (viz. Ionic

none

theilweise

very

school,

limestone

6.

necessarily

not

same

1,

und

sachlichen
about

are

mosaic-like

author's

the

when

there

repetitions where

the

in

with
of

and

it too

of

Diana

bottom.

instance,

find

may

prejudiced

very

height

than

of

of

it
he

did

with

of

speak of cisterns,

correct

^, they

differing

one-third

only

height

provided

the

four

paragraph

Ephesus

the

thinner

capitals have

is

pound.

columns.

of

if it is

one

way,

et

things

kinds
;

only

diameter

temple

bases, and

on

their

Doric

Ionic,

capital

oldest

the

the

lowest

proportions required

temple.

i of

the

Ionic

four

are

called

are

hke

are

appearance.

There

**

what

and

ea,

than

dupUcia

himself

author

parts

walls

not:

Apennines

be covered

colum

si

the

to

giving

per

Ea

"

has

two

not

usual

salubriorem

The

by

mean

height

columns

ancient

f.) :

atque

(Vni,7,15)

between

is the

following

the

considant

possint,multo

he

his

in

Pliny

Yitravius

and

It

cement,

detail

ought

does

he

only

into

4).

more

sand

pure
more

condemns

(book H,

which

cisterns

of

of

much

country

well-sinking.

of

Pliny makes

thoughtlessly

the

weigh

proceeding

quite incomprehensible.

about.

talking

this

priore vitia

percolationibus transmutari

etc/'

in

above-mentioned

the

and
in

but

mixed

observation

parts

to

[6],14-15)

goes

be

bottoms

five

ought

work,

described

ut

esse,

and

walls

the

he

to

fistuloeo, in

ex

limestone.

chalk,

one

found

is not

consisting of

Vitruvius

having

geminas

aqua,"

none

talking about,

been

has

stones

covers

After

Utilius

cement

in

he

signinum
he

of

mentioned

even

how

"" 173)

us

coat

has

quae

silice

ant

saxo

autem

Pliny absolutely

white

as

albo

de

has

the

chalk

the

; stiU he

fossicia)

well

as

about

which

with

elsewhere

as

namely,
the

bds remarks

sand

nti

while

that

do

it will

thinks

BECEM

UBRI

adhibenda

difference

curious

the

AfiCHlTECTURA

erit ntilis in structura,

doriore,

et

silex, Vitruvius

If Vitruvius
where

spisso

DE

diligentia est

calce

De

"

notice

we

of

chalk

burning

II, 5,

Here

TITRUVil

ON

are

changed

palatable

in the

remain

through
made

into

upper
into

sieve
two

or

the

three,

by sifting,they produce
water.

while

space

lower
so

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healthier

the
one.

they
and

ON

OBSERVATIONS

This

book,

as

Architectura.
borrowed
of

information

he

includes

the

and

should

know,

had

Vitruvius

the

Servius,

id ostium

found

former

remark

to

of

And

and

when

we

the

at

close
the

quotes

it

as

parison
comowes

16, 33,

know.

we

in

if Servius

and

our

books

architecture

of

had

We

particular,
quoted

not

as

had

he

he

we

to

have

Vitruvius

but

this

close

the

been

as

genuineness
Orpheus,

architecture.'
been

have

would

century, viz.

fifth

this

of

with

representative of
the

whom

to

author

the

together

circumstance
of

any

immaterial.

quite

authority proving

an

possess,
at

is

are

find

not

author

genuine

grammarian,

as

this

it is not

ancient

more

mentions

knew,

hved

as

the

older

an

He

book

the

work

read

named

author

an

seen

the

been

mistake.

statement,

suppose

had

from

also

Clearly

Frontinus.

himself

great

and

secondhand

others, not

our

by Servius

do

we

it

is not

books

yet these

Vitruvius

in. our

whole,

In

by

enter

we

this passage

and

Vitruvius,

of

name

the

arcemur

adeundo."

as

Now

entering (obstare).

the

on

far

so

aliquo

ab

aditum
in

his

In

era.

our

ab

Cum

**

latter

the

of

century

lines

ingredimur,

cum

aditus,

from

bearing

fourth

of the

following

and

prevents

single gap

Servius

is

ostium

possess

quoted

this

objection against
time

we

if Sidonius

even

far

so

Apollinaris has

Vitruvius,

^sculapius

43, he

called

quotation

Sidonius

If

of

Vitruvius

the

from
treat

not

architect,

the

may

Whether
his

lived

VI,

without

kind

the

had

or

Vitruvius

author

did

source

Pliny

writing

in

has

above,

history
What

source.

used

he

De

he

mentioned

as

natural

important

work

notes

principal

the

was
:

of

matter

sources

his work

that

the

different

be

in

us

they appeal.
name,

among

it

is concerned

most

the

[Vitruvius] ab ostando,

books

ten

transmitted

think

his

dicit

door

in the

to

In

be

be

must

grammarian,

ingressu,

(adire), the

he

Mneid,

the

on

words,

work.
to

Varro's
the

architectonica.'*

de

comment

other

but

mentioned

not

his

be

to

interest, and

Vitruvius

to

29

DECEM

supposed

secondary

while

architecture

as

seems

mentions

he

inclined

feel

even

Pliny

be

must
of

only

was

far

as

subjects in

that

not

unimportant,

only

whom

do

we

subject

and

course

shown

if Frontinus
"

few

other

many

Vitruvius

35,

Pliny
are

of

"

has
to

it

from

this

LIBRI

ARCHITECTURE

explained above,

have

we

To

DE

VITRUVU

no

the

after

written.

IV
in

If

treating
origin

of

of

we

are

machines

which

of

researches

probabilitywith

his work,

of

part

previous

the

high degree

Vitruvius, III,

of

there
p.

to the

fortunate

with

war,

in

X.

be

book

attention

called

the

to

in
Haase,
llspl^iri'xavn^Ttov,and
and
'Encyclopedia of Ersch
Gruber, p. 429,

chapters

13-15

AthenflBUs
;

der

as

to

DiELS,

he
the

Sidonius
abnnit

baoulum,

the

result

cum

that

essay

Archimede

about

the

IV.

the

to

that

could

"

Si

pleotmm,
radium,

fora
cum
cum

second
Vitruvius

not

have

ezigit, tenere
iBsculapio
Euphrate

philosopher

Straton
from

third

or

was

drawn

be

century
a

of

Athenaeus,

horoscopimn,
perpendiculum."

otuxi

Ferdice

of
but

in

Byzantium

all the

that
As

long

this

to

as

ment
state-

Sitzungsberichte

style

and

Christian

the

contemporary

from

in

on

and

Vitruvius

made

his

the

comment

Athenaeus.

that

judging

his

imhesitatingly
from

especiallythose
part about

from

Philon

at

architectonic

the

between

objection could

no

natural

about

borrowed

are

more,

author,

in

arrived

have

considerable

11, declares

note

1893, p. Ill, note, declares

Vitruvius

Orpheo

deal

good

Alexandrian

general belief

ApoUinaris
eum

an

only belong

can

shared

and

in his

Akademie,

author

'

non

but

Berliner

this

(19-21),
considered

was

to

drawn

mechanics,

about

resemblance

article

his

has

already,

striking

the

he

find

we

Schneider

ATHEN-ffiUS
the

which

said

be

only

can

chapters

Here

mistake.

no

we

from

source

more

can

361,

Vitruvius

about

regard

Augustus,
that

oircinom,

language,
now,

era;

both

com

he

came

of

them

Vitruvio

30

0BSEBVATI05S

used

had

the

same

been

unable
of

comparison

fashion,

WeU

Agesistratus
lived.

belong

to

the

of

close

book
no

further

He

seems

if

Vitruvius

waste

not

Homer

with

^Tites

ness

who

happened

to

Isocrates,

who

Such

be

the

the

on

effective,it is
the

he

has

to

necessity

of

OF

against

each
which

Empire
Roman

says
take

and

'

that

care

but

occur

that

quails

quamquam

him

quidem
eiu8

simulaverit

sit

armed

it is

fides, quippe

affirmat

ex

disturbed
So

the

restat,

nisi

qui ipsom

Agesistrato noverat
^se'^ad apparationem

but

se

only

by invasions

question

ut

In

"Nede

et

inspexisse
ballistarum

et

foisse
nisi

only

keep

without

even

scorpionum

nescivit
He

to

Grseco

ought

Agesistratus.

auctore
to

have

means

He

bears

in

mind

submit

third

the

and

the

in the

ad

Empire

unfortunately
the

tormentomm

put

stood
the

which

belliois

the

B.C.,

after Christ

regarding

de

to

language

be

ticularly
par-

of

peace

up

to

century

Carthage

century

the

destroy
is

reliqaommqae
prsesto,*

of

if defence

insurrections,

and

tionem

moneare,

auctores,

wants

is decided

third

the

end
any
and

to conquer

It is the

Syracuse.

by

from

rhetorical

but

Bome

when

powers,

The

not

of

language

realm.

conquests,

quite correctly (p. 305)

quidqoam

quos

no

the

will

who

those

not

conquered
single

people

and
what

learned
the

not

says,

attack.

of

means

rival

were

one

is

teach

to

Great

of Macedonia

has
of

man

loquacity.

avoid

Philip
he

Christ.

he

must,

against violators

against

This

after

centuries
It

the
to

outcome

an

Gxphcit-

their

care

advised

he

enough

order

enemy's

Marcellus
only

not

in
defence

take

who

with

practical

Alexander

will

And

book

time.*
the

with

briefly what

evidence.

book

being

he

state

third

and

wishes
the

will make

frequently.

too

Thieljudges

Vitravio

he

this

when

will

is clearly

know

acknowledges

he

second

only

accompanying
and

letter in which

the

still greater

Macedonia

and

other,

finish

Empibe.

THE

Egj'pt, Syria, and

when

the

written
he

necessary

LAWS

EXCELLENT

in

authors

must

author

fill his

but

Greeks

the

diately
immewe

never.

an

of

measure

But

that

time

and

beginner,

reproached

machines,

concluded

with

age

contrary,

like the

introduction

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same

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supposed

cities

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know,

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the

on

have

appears

Therefore

words

many

know

'

must

most

considering

This

replaced, but

king.'

waste

elements

we

be

can

draw

times,

uncertain.

without

lived.

he

he

at

his

can

later

Delphic precept

the

behove
not

he

say,
first

not

with

else

not

must

besieging
did

had

the

concise

flourished

which

reveals

book

be

about

Agesistratus."

useful

Indian,

the

wrote

peace

sophistry

being

philosophers

to

means

yield,till the

to

of

does

which

in

age

begins

we

in

Heron
is

lived

dedicates

course

viz.

"

he

who

have

he

Bomans

Heron

eyes

when

to

could

of

his

mentions

He

as

whom

But

of

date

in

mechanician,

to

many

that

reader

circumlocutions

dark

mention

not

the

everything

night long

by

renewed

course

live ?

he

the

Athenffius

Syracuse.
borne

does

the

author

and

far

unprejudiced

to

as

all

Calanus,

of

even

with

The

impressing

in

that

in

Marcellus

the

was

Athenaeus

doubt

Money

*'

the

as

useful

author

the

So

in

sleep

requires brevity.
Pyrrhus,

because

observed

be

age,

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himself

purpose

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be

may

To

'

the

excursions,

be

and

the
of

him,

Alexandrian

So

B.C.

oonvinoe

did

when

well-known

th"t

unnecessary

equally

are

conqueror

name,

that

time.

mere

introduction.

our

sa}^

weU-known

this

cannot

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our

with

and

we

century

before

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we

"

second

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century
the

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on

from

to

third

thinks

Hultsch

looking

in

the

from

earlier, it

lived

Etesibius,

will

translated

he

However,

doubt

no

thought

suggesting

1895"

source.

I have

out

spun

this

oat
in

common

and

partly

Ath"N"US,

alludes

dbcex

Leipag

authors

and
and

predecessor,

been

conclusions

this

was

both

him,

negligently

who

this

be

to

in

before

in

degree

suggestion,

nearest

third

have

this

but

the

to

the

could

and

then,

his

as

of

libri

philologist, followed

younger

passages

Athenaeus

literally,
now

now

additions.'

and

truth

corresponding
had

Doctor's

by Athenaeus,

quoted
the

prove

the

indeed

Vitruvius
usual

to

for

disputation

authority

Agesistratus, the
has

his

akchitectuka

de

Thiel,

M.

source.

in

detail

in

more

^^TBU^^I

OS

wi^^Mtiig

verbum
AthennuB

fere

language.
refeedocere

expresso.**
instead

of

is Diels

Nor

comment

on

the

first to express

the

biography

plausible suggestion
whom

Byzantium

the

by

destroyed
work

this

entrusted

rebuilt
man

author

of this author's

begins by

epilogue

machinationibus

Athenjbus,
9.

victores

civitates

et

the

he

assures

ED.

Wescheb.

mihi

defenssB

which

been

have

translation

Marcellus

charged.

was

which

been

had

muniendisque

certain

he

very

from

used

by

in footnotes.

corresponds entirely with the justoppugnatoriis rebus

quemadmodum
possint."

esse

that

reader

to

which

the

Athenseus

towns

this book

English

de

the

urbibus

Athenseus

an

which

sentence

9,

p.

all

he

Though

is to

wants

Vitruvius

[so,AgesistTBitOB]
elpeOfjrai
Kptoy fiiy ttfatricev

Kap^ti^oyitity
ev

vwo

irptttritrroy

Xktpilioy

T9\(0f"ic/f.

(iavo^iywy

ahrdv

speaking only

enable

the

towns

to

Ka^tkiiv.

Tvpi6c

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rijy

ahrov

an

e(

eXKvy
C"

fjy iicoiovyTO

vXay

(vywy

Tkty

raic

itrroy

Pephrasmenos

Tiipa^
p. 10.

It fUT

k^

ovK

cTXatcv

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ay^p"y

irpowdovfuyoy

with

the

roy

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he

adds

oXV

ktroirifti
ri

Ceras

his

vementibus

subiectis

that

de
rotis

arrectariis

suspendit arietem
ad

plagis

remark

Chalchedonius

texit, uti tutiores

natione

trans-

ita redu-

et

(ac ratione).

compegit

et in

alterum

eo

suspendit

superfluous

him

basim

praque

vvoTpu-^oy

ex

inventione

ea

murum.

the

autem

primum

wXiiOovf:

vwo

to

nomine

Tyrius,

impellendo

only

attributed

act

statute

cendo

Koi

Kpioy

male

ordine

ex

dissipaverunt.

uti trutinam

deiecit

Kapxri^orto^vw6rpo\oy

wXayioy
trxti^^yiiridriKB

voifitra^

inductus
versum

original ;

the

to

lapidum

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ac

sustimurum

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faber

quidam

Pephrasmenos

Ta^iun,^

irlimty

enough

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to

corresponds
6

ahroy

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ferramenta,

summum

ita

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non

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communitionem

totam

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wXayioy.

roy

^laKfifiiywy ^ta

is faithful

translator
name

Kai

rc7)(OC

to

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ordines

vpoc

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trvitTe

ffvrifiaiyeyavra
fiijX^yilfjiaTOi:

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ravra

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demolitionem

tignum

id

cepissent,

Posteaquam

capiteque eius
continenter
pulsantes

yerofityoy

ad

posuerunt.

ante

nentes

itpriftrac
irapavXrjtTiwii

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iy^oy

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10

to

ad

sumpsenmt

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castra

conati.

sunt

habuerunt

\upwy

p^^iutc ifrt

Kai

aries sic inventus

Carthaginienses

castellum

autem

demoliri

(13).

oppugnationes

oppugnandas

Cum

Apfieroy

19

X,

esse.

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ilaxpoc

(ic

i^oyTa^

ad

memoratur

Trp/iicaraXri/i-

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rei^oc

to

eic

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ly

ovUey

riyac

Primum

Taleipa

irepi

ri

yap

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lytreUiy

Ty

KaOaipovyrtiH'

Kai

raTfi\vi ytayiiTKnvQ

the

chapters by

Kestat

"

the

having

office with

reproductions, adding

with

(" instaurandis

important

the

identical

written

have

may

in his

forth

put

themselves.

defend

p.

he

(chap. 13), had

was

of

31

DECEM

previously Casaubonus,

years

task

the

LIBRI

Pollio

fortified

introductory

an

duces

et

besieging machines,

of

with
and

for the

Athenaeus

by

300

about

Trebellius
Athenseus

present parallels of

now

and

Vitruvius

quoted

Gallienus

Scythians
young

Yitruvius,

opinion

mechanician

the

might qualify its

will

We

this

ARCHITECTURA

DE

Gallienusby

of

that

While

praefecit").

VITRUVII

ON

OBSERVATIONS

iugis

et

su-

varas

coriisque bubulis
qui in

essent,

pulsandum

materia
fecit

machi-

ea

col-

essent

murum

locati.
"

were

of
a

He

[Agesistratus]asserts

the

first to

Oadeira.
smaU

walls,

arms,

had

They

fortress,and
some

demolition,

invent

yonng
took

battered

Tyrian

this, and

in the

they

having
and,

considerable
named

the

Carthagimans

ram,

in the

siege

by taking possession of

began

beam,

shipbuilder

that

battering

while

men,
a

the

were
no

pulling

other

swinging
part of the

it with
wall

of Gadeira

of

their

with

it.

noticed

Pephrasmenos

subsequent siege

its

down

implements

he

planted

in the

mast

after

the

the

striking
backward
how

to

wall

and

and

Geras

timber

forward.

crosswise.

in the
the

frame

of

this

was

The

he

set

cross-beam

besieged
stratagem,

new

it another

on

balance,

the

knowing

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about

oscillate

breach

was

rampart.

Carthaginian
on

It

having hung

lever

by making

cqimteract

made

soon

ground,

fieishion of the

wheels,
not

and

after

him

placed

suspended

by

constructed
the
ropes

ram

a
on

so

as

it
to

S2

OBSERVATIONS

Vitruvins
and

in his

instead

of

oscillation, a

the

^"

Trjpac

rai'

tvptay ^ca

iiri

Ka\

Kpior

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re

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some

people used
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to

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used

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facilioribus

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omits

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in

backward

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Dionysius,
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when

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of
a

thus

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Amyntas,

against

rampart

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machine,
slowness.

by

modified.

laid

on

This

during

progress

siege

to

oi
of

reign

Philip

be

might

Non
cuius

with

taken
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In

(p. 25).

capital

the

to
text

letters

figure we

is

see

in

gap

the

the

small

and

Vitruvius

has

not

speaks of

the

Byzantium.

altam

autem

imee
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imo
Fieri

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summo

distinguished

most

Polyeidus

of

in

this

whose

Thessaly,

accompanied

Charias

and

in

arrectaria

were

latitudinem

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ciples
dis-

Alexander

on

expedition.
"

Diades

himself
the

who

is mentioned

science

his

in

oportere fieri

LX,

cubitorum

contracturam

those

Among

ait

minimam

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branch

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of

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advancing

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he

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structure,

the

subrotato,

previously.

XVII,

TpiirdXaitrTa,

whole

ariete

however,

Athenseus

Diades

constructed

made

the

appellant.

this place there

in

minus

ne

men.

machine

the

wheeled

was

because

Tortoise

but

demolitorem,

corvum

gruem

towers

ram

Turrim

vXcltoq

8c iTKeXwv

Tu/y

etiam

subsequently

mentioned

irXdrovg

rov

KCLTiafiey

^X^**'

forward,

inventor

engineers

fxepog

to

machitransitus

amiss.

were

hi

hk

(rvvayitiyrfv
*

frd^q

roof,

the

Geras,

engineering

son

cf,

been

solebat,

piano pede

Athenseus

as

of the

where

passages,

ciroumferre

se

etiam

asoendentem

et

of

scriptasreliquit.

way

That

instead

quas

utebatur

and

ovt(os

Dionysius.

out

ostendit

nulli

non

that

ambulatorias,

murum

movable

same

^li
(f^rjtrf'y

cXnxt^rov,

roy

irefjnrToy

and

great number

and

cum

scriptis suis

exercitu

posset,

these

drawing

have

must

nothing

v\I/oq ini\iMty f,

to

TO.

nvpyov

of

qui

passage

Thettalos

terebram

qua

quern

mistake.

subsequent

if

as

nvpyoy

T^r^xtiQ

swing

on

is

course

by

give

to

evidently

goes

to

ai'w

of

the'

which

ovy

fxey

meant

was

from

seen

and

yeviadai

it

that

in the

somewhat

is followed

airrov

So

large tower,
this

easily imagine,

can

borer, which

the

clearly

noticed

we

word

Karaa-KsvT].

represents

other

el

receperunt

quo

leaves

form

turres

praeterea

'

he

Diades

dissolutas

koi

icpi^

viroTpox^

and

Attic

the

Itaque

ahrov,^

KaraaKevrfy

explains hn^aOpa

Athenaeus

name

et

unimportant

not

invenisse

irvpyovg

KopaKn

the

wheels,

of

to

as

r^ /ui})(avcic^

ey

t^prirovg

tc

Tpvvavoy

adds, what

pieces,and

oppugnaret,

pluribus generibus

militavenmt.

Alexandre

rationes

Vitruvius

3yzantium

filius

minus

eif

id

Phillipus

cum

Thettalos

esse

the

postea

Polyidos

ot

ccepit.

gradibus positis ad

primia

ti)v

4.

is

habuerat,

appellare

arietariam

tunc

genus

rollers

on

particular

so

rovg

eirij3ddpay'
i^paTo

ypdipu

text

quod

Amyntse

original.

exclusively in

iTvyypdfifiari
ivpriKeyai
Kut

the

the

is

he

form

ftcv

than

move

hand,

Aca^ryc

Kpiov

conatus

by

*A\e"ai'^p^,Aiahqg

is shorter

other

Thessalus,

of

tardos

works

rriy

GcVraXoc, o^

His

Carthaginian,

which

below.

as

autem

of

one

XapiaQ,^

Here

p.

3.

EvrifiipEiht

^/Xcttttoc.

fxadriral trviHTTparevoyTo
Ka\

11.

Kara

/3a^t\c*av,

rjfToiavTjji ri\yg UoXvtihoQ

On

Ideo

instead

speaks of

testudinem

?"

vara

rvparrila

*AfivyTOv

rov

'EW^o^ii'

vdtra

he

by Diades,

he

ravra

i\pii"VTo.

^iKtXtwrov

rov

introduced

KvXif^ptay tepotaQovfiEvov

ovroic

Chalcedonian

fipa^vrrfrn

rriv

(Xaflfv ijTotaifTtj^i|xavo7ro((a
^lovvffiov

(Ceras)

DECEM

LIBRI

by hand-power,

was

Mitcl

irpoirriyopevaer.
tiveq

moved

which

AROHITECTURA

DE

Geras

machine

invention

trpwroQ

evoifitrav

VITRUVII

negligence makes

simple

later

\e\un'rir

ON

in his
the

was

so-called

bridge,''
gives

He

"

work

inventor

of the

borer,*' the
also

used

descriptionof

it.

engineering

on

the

"

movable
**

rcwen

ram

on

says
towers

and

wheels

the
:

at

that
and

he
of

""lytny
least

he

OBSEBVATIONS

"yvdty

ON

iirraiBaKrvXa,

^c

*Kyirtro

TtiXiKovTOc BeKcurrtyoQTrtptwripovovarii

ARCHITECTURA

DE

VITRUVII

LIBBI

ait

autem

decern,

et:a"rrri^

83

DECEM

oportere

turrim

earn

singulispartibus

in

tabulatorum
fenestratis.

ea

Xwpac

translation

The
7

is literal

foot

fingers ^

calculation

in

the

required

8 ;

is

there

only

make

fingers

in

deviation

his

following paragraph

Vitruvius

measures.

foot, and

makes

The

fingers.

measures

palms

palm,

the

^ foot

correct

ell

palms

an

altam

cubitorum

or

cubitus.
^"

'O

p. 12.

fiiyitTTOf:
avTwv

ir^)(""cp"f"
ci

hi

TO

truyaywyijy

Koi

ovtoq

trohiala Kai KcLTwdev

also

Here

the

post ought
Be

()

2e

trKeXutt^

follows

TfiXucouToc

trriyriQ
kvk\^

Ka.\

to

vypo^
TfivTt

hi Kal

waXattrrdy
kwl

t\ovTaQ

ttij^wf

hi

^he

alnoy

hi

Tj|c

aTiywy

has

He

and

be

should

has

equal

and

these

to

toy

by

The

wide

The

bottom

the

middle

part

'

^cyaXf|c.

(cat

at

/*"

the

tower

contraction
the

be

width

top.

10

stories,each

He

at

of

palms

the

original.

the

thick

builds

them

top

of these

is 120

towers

of

section

the

at

posts

is square

where

its

the
is

cubits

second

the

story

of

being

high

top is also
foot

one

and

decreases

sides

measure

tower

with
of

which

these
has

proportions
a

balcony

ab

YII.

the

to

the

only

are

small

the

at

and

the

regularly
about

As

is the
one

of

18^

has
three

twenty
cubits

16

cubits

broad

besides
the

fiK"m

to

the

tortoise

whether

cubits

same

7^

is to

be

which

height

ceilingto

palms

stories.

each

to

remaining
high.
are

These

As

to

be

towers

ox-hides.

it be

the

high, the

given
the

in

help

cubits

proportions

the

carrying

and

eadem

facilitate

to

and

the

untanned

with

cubits

cubits

regard

for the

same

is 80

be

is made

be

is to

fifth, after

to

with

order

height

same

tower,

covered

were

one

it in

first story

5, and
up

stories
for

The

tortoise

the

round

running

observed

; its contraction

cubita

prsBter

altitudo

fastigiiautem

summum

that

says

of fire.

case

base.
at

tower

of

the

He

broad

cubits

be 60

must

ad

strato

ra-

inter-

autem

altitudinem

XXX,

fastigium XVI,

eadem

comparatio

vyj/ociiiro

misunderstood

The

cubitorum

vallum

iifttrrafjiiyric
vffTtpoy

iXdfifiavep,

\oyop

perficiebatur. Habuerat

tione

vyj/oc

of columns.

row

top"

hi

to

arietariaB

Testudinis

afterwards;

each

tutae.

rifv eK^o^Orjaip

els

"

ff^epovtrrjQft

Kpiov

fingers.

stories,

omni

trrj^uty

*?"*
7rftx*"C

should

thickness

; their

towards

essent

ab

ut

*Ofjioiwg

whole

airrfic to

fifth of

one

with

largest

cubits

fifUi.

plaga

crudis,

coriis

tabu-

temum

v"/oc

avro

i^ri o^vTaToy

smallest

tower

dimensions

Burrounded

28^

the

fingers

17

cubitorum

autem

latorum
tabu-

singula

ft hiaipetrtc
Twy

the

aeTuaet^t

in width.

17

posts of the

base

hi

r^c

that

Bays

height

the

faciebat

turris
haberent

cum

ciroumitionem

tegebat

vp^rrj

Teaffapwy

/nfJKOt irfi^uc

KaTatrrpbtfAaTot

translator

The

hi

to

'fftX^'C
"7C,

'

left out

Y-^c (Sierwerewc rfjc

Xwp'C

in

lata

irXarovc
to
ht"tn-rifjLa
pnyiani iXa/jtflaye
tov

tov

that

iXafifiayey* ifi'vpaovv

\eXkiyrii:tijq

irftx^'CX,

The

XX,

H^v

uq

ie

to

nvpyov

Xoyoy

fpyatrla Jjy ft a{"rftfUfcpfJQ re

hi

pedalia

Apyalc (ivpffaiq,^

avrac

translator

p. 13.

observation

the

out

magnitudinem

Hano

fc, ft hi hevripa

"i^VX^^C

iXarToyoc

Tov

tov

trrryuty

leaves

only

eica^nic

vif/ociyiyovro,

to

He

kyivtro

vvpyoQ

XafiflayovtrQyfal hi iwiXpiir
oi
huo

contrac-

quinta parte, arrectaria

summo
semipedalia.

imo, in

in

fr^o.\rj

original,

the

ifurvpiapufv, 'H

?toc

tTTiyrii\iria
w:vTij

item

XXIIIS,

bottom.

the

avry

itXcltoq

iKfioiidriffiv
Twy

Kai

to.

wepilpdfAovc e\ov"r"iQ

UKoaaaTtyoQ

turam

cubitorum

"vw,^

ra

at

square

latam

c" laKTvKovQ

uq

TiTpaytava^

translator
be

to

vfi^eii

turrim

vero

CXX,

nryc, ti)p

vifiwroy IXa^ftavev

to

tnf%'ay6ptva iwl

irtkv

TO

Maiorem

5.

/i^icoc flx^

to

"T\"

fJiipoc,rwv

Ayw

TO

e"c

wipyot

vXdroQ

large

cubits

40

gable,
of

or

the

apex.

its structure

ram,

small.

The

long,

which

gable

is
in

with

largest
a

placed

height
on

question

it
is

84

ON

OBSERVATIONS

rations, in the

might

original says

The

Also

small.'*

or

in the

indicated, but

are

As

manner.

same

refer.

following

'YirtpefiaWe he

ARCHITECTURA

DE

what

tortoise

passages

we

is left out

6
rffv fiitrtivtrriyrii'

is made

iir*

ruty

irriyrfgirvpyioy rpltmyoy,
iriOei

5*

'E^^e

eyKVKXoQ,
ireplEpofioc

(TTtyaq

hoKwyy

ahrf

Ik

icaravaXrac,

^"

""C

v^aroc irapadeariyCTrocecro.

he

ev
i:pioh6')(riy
avT^, kif J

kqi

KvKtyhpoy eridei, c"*

Koi

ce

irpoi^ovfieyoQ6

ov

Iriipyei rrfy

niTKrtrutrrtoy

hi*

Kpiog

ofioiufQroTc irwpyoic.*

ravrrfy

ductionibus

The

while

Vitruvius

has

is

sentence

he

To

hides

\e\wvrjv

KararrdXTaiQ

ofioivQ eiceiroic

hvn,

iv

hi

Kepaiay,

rov

errl

Kai

rov

iy

TiOfitri

tya

The

make

the

follows

roof

three

tower,

tortoise

stories

the

propelled

is covered
^

The

so

borer

as

rov

id

high,

to

the

by pillu^,

cylinder
has
hides
on

the
is

well
a

which

and

as

tortoise

has

in

The
the

water.

form
plat-

{kriowhich

ram-

the

holder,

towers.

like

that

is

and

are

the

the

on

in order
is

cylinder
below.

of

launch

to

the
bottom
to

eius

the

with

Supra

and
At

beam

which

the

The
skin

so

arches
as

end

to

two

placed
applied

by

protect

pulleys

above

the

beam,
of

means

above

the

with

numerous

of the

movement

repelled

in

seen

provided

is
are

on

Onilits base

one

opposite

of which

and

canal

or

constructed.

the

corium

involuta.

erat

likewise

autem

erigebantur

arous

the

canali

vehemen-

et

groove

to

ferrate

ipso

motus.

machina

similar

underneath.

covered

movebatur

oapite

celeriores

facilitate

propelled

aut

dextra

autem

in

autem

quite similarly

groove

cana-

oonstituebatm*

canali

eo

build

cylinder.

groove,
rollers

in medio

oatapultis

quo

inibi erat,

ea

catapults,

transverse

which

be

orebriter, uti sustinerent

quo

not

it is

in

eo

efficiebant

does

applied

serve

last

should

orthostatis

in

crebri

canalem

euthotonic

tain
con-

of

ram-holder

placed,

its effect.
as

of

two

allow

to

is erected

provision

it is raised

stands

floor

upper

one

it and

cover

still he

ram,

they

one,

the

testudinem

duse, per quas

in

Sub

tignum, quod

ad

#/

uti

troclesB

tori

tiores

beyond

that

long

so

of

expliouit scriptisrationes.

oubiti, in

inerat

quod

tignum.

rait

avrtjy

etc

In

suoula, in oapite

sinistra

ac

Karut

a(fy

onbits

two

are

middle

the

On

and

with

least

at

is surrounded

which

on

Ik

kvkX^

ram-holder

lower

solet, longitudine cubitoram

fieri

transversa

inclusi

originaltolerably;

the

bottom

the

In

is

ram

it.

all round.

doche)

too,

down

come

catapults,
The

ey

the

quemadmodum

lem,

avrfj

lya

is

instead

in the

others.

has

L, altitudine

rov

mag-

autem

turris.
tower

collooatum

ballistis

KvXiyhpovCf

effioiebat

water

machinam

habentem

"XXov

he

terebra

Ipsam

ovittKoy

rov

(TKevdirfrai

its rafters

floor, and

round

walking

De

crudum,

gable protrades

middle

7.

etnaOey.^

translator

the

he

says

in

tomo,
rudentiuin

Tegebatur

in the

that

in

{is).

ram

fidXXei rrfy Kepaiay,

ovroic

Keifiiyov, Svptrovrai

Kepaia

'E(c

KaratrTputfiarog

ri)i'iTvpiyya,
dxl/iai

The

irXayioi'

avTt)r
1^KpioKovtl, e^e\ico/bC"i'0(;

oi'iaKov

the

rpo^tXeac ififidXXet

aKpov

evKiiriTOQ V7raf))(iy, ":ac

p. 15.

Kai

irvKyovi:

to

ihdvroyoiQ

toiq

water

Athenseus

[exet]

vpoittBel rf)y eirindefiiyrfy

ey

r^ (Tvpiyyift

and

ma-

in qua
icpioioKtj,

aries

the

to

ad

arietaria

ea

perfectus

stories and

upper

story

in

quemadmodum

stories

four

gives

two

KprjTrihoQ

r^c

eiri

ey

t^ovirnv,

dvo

the

rriy KaratFicev^y

vatray

rj

this

avn)y

Ttjy

ftey

Kai

wupairXriffiay

fiipovcavTfJQ

refers

Tidrftri he

exovnay,

in

uppermost

one

Vitruvius

rpvirayoy

yiyofjLfyp

the

He

sentences.

catapults

misunderstanding.

he
T^ Kpiff Kafjiftdyti

trvpiyya

two

in

remarkable

ofwiuf^

out

originalhas

the

catapults

with

covered

left

has

translator

three, and

statue-

multitude

dicitur

efifectus.

crudis

et

tabu-

ignisimmitteretvur.

reductionibus

et

duo,

quattuor
summo

constitutus

operis

coriis

vis

autem

torus

zoedium

cubita

magna

si qua

insuper

nos

large

length

catapultsB,inferioribus

et

Greece

collocabatur
quo

and

supra

tabulate

aquaB

china, quae

et

minus

turrioula

qua

Constituebatur

rhy

'E/Bvpcowf

^pcmi'.

in

extinguendum,

T^ )("\wi'i}opdotrrdraiKVKXtfvipitpofioyixovar^.
p. 14. "lararai

altum

scorpiones

congerebatur

narw

le avry

words

it be

height

non

extoUebatur

bantur

"yia

''"?"'.

'Ey/ rovro

The

in

autem

supra

these

whether

correct.

latorum,

rijc
fiitrfjQ

which

to

way

fastigium

tectum

tI

Tag

same

numbers
Exibat

aeroc

orrwc

/cai eig fiey

previously

in the

the

are

TohXa^iirrov tt^xccc ^vo, TapaKarafiah'toy ri^v

i'K'KrTfyrjv""c

DECEM

great neghgence.

find

nor

UBRI

is found

Nothing

The

**

breadth

the

VITRUVn

the
the

the

groove

beam

firm

foundation

omits

the

bat

posts, and

on

Hereafter

evidently is
^i

Toy

taken

t^rmi elvai

ov

another

from

xdpaga

has

AthensBus

adds

he

of

measures

DECEM

and

length

height

which

passage

has

Vitruviue

place.

is

KaratrKtvfii}

"liov

connection

no

in

right

8.

De

nihil

corace

habere

But

invented

who

it is AthensBus
Zt

Tjyi'

"

is not

machine

this

who

rp6irov lii

oy

iy upi\^ ZtiKitntivohhtv
/rpt""iirify

ovl*

rvv

vTtp

vpoaayoniyuty

fjttyaXu^
h*

ToiriaafAtyov

iypdxpafiey

That

AthensBus

criticises

this

passage

but

it must

also

convince

not

merely

drawn

his

Now

AthenaBus

AthenaBUS.
of

feet

He

of

Qu8B

Tovro

TO

'AOrjymoQ
yoQ

c"c

"rvy\(u"itiQ

lifji
\GiaaC

TOToy

c^c^p/acrovro
Vitruvius

has

Hiiyyvrai

mihi

Ab

while
'

to

his

for

it

the

avrj)

Zt

last

elc

Kal

book

to

no

explanation

used

on

they

have

ships.
been

| of

Nunc
et

exponam.

that

but
with

simply

Vitruvius

borrowed

translated

Vitruvius

also

feathers,

AthensBus

Testudo,

his

qu8B

(14). paratur,

qua

does

he

and

he

calculations
of the

ad

speaks
quently
fre-

are

manuscript.

congestionem

etiam

leave

not

henceforth

copyist

the

to

but

that

But

cubit.

faults

20

fossarum
ad

accessus

murum

potest haberi, sic erit facienda.

koi

rac

irpoc

do

part.
Basis

rtTpdywyoy

ZaKrvXaj

not

ci,

ra

xXarri

it worth

consider

We

the

in

All

formaUy

he

points
and

has
are

of

beginning

the

be

to

was

it ; neither

engines

these

it

manner

about

of the

in

promised

what

more

(epihathra),

Bridge

has

he

composed
left

pompously

out,

con-

given
to

be

though

announced.

'

useful

Philo,
in

XXV

oontineantur

the

says

it is wanted.

observation.

that
either

this

and

for

It is also

raising the
useful

in

structure

for the

engines, for extending the

or

Tartoiie,

ab

engines.

Athenian,

ditches,

versus

et transversaria

autem

preparing approaches

advancing
fillingup

the

other

inx^po,

quoque

begin by describingthe Sappers*

now

afterwards

Flyifig

Hsbc

quattuor.

Grsdce

qu"

habens

quadrata

singula pedum

latera

xepuriiyfiara Zvo^

Kal

compingatur,

dicitur,

hi

iB'"\u
'trfi')^ify

3e":a

Baven,

having

show

says

scripta

"X\oy

nya

gff')^apioy

tKoorriy

"\oyTa

the

thongh

"tmoted,
any

the

ear

yidentur,

difference

only

the

yiyofxi-

trrahitap

rwf

machinis

prseceptoribus accepi

per

animadverti

comparationibus, exposui.

himself

does

course,

these

oonstmot.

Touching

Diades,

left out

fiiy ira^ri

TO,

^tXwv

de

dicitur,
quas

source.

fiti^atrffidrkfy

rai^ptay, Kal

hmrrjyfinra riffaupa

Kal

as

sint

has

yiyerai.^

'"')*'irXtvpay

*X***'

foot

rac

re

rwy

xpritri^oy

of

with

he

that

same

attribute

i^ijtn
npoQ

KapiKtaatiQ

rHy

so,

should

wptjtrayutyrjy
rac

and

counting

we

KaroffKivaofia

fcapohovQ Kal
rac

cubits,

fact

the

hitherto,

as

dyai
j(piiffifioy
rriy

of the
from

one

explicavisse.

eum

Diade

ab

sunt

pluming

subject.
bad

scripsit,tantum

posse

earum

understand

can

likes

the

be

vehementer

esse

quemadmodum

we

he

habere

rationes

quibus

Diades
it to

maohinationibus,

aditus

neque

way

nullam

iinfiddpa Grsdce

qusa

marinis

pollicitum

that

proves

Diades,

him

unless

this

reader

information

leaves

incorrect,

p. 16.

only
the

follows

instead

in

Diades

not

quod

machinam

making

accessu,

de

utilia

translates

description.

Kal

Hfieic

and

putavit scribendum,

declared

koi

fjiri)^ayfifiaTwv,^

StWkty

riv

'

its

navim

")^e\wyriQ ^taiTTpiho^

irpiJToy

KaratrKiv^Vj cTra

aXXo

XoyovQ,

tovq

De

rcwv

eXriKimQ

himself

et

text

follows

virtutem.

omits

ytviffSai

iwayy
a"l"6hpa

Kairoi

He

own.

the

Then

earn

says,** thus

have

to

therefore

^ta

htBiiXutrai

epywv

wapiiratf

ravTo

Ukely

he

"

hiiaaf^iiyifnyj

BaXarray

k'ara

^"r/,

it, and

of

disapproves

iiriPd"pny

say,**but

^ly/tti, I

translates, not

he

of his

with
it.

omitting

animadverteret

Vitruvius

85

LIBRI

tceifi^vov.

otro)?

sentence

ARCHITECTURA

DE

VITRUVII

ON

OBSERVATIONS

purpose

is
of

porticos, for

ground

wherever

establishingposts

of

86

TpurdXaiara,

AiuirriyfjtaeKatrror
waXaiffTfiy

iri|)(C(C KQt

iifxa^ixo^aQ
tKatrrri
AloveQ

irktxrvy
TOVfAirpotrdiv

lit

OfxaXoy

rUfV

irpoq

Kai

airoKktiaai

TO

fjira

foramina,

Tovg

eanim

^t

TitraaptQriiy fiiy hufxeTpoy

yiyoyrai

Tpo\ovt

ad

rptir"/x"ic,

Xtiriai
Td\ot xohaioif Ze^ifiiyoiffihripdtQ

le

quo

uti

expediant,

dextrum

rpa\oi

at

angulos

babeant

cardines

traiecti

versationeB

ante

sinistrom

sea

et

et

ad

et

post

oUiqae

sive

latas

arbusculad

fuerit, ad id per

opus

axes

arbosculffi

ferreis; eaaque
vectes

pede

rotamm

versantnr

temperatae,

wapaTiBiyai

Ol

fiEtna^.

tovq

ita sint

qn"

qoibus

lamnis

conclusi

'foi

in

dicuntor,

(rovrcVrtv

troulv

rrnroy

iroXc/i^uc

to

arbusculsB,

eorum

Distent

oirciter

se

intervallis
aingiilifl
GrsBce
iftaiowoliQ

in

S, supponantnrque

et

rpoyjuv

inter

transyersaria

autem

raic

FS, latis S.

orassis

duobus

alteris

trtCfipaig^ha,

cfp iKffirdtrayTa
fifi\ayrifiaTa)

Tira

TO

ol

rrraflatc

irapoiowouly wpodyoyrat

Zin

iy

rAv

ritrvaptitv

ffTpfi^vrai

aKoK\tMfi"yoi

otav

p. 17.

ol^

^y

ywi'ia^Ci

X^P^

Ivo

axt\"Tia

Aa/i/3arc( ^"

iva,

DECEM

UBRI

ARCHITECTURA

DE

VITRUVU

ON

OBSERVATIONS

progredi possit.

versatas

\l/v')(pfiXdTaii.^

bearings {hamaxipodes

the

About

constructed

able

is borrowed

This

from

Vitruvius

arbuscula)

or

swing

to

and

machine

the

following (Athen.

the

description of

the

left out

has

be

to

as

so

the

wheels

at

the

adds

of

that

the

ought

they

X,

ward.
back-

21,

He

7).

numbers

The

paragraph.

be

to

and

forward

moved

Wescher=Vitr.

p. 26

end

be

to

are

confused.
ci. iiri

'Eiiri(evyyvTai
tKaTtpag

uipoq

uiy

frtjxeii

avTQy

translator

and

the

"""

iwl

Of

3c

trvtrTuTai

ktCpiywVf

irtvKit'My

p.

18.

tKTTvpd

nat

l^rtTtti li
I

It ill pUced

beamSf

which

on

crosswise

palms

three

beams

of the

iHich

four

(hama!ifipode$)t
revolve
the
to

they

purpose
be

worked,

of

are

broad.

comer

be

must

which

the
in iron
a

fight

upon

or

to

the

palm.

of

bands,
a

thick

between

level

that

wheels

if, for

plane

has

place engines

be

may

of

wheels

of cold-beaten
'

On

the

pieces

of wood

cubits

cubits
are

in

equal

one

pinum

after

taken

been

out

they

the

ex

non,

hsec

wheels,

have

the
The

previously.
diameter

of

in rims

enclosed

and

broad

foot

tegantur-

alnum

aut

removing

iron.
framework

fundamental
which
the

across

applied

are

Supra

potest habere

maxime

number

in

are

Villi.

prininis, si

qusa

prseter

have

four

cubits,

conclusi,

alium

contineantur

maxime

done

which

are

three

In

bearings

the

so

this

on,

in

pedes

iixis

circa

virtutem,

conlocentur

tignum,
quadratum
Ipsi autem
coniungantur.

materia

cetera

intercar-

supeme

alius

sesqui-

se

conlocetur

tabulis

que

palmi-

inter

trabes

Supra

excitati

capreoli

quo

axles

placed

are

and

axles

altitudine

laterariis

frtirXty-

applied

fortress,

3.

yap

fingers

intervals

are

transverse

ones

cubits

in

capreolos

side of which

ten

trabibus.

pedum

versus

habentes

capreoli cardinibus

irX"/v

ravTa

four

has

it

spaces

approaching
to

back,

erigantur

cardines

quoquo

concludantur

Ei

dinatis

KaraXa/i*

each

frame,

two

enclosed

either

the

at

not

compactionem

crassitudine

'

tvK\airra.

The
be

inside

",vXa

itJTi

banc

pedis.

miyai

^ifiKivolg,

/icv

longitudinal

pieces

must

front, but

pedales, intervalla

tZ/xc'C

Toaayi^iafia ytppotg

two

these
; all

transversa

Kai

square

dw*

icai

ai

KXfjdpiywy

"rai

cubits;

fourteen

measure*

and

in

out

Vim,

wXevtiitfAatri

Kat

ivTovd

ova

tan

It.

e"epec^o"'-

^parroirat

Kai

"fwOty
on

duo

senos,

proiecturas figantur altera

frontes
pedes VII,
tigna ante
uti in basi sunt
soripta.

compactiles prseter

postes

iiriiiivyyvrat donoq.

ffavicitfiaffifidXnTTa
HKXtaty

'

aXX^Xoi/c

etc

dtTripiffi

fiiifruty

ft

itritrrvXioy

avtrrarufy

ciaXufifidyoiTat,
wdfrai

jut

to

Insuper

to

iraraicXciec

'

v\1/ovq woiovyTeg

tov

rw"'

lata

et

crassa

only said

are

itrxapiif^kwi

r"p

KVkX^ xdyTaq

dt'dfrrafty
ce

beams

The

ffviTTdTaiiffrayrai

^fjy

^^ ^^^
'**''

tigna

Xo^/3ai'C(

iKnffTa

trf^yyv Ira

iKaaroQ

lirdyta

proiecta duo

basim

proieota pedes

partem

circa

quorum

vwepi'^^ovTa

lfrTairii\nqlidXdirovTtq

KioyiQ

nvrov

Air' AXX^Xwv

ulrrov

tHq VKipo\aQ

insuper

autem

utramque

incorrect.

imrriytviTai

Ti

in

Tf t(r\apiip,'^

nvTo.

to.

are

irXiyBioy

r"c

?"

Ta)(i;

is careless.

measures

avTovq

'

irXariy

Kai

The

\vTf

Conlocentur

2.

tKaTtpoy

wpotrOiy fjtipovQ ir^x^'f Vj

TOV

oTriffuf

li

hvo

IvXn

laW'

Zio "vXa

aXXa
iripiiriiyi'VTai

avTwy

IK

vifX^igh* nipl

fifiKOVQ

Tov

ttrydpioy

to

v7rtpi\oyTa

wXiupd^

two

front

stand

ends

protruding

and

in thickness

which

beams

other
four
to

at

those

the

back.

of the

fixed

are

beyond

out

the
of

frame

these

jut

out

These
frame.

two

four

pieces
eight
beams

VITEUVII

ON

OBSEBVATIONS

ARCfllTECTUEA

DE

IIBRI

enim
hi

'Ewi

fivptraig
icaraXa/i/Jai'OFTac

'

rewrote

Ti/Xaic

pipafiuiyaig ofioiutQrate
fiaXurra fiiy

tiirrat

""c

OoXoffffc^paffor 3
3e

Tovra

cXcia

liokwr irXfiyat Kal

rhq

ab

circa

his

is faithful

translation

for the

boarding,

which

Italian

oak.

of the

that

'AXXiy

iffTi

TIC

nhrac

ttfTvXititv

ew

point

trXvjy

Titv

iiraXEiy

evt

Kat

Ik

2c

X^friy,

TEl\og

^e

ii^thptveiy.Avrjy
aXXa
')^iXtifyri
'

ifi^Xiiroyritig
Tt\yiTiji

fiiTaoKiva^uyry
Ttiv
irpoffaytayCiV,^
Ttmovg
with

^"

To

Tolg
wapawXfiaiittg

xpotreXOovaa
Kai

iiri

relxog

to

irpog

wapHtnriTFT^diro

words

"XXa

fiey

^i.

frontes

kv

virnpvTToyTig

uhri^

avrtf

testudines

ita

naturam

habent

i(f"eBp"vHv.

fodiendum

vero

fiunt

earum

uti,

in

non

mittantur,

com-

dicuntur

uti supra

anguli trigoniorum,
eas

ad

opvkTpiSig GrsBce

"

omnia

cetera

iKpiifiera

ra

ianv

autem

parantur

epydiwyrai,*

oyTig

machinse

em

loci

temperare.

Kat

Quae

ahr^

atrapTiap

Tei\ovi

rov

atrtpaXutgoi

fiiXri^aXX'

the

irpoffayutyiiv^orrwg

ifiwpoirOey opBrly i\"i

p. 20.

to.

of

Tt)y
i^Koiofiriraiy

trpirrtpov

nocere.

rows

omission

the

opvKTpi^og
\"Xu"rtjgyiyog

Ttjg

fuerit,
ad

si

ignis

ut

machinsB

ei

si opus

autem,

rotis esse,

fuerit

opus

capillo subacta
induoatur,

possit

non

VIII

fixis continentur.

argilla cum

tlitTTi

fitiyayriiiuTa

Literally translated, only

qusB

6K'raTpo\og //

yivoiT' ay

TotavTa

crassitudinem

earn

ex

fiiXovg yit-Ofityoi

firmiter

coriis

et

ad

Possunt

yap

vpnffuyovffi

testudinis, quod

quemadmodum

prsBter capreolos, sed

vero

iifif^pag oi
avTrjy

wood

Italian, prefers

genus

habet

Insuper
omnino

'

iyTog

wore

supeme

wvp

to

et

pluteum et pinnas ex tabulis et

subgrundas proclinatassupra, qusB

ov
fiinoy
"xprfffifiri

Tag

tig
iiifiaivovTii,

TO

trpog

"X^*^'

avrri

tig

koI

"XXa

oTpaTiwTai

p. 19.

iany

wtrre

Ita

ballistarum

circa

tabulis

Kat

aliud

et

omnia

scripta sunt,

habet

tuv

aceto

tota.

prefers palm-

Vitruvius, the

autem

supra

trnyiZiay

plagsa

Athenaeus

(15).reliqua

trtXfjLarwytrnriffty

twv

irrfXfTeTpt\utfiii'"^
ira;(oc
Kni

Est

dupli-

incendiorum.

origin ;

21

coriis

paleis in

aut

tegatur machina

reicientur

measures.

ovk

koX

Kwrtav

KaTtiXrjwTat
itrxvpaiQ TTipiPiflXrirai^

f"C

an

cvyKvirfa^

tov{:

BkfpuKioy icai

iroyXtir.
fiif

the

Eastern

aWa

ra
'^(^EXwprjy
fiev

KvcX^ kiraw

yippi^y,

KOI

except
to

kuI KaraKXeitreic
irewoyfifiifri

e\ovaaf

i\"ij oXXa

whole,

to

seems

\vaTpiQ

wapairXrjiriufC
ravrp
rac

the

on

alga

orates

textae, maxi-

percrudis

fartis

consutis

impetus
The

virgis creberrime

maceratis

\iQo-

twv

e^iirvptafiougJ

rove

Trpoc

cibus

"

recipiunt

conlooentur

tabulata

recentibus

meque

fiefipeyfjiiya

rt

Circum

tenuibus

ex

ffarrerai

iraXou/ACi'OF

J""

ofci

Ayvpa

"^^iiaifia
irpoQ

ei^i

"ca(

faciliter

fragilia et

sunt

ignem.

37

DECEM

"

scriptum est,

quemadmodum

tela

muro

planis

cum

frontibus

excipiantplagas sed ab lateribus

sine
qui
periculoque fodientes

labentes,
intus

sunt

tueantur.
^

cubits

On

other,

each

they

secured

is

pakn-wood

preferred, or

the

most

the

alder, which
roof

The

tight

and

fresh

as

hides,

preferably

with

in

fire.

the

for want

of it, other

the

except

These

damages

too

by wicker-mats,

like

marshy

and

which

plants,

seaweeds

arrangements
of

ballista

above
and

and

of

for

fragile.

stepping

fine,

straw
as

able

as

(Hthoboles)

as

the
'

one,

but

the

the

nature

The
save

that

it has

This

ground

it is

moved

is

applied

boards

hair, thickly enough

not

in wait, for the

is

wall

so

supplied
such

are

to

only

soldiers
to

as

within

being

introduce
may

which

is usefiil

the

wicker-work.

soUd

tortoise

Tortoise

all

with

though

can

in

rafters, but

and

tortoise

enemy

engineer

no

structed
con-

covered

very

lying

for

and

architraves

it towards

of the

Miners'

This

also

projectiles.
but

of

fire.

above,

of boards

mixed

it draw

observe

to

wheels,

ful
use-

mud

into

the

pillars and
made

Tortoise

8a^er$*
as

that

consists

with

sapping,

of his

stuffed

the

parapet

it fix)m

protect

plan

except

covering

fir and

or

are

The

plastered

another

same

way,

round

which

as

and

similar

thorax

attached

are

mattresses

lean

wood

cedar, the

combustible

possible,above
sewn

for

timbers,

exists
the

on

eight

ridge-pole

inferior

outside

vinegar.

against
against

too

are

is covered

untanned

mashed

kinds,

resistent

top by

the

at

top.

to

as

so

There

from

becoming

height

erected

are

distance
all at the

them

placed

are

total

and

frame

cubit's

one

joins

the

joined

are

by supports

its

into
at

rafters

architrave

this

against
cubits

high,

architrave

An

other.

each

itself and

base

the

On

pillars,seven

be

reach

with

eight

alterations

require.

is very

Uke

the

preceding

straight forward^

so

that

88

OBSERVATIONS

form

6pvys9, a
is used

the

opvKrpiBes

of

Instead

in

this

^"

p. 21. T^c

'Hyi'iTopoirod

viro

\"\wi'fic yit'irai

^"

irri^^Qvfifl,irXaroc

ktrynpiov frjyvvfAeva

Koi

ei:aaToy

?vo

"k

^Xufy

iraXatffrac,

iy

yiyovTai

aw-^

tpyoy.

(TvfiTray

he,

Ze irXaroc

to

^^

p. 22. irXaroc

biuis

to

bus

it

iy

XIII.

singula pedum

XXXYI,

TTOtTiy,^

3.

Basis

altitudo

altemis

VI

pedum

subacudibus

contra

se

S-f-

triplici

; ita fabrioata

lamnisque ferreis ex
alligata. Eaa in arbusoulis,

coagmentata

se

frigidoduotis
sive

orassitudine

sesquipedalL

III

pedum

materia
inter

ex

in altitudini-

VIII, quibus agebatur.

rotas

autemearum

crassitudo

supra

conlocata

quattuor
compaota,

Fuerat

ufiali-

exponere.

Arrectaria, qusa

erant

habuerat

de

fecit,

longitude pedum

tignis fuerant

eius

alienum

facta

sit

palmipedali, latitudine

'

'

latitude

ot

^v/i/JaXXovratjcara
hetrfitvoyTUi
toIxoc a/x^aXXa" Kai

":ai

put

way

Byzantius

baseos

eius

compactionem

^^X^iQ

ccc

enim

LX,

'

aydyirat

\pv')(pTi\aTaiQtrrpi^oyTai It

XtTTitn

the

esse

Hegetor

rationibus

quibus
Fuerat

Tpo^^i

2"y

IC

explain

videtur

etiam

mihi

Non

iirt

ra

"^"X''^

fiiv vxpoc ahrtiy

^^X**^ /^

he xaxoc

TO

^^

editors have

the
to

attempt

testudine, "^uam

avPTiQirai

iri/xvaia.

om-iti,

To

2.

(fvyrffipiyoy
to
fifiicoQ

i\^6vTUifyir^x**^ '^^t

pey

"

origines ;

"

all successful.

Zi ffKcKff

Ta

have

eff\af}inv

riffffapa rt

DECEM

LIBRI

translators'

rivprifAiyrjg

Bu^avriov

k*??.

Tov

The

at

fiiy ftiffcoctov

to

Vitruvius

of

sense.

is not

by anguli trigoniorum

ARCHITECTURA

DE

manuscripts

known

not

VITRUVn

ON

dicimtur

amaxopodes

habuerant

ver-

sationes.

is faithful

translator

The

cannot

notice

the

explain

the

on

whole,

of Athenseus

except

about

the

of the

wheels

tries

too, Vitruvius

Here,

measures.

composition

the

if

correctly

not,

or

to
we

say.
hi

Kiovet

iiri

ai

vriyyvyj

^rXdroc

k'airiyxttC

fiiv

Tra'xochi hexa haxTvXovQ

aXXov

iviffTvXia

avTuy

^,

irrac

riy

iv

Kai

fjy

Kopw^ai
hvo

yiyoyTai
vdy

OTToic

iir*
i)iSeXotrratrla

iIq

Xotwoy

"^X^^

XII

Item

fixa

in

lateraria
oontabulatio

cir-

Habuerat

contabulationem

ubi

trabeculas,

altitudine

inferiora.

contegebat
mediam

autem

S-f-

crass"

habuerant

quibus insuper

cumdata

4.

pactionem
com-

capreolos tignum concapreolorum oompao-

supra

tiones.

eos

supra
totam

I-r-i

pede

coniungebat

transverso,

hi Ka\

continebant

locatum

"yairavofiiyriy,

S-f-, orassitudinis
IS-^

se

capreoli extollebantur

earn

pedum

"*t"y.*

avr^c

circumclussa

supra

"rKtirdiiirai
irapa-

trrvXi^y

rwf

inter

quffi

erecti

erant

postes

[, latitudinis

latsa

if'ri\eiQ

Kai
irXtvpai KeKXifxiyat,

ytutrTpitn\iXwvaiQ,

ra"f

XVII

distantes

trabes

ffvyKtrTTTiivirijyyvyTai,

Kai

fuerat,

iirtirTvXidfv

rwr

xXayia,
ifiirrfyyvirui

Tutv

fiifftjyfrriyrfy ciri

FZ,

iraXat-

"^ovTa

basim

pedes

planitiem,

transtrorum

supra

supra

nir*

AXXoc

HaipovTiq

vi^O"

aarthovTai

ipyoy

vXrjtriwc

hoKOC

avTCfy

^"

'ErJ
to

Item

y,

iirtiivyyvrraiiv*

icat

irXaroc

y,

avyicviCTai

ai

vauai

Kai
TO

hi

hi

air"x""

f,

kvkX^

waxoc

iriiyyvyTai

raXaiffrac

'

7raXni(TTag

Kiuty

htahi'
io'yjctpiov

tov

e^oyTiQ

scorpiones

supra

oatapultse

et

conlocabantur.
the

corrected

I have

of

measures

Vitruvius,

because

the

faults

seemed

belong

to

the

to

copjdst.

leaving

fit

it may
from

thrown
the

tightly

above

to

within

miners

to

to

get

it,

composed

in

breadth

work

The

invented

tortoise

cubits

of 42

fundament

posts planted into

of

length,
whole

two

pieces

five

cubits

are

four

in number,

broad.

and

joined together,
and

on

their

28

one

cubit

eight wheels,

thickness

has

Byzantium

cubits

and

thick,

moves

and

of

long,

of wood

palms

machine

being 4^

it

by Hegetor

24

The

each

sists
con-

cubits

broad.
their

2 cubits.

in
The

height

They

are

cubits
The

the

distance

broad

in

move

three

there

between

three

rafters

top of them

and

is fitted

to

bound

after

the

by oold-forged

planted pillars twelve

and

pillars
them

thick.

rising eight

tops of all the

are

broad,

the

palms

alternately

bearings.

palms

is attached

and

inserted

placed

thickness,

fundament

high,

architrave

the

the

They
On

beams

of
and

tyres.

safety.
^

thus

and

between,

wall

the

to

missiles

the

allowing

not

in

close

drawn

when

On

round,
the
in

ridge-pole, into

rafters.

Thus

palms.

seven

all

cubits

fijigers thick.

ten

four

architraves

height.
which

slope

are

An

palms
are

To

the

driven

is formed

on

OBSEBVATIONS

^c

"Itrravrai
p. 23.

ON

Kara

"\otTa

ird\o^

iv

fiifcoc

to

TpiaKoyra

Koi

Kt^aXoy

hdmiyfia,

^ta

"XXo

fuaov

tov
avnfjiiifnv

jcai

c^' iKoripav

e" 2"y

/iiepovc

6irXa

TO,

'"irr3e

e"4pn|rai

iy

AoTt

iOTayai

irayiirroQ icai

ayi\oyTa

to,

wipiKt^Xov

tov

BtapaKioy

tov

"vXov

tov

bus

tum

eyayTiuy

Tt*y

airo"rreXXo^cra

to.

Toy

irpoQ

make

part

which

the
}i

watchmen

Kpwv

^i

pc,

ci:

3e

xiyTt

airrov

TO

av/jLiray

*'Ex" ^e

rpuraXaitrrtaioy,

The

next

it.

piece

Bi/pcrovracc"

"x"

hXvau^

cic

and

It has

which

Behind

the

placed

cnbit

is fixed

(between

either

it:

the

from
ram.

which

is constructed,

is

middle

roof

be

I cannot

few

additions

habuerat

like

tower,

longitudinem

in imo

palmipedali,

contractu

ita uti

rostrum

habere.

Vitruvius,

in

or

duro

ferro

sclent

in

capite

S-r- Is autem

crudis

ooriis
Ex

quibus

prefer

aries

totus

to

ferro
ex
capita fuerunt
druplices catensa, et ipsaecoriis

invo-

erat

funibus

autem

pendebat,
factae

eorum

Toy

qua-

Orudis

erant.

involutaa.

Erigebatur

in the

they
the

are

resting

of the

centre

the

On

tortoise

long,

one

top of them

serves

The

total

five

palms

foot

and

beak

similar
'

by

; at

The

the

which

revolving

ropes

which

ram-holder

protect

those

the

up
end.

missiles

as

to

to

firom
ram,

These
be

hind-end
its head

the

battering

stretched

of

the

length of the

the

its breadth

side

of the
to

at

cordage, then

fitted

are

suspended

which

the crossbeam

either

headpiece

to

in

altitudinem

circiter

murum

hurled

pedes C,

towards

the

ram.

pillars

on

watch

are

machina

autem

disiciendum

thickness

headpiece and

are

8aj9per$*

joined in the middle

standards)

the

the

thirty cubits

on

ad

who

with

provided

as

placed.

palms broad.

the

On

eius

de

longsB

lutus.

ir^x'^^ kfihofxri-

straotnre

perpendicular beam,
and

fitted up

habuerat

Insuper

Twy

tnlrjpali:
Tirpn-

Iwi

way

can

Between

it

be

pedali,

in Athenaeus

wtpifiiftvptnarTaiai

same

ram-holder

three

and

windlasses,
up

also

headpiece, and

crossbeam.

thorax

h\v"ri"n

joint standards,

two

thick

is laid

hold

aries

urareXix^py fivpaatq

trapaavpei
the

battery

the

here
a

pedis, orassitudine

latitudine

irilripovy

trrofAa

Koi
KpioZ6\TiQ
avi^oyTa

ap\aQ

in the

covered

Tortoise,

wXdyitL

TO,

tuto

renuntiare

pil opaffOai,^

to

irpoc

side, after which

boards

6.

vXciroc

vxpov^^Kni
KaStiipil he aird kl3hofJLtjKoyTaxii\ovi

p. 26.

are

^i

atroreTafiifa

ircirXcy/icVaf,Ka\

irXaTc

on

TCLQ

milites

et

oirXd,

Ik Tiiq

twv

Kpior^

made

latitudine

CrV,

orassitudine

trvyfikTat

naves

kvkXi^^ orar
li

Ta

oyioKwy

each

^i

being suflScientlyclear

not

follows

Then

apyaTiQ.

p. 25.

Ka\

conlooa-

similitudine

duo

that

so

has

autem

pedum

xpoiiiiKii,^
ififioXf

OfAOioy

omit

Aries

fi,irXaroc

"Kpoy

caput

conarentur.

me,

is to

breastwork

fifJKO^ ^X^'^

wo^Qy

piy irdxoc iro^calov, to

to

the

last sentence

funes

Supra

in number.

two

ycverai

eig

the

to
he

fuerunt

arietem,

periculo

adversarii

res

incomprehensible

In

that

namely,
be

WTipniQ frd')(o^
fuy

is

original.

to

are

TaXaioTuy'

Vitruvius

the

quite unimportant

are

that
T"v

of

text

with

comparison

any

and

of the

scapos

quibus

turriculad

prospioere possent

stantes

icpioy

con-

anconi-

et

materia

ea

duo,

arietem.

uti sine

omatum,

quas

middle

The

In

axiculi

pluteum

erat

inter

cheloniis

oontinebant

qui

eorum,

vrcu

IvratrOai

1
"K

inclusa.

facti

alligatiretinebant

5.

Kpioy,

cpco^oxiTC^^y

r^c

aa^aXitrraTa

avrp

c^ovrevoiTac

rove

tov

firmiter
tomo

ex

et

insuper

materies

traiecta

altero

et

cardinato

soapos

altemis

erat

capitdbus

tigno

religato. Quo

et transversaria

oyioicoi TSTopyevfiiyoi^
iftfiaXXoyrai

ffKtXQy

TAy

opOioi',vai

ooniunota

duos

ferreis

locata

":ai

^vXoy

II,

oompacta

sesquipedali,

cardinato
inter

lamnis

duo

orassitudine

pedum

mediano

aKcXuf

tuv

arrectaria

et

transYersario

repi'

89

DECEM

XXXV

latdtudine

rptxa-

wtpiKt^Xov

re

ir^y^vrai
^lair^y/iaroc

Tov

irXaVoc
cir* nvrHv

'E^op/io^rrac^c

Erigebantor

^i

ro

^flx^iQf

^i

to

LIBRI

pedum

x^^^'^'^^

fiiv^ rifc

airriifi' inf)(yaioyf

XaiVTidioy,

AKCHITECTURA

DE

Kptol6yii" 9Ki\fi ^vo

r^c

orcffw

ipBia
"rv/i/3e/3Ai|^cVa

VITKUVn

with
the
have
chains

invisible.

to

beak

is

ram

is two
the

of

The

windlasses
fourfold
are

It

has

to

one

iron

an

ship.

hides.

raw

The

its breadth

contracts

palms.

is covered

ram

and

thickness

three

cubits.

120

feet

on

iron

also

all

the

which,

being

ram-holder,

chains

covered

first with

over

ropes

at

with

the

hold
upper

hides

so

2e

olaiU(irai

k'oi'ra*

arhpUr

vwo

DE

latere

dextra

homines

eam

talentimi

that
120

pounds.

the

continuous

has

talent

Here

his

at

more

chap.

22

catapults, tortoises
arranged according

and

towers

27

Bi 7r\dT09

Vitruvius,
XiOov.^
TpunakdvTov
est
animi
pertinaciam Poliorcetes

immissi

ballista

correspondence

the

see

on

they

ships, as

appeared
the

height,

they

Vitruvius

mentions

this

machinas

hostes

When

ante

murum.

fuerat, sub

Vitruvius

story

does

the

with

not

reports

It

by

worked

sides

the

on

100

to

its

men,

the

extent

was

is constructed

impelled
as

Helepolis
which

Epimachus,

Athenian
Rhodes

called

understood

towards

follows

its walls

it is 90

cubits

We

Chio

the

naves

flames.

sambucarum
in

mare

aggerationem,

supra

of

wall

ships.

in the

naves

supra

the

on

died

This

walls

lapides progesserunt

retrorsus

nee

down

crew

cum

the

than

upsetting

whole

harenam

voluissent,

AthensDus.

Rhodii

the

quae

recipere potuerunt,

se

this

sed

tale

to

show

of 70

cubits,

cubits.

It is

altogether

the

that

of

broad

blows

of stones

'

Even

and

up

40

as

the

Ck"m-

untrustworthy

in the

hit

by

nor

ought

shaped

Chios.

in

as

The

the

when

walls

the

ground

and

retire ;
and

could

tower,

enemies
Ghians
with

have
and

some

can

resist

hsTing

placed

at

ni^t

earth,

approached,

enemy

they

to

talents.

vessels, the

outside

fire-arrows

like
three

weighing

their

Now,

wall

it is

so

sea

stones.

the

on

the

stuck

by Demetrius,

mechanician

cubits

to

the

siege

high

be

to

proves

of

us

Demetrius.

helepolis of

the

Massilia.

of

by

description reminds

His

against

Plutarch

and

constructed

during

without

the

minus

Non

aambukea

machine

The

lapidis

CCCIiX."

pondo

jump

not

lowered

terram

talents.

4000

lati-

pati plagam

great skill,dangerous.

dared

be

accedere

siege

height

weight amounting

**

milia

helepolim

CXXV,

pedum

considerably higher

machine,

accedere

of

the

of 70

the

qui propter
Epima-

comparavit

fuerat

posset

with

men

not
the

Chii

story in order

from

walls

pull down

can

drag

and

Diodorus

the

relates

Athenseus

of

history of

afore-mentioned

the

defence

with

conflagratae.*'*

have

to

the

"9

murum

sunt

seem

about

above

told

incendio

confixse

made

used, the

to

ut

fuerat

managed

been

fire

cum

ad

nee

of

famous

the engines constructed

speak of aafifivKai,,

not

could

noctu

die

postero

sederunt

aqua

ibi malleolis

pared

illi

be

in

down,

comparavissent,
Ita

his

value.

if not

had

machine

lower

confirmavit,

no

will

he

besiegers put

subsequently

the

siege

comparando

autem

altitudo

machina

of

bellum
Is

cuius

crudis

and

to

were

the

and

be

must

connection

Demetrius,

rex

Bhodum

adduxit.

autem

They

Chios.

of

the

To
fiiv irifro9
Xafifidva
irvpyost^^' inrofiJvt$Si wXffytiv if

Interea

**

summo,

are

by sajringthat

when

that

so

such

ipsa

generally known,

are

siege

the

at

town,

from

continues

AthensBus

coriis

additions

the

(16), 4

secum

laboreque

CCCLX

pondo

works

Sfrri ToidBg,

axvH^'^''

appellatus,contra

ciliciis et

Eam

LX.

pedum

tudo

industria

immanibus

sumptibus

r^

22

chap.

architectum

nobilem

Atheniensem

chum

they

rendering

diflferent

the
;

in

him

to

story from

in inmiediate

this machine

yiverai Bi

'

fi

mjx^i'f

defence

succeeded

defenders

Tsixeciv avr"v,

7ro\iopK"p TTpoa-iiyayeroh

'PoBiov9

TT^^eis Q'to

of

quotes

subsequent

Vitruvius
about

enough

means

he

his

l^p AfffUfrpiOf
^ETri/jLaxovrov*A0rjvaiovyevo/jJvffi\iTro\i^j

Si inrb

*H

the

said

about

fit

quod

According

Henceforth

end.

an

with

pounds.

360

has

instance

an

when

at

he

write

not

As

mentions

AthensBus

Helepolis ineffective.
above-quoted lines, p.
6

will

he

Poliorketes,

by Demetrius

Rhodes

is

thinks

he

Ouber-

pondus

milimn,

well

agrees

of

one

of Athenaeus

(16)

circumstances.

to

is

C.

habentem

pondo.

which

pounds,

talents

translation

In

ease.

480,000

three

weighing

stone

by

talents

4000

renders

procurrendo

pedes
G

qnattnor

CCCCLXXX

Vitruvius

sinisira

et

minus

non
prflBstringebai

nabant

statement

DECBIC

LIBRI

item

to

t\ovaa

p,

ARCHITECTURA

TirpaKitry^iKiu,^

fldpo^ riiXarra

avfiTay

VITRUVn

ON

OBSERVATIONS

40

neither

remained

advance
on

the

filled

sand
the

and

iihips

towards

spot*

were

burned.
^

OBSERVATIONS

of

knowledge

"

to

had

he

when

the

move

deceive

they

as

you,

of which

drawing

this occasion

always be

cannot

LIBRI

41

DECEM

to Callistratus,
writes
who
temple in Ephesus. He had constructed
much
admired, but which
proved

happened

"

to the

transport stones

the

On

stones.

ARCHITECTURA

DE

thing,"he continues,

to

triangularmachine,

unable

similar

optics.

mechanics,

about

VITRUVII

ON

was

he makes

the

remark

small

that

in full size,while, on

constructed

models
the

times
some-

other

hand,

objectscannot be represented in small models, but must be executed at once in the proper
Ou 7^^ avvelSiv 6tl ivui iiri t"v fitKp"pirapaisLyfJbdrtav
size :
rfjv"f"avTa"Tiav
Trotovaiv
ov
yct^p
Si iir ivUov fiiKpdTrapaBeiyfiara
ttoXiv
Svvavrat yBvitrOai,
yivovrai eh av^atv rh, rouLvra
ov
some

"

'

aXKa

This
ivspyovvra ev6if9 tcaraa-KSvO'^ovTai.^

TcL

it up in ch. 22

takes

that he

(16), 5

alia,qusB

exemplaribus non

exemplaria non

possunt habere,

sunt

videntur

magnis
sed

much

onmia

eisdem

simiUter

magna

facta

autem

to the

crescere

taste

rationibus
habent

constituuntur, uonnulla

se

per

veri similia, cum

is so

remark

enim

"Non

of Vitruvius

agi possunt,

effectus,alia
sunt, qusB in

vero

sed

autem
plaribus
exem-

coeperunt dilabuntur."

clear to the reader

become
in comparing it
when
The
distinctly
compared with AthensBus.
is
translations,|hough not always literal. Sometimes
a sentence
mere
are
chapters 19-21
drawn
and then the descriptions
out by arguments and irrelevant additions,
omitted ; now
are
himself
the author
It is by no
where
considered
sufficiently
acquaintedwith the matter.
means
impossiblethat he may have had something to do with the construction of catapults
and
and
That
similar engines of war
centuries later.
not for Caesar
Augustus, but some
the same
his knowledge from
has
not
Vitruvius
Athenaeus
as
as
source
merely drawn
and in several places literally
translated
this
some
people have thought but has plagiarised
with the misunderstandings we
author may
become
evidpnt by comparing the texts, even
have
It appears distinctlyfrom the fact that the similarity
is found, not
pointed out above.
by both, but also in the individual remarks, such as the
only in the subjects treated
Diades
critical observations
about
having solemnly promised to describe iinfidOpaand
without
and
the
models
a-afifivtcai
keeping this promise ; about the difference between some

Vitruvius's

with

of

method

working

have

may

it betrays itself even

but
Pliny's,

more

"

"

"

machines

after

constructed

them

in

remarkable

the

4n)fjLl
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