08-01-2016

CE352A: Foundation Design

CE352A Foundation Design

Improper geotechnical investigation can lead to..

Geotechnical Investigation

Dr. Rajesh Sathiyamoorthy, IIT Kanpur

Dr. Rajesh Sathiyamoorthy, IIT Kanpur

CE352A: Foundation Design

Simple
examination of
surface soil
Geotechnical
Investigation

Can range
from

primarily depends on

Detailed study
of soil, rock and
ground water

Importance of structure

CE352A: Foundation Design

Prospects of Geotechnical Investigation

Method 1:
Carry out limited investigation and
adopt an excessive factor of safety
Method 2:
Carry out limited investigation and
make design assumptions in
accordance with rule of thumb and
experience
Method 3:
Carry out detailed investigation and
adopt suitable factor of safety

Complexity of soil condition

Seismic zonation

Non- scientific

Dangerous

Proven to be
effective

Availability of information about the site

Dr. Rajesh Sathiyamoorthy, IIT Kanpur

Dr. Rajesh Sathiyamoorthy, IIT Kanpur

08-01-2016

CE352A: Foundation Design

Objectives of Geotechnical / Site Investigation

CE352A: Foundation Design

Activities involved in Geotechnical / Site Investigation

Site selection: (construction of major projects)

Foundation and earth work design : (for medium size engineering
works, geotechnical problems must be solved once the site is available
in order to prepare a safe and economical design)

Preliminarydesk
study

Remotesensing
andGIS

Sitewalkthrough

Fieldand
Field
and
laboratorytesting

Preliminarysub
surface
surface
exploration
(boring/drilling)

Visualsoil
identificationand
d
f
d
classification

Evaluationofdata

Geotechnical
investigation
report

Temporary work design: (excavation for foundation, slope instability,

ground water seepage, bracing, shuttering)
Effect of proposed projects on its environment: (environmental issues,
excavation may cause structural distress to neighboring structures, salt
water intrusion)
Construction and monitoring of designed structure: (quality checks, any
deviation from the design aspects)
Remediation of failed sub-structures: (analyze reason for failures and
suggest optimised ground improvement techniques)

Fieldvisitduring
construction

Safety checks: (lesson learnt from failures needs to be documented)

Dr. Rajesh Sathiyamoorthy, IIT Kanpur

Dr. Rajesh Sathiyamoorthy, IIT Kanpur

CE352A: Foundation Design

Stages of Geotechnical / Site Investigation

Collection of data (geological, aerial, remote
sensing, soil map, seismic map)
Reconnaissance
study

Site walk through

In-situ / visual soil classification

CE352A: Foundation Design

In-situ soil identification and description

Particlesize
(wettingand3mm
thread)
Drydensity

Reconnaissance survey
Moisturecontent
M
it
t t
andvolume
change

Boring
B i / drilling
d illi
Detailed
investigation

Sampling

Shape/Texture
andmineralogical
composition

Colorandodor

Crushdrysampleof3mmsizebetweenthumband
forefinger
Siltfraction easilycrushable
y
Clayfraction difficulttobreak
Cementedsoil(CaCO3) addHCl

Testing (field and lab)

Sub-soil investigation report
Quality check and further testing
Performance
study

Instrumentation and monitoring

Performance evaluation
Dr. Rajesh Sathiyamoorthy, IIT Kanpur

Dr. Rajesh Sathiyamoorthy, IIT Kanpur

08-01-2016

CE352A: Foundation Design

CE352A: Foundation Design

In-situ soil description and identification

Finegrainedsoils

In-situ soil description and identification

Coarsegrainedsoils

Classification

Description

Undrainedshear
strengthkPa

Classification

Description

SPT(N)60
value

Relative
density%

Verysoft

Soils canbeplasticallysqueezedorpenetrated
withthumb

<12

Veryloose

Easilypenetratedwitha12mmdia rod
pushedbyhand

<4

015

Loose

Hardly penetratedwitha12mmdia
penetrated with a 12 mm dia rod
rod
pushedbyhand

4 10
410

15 35
1535

Medium
dense

Easilypenetrated300mmwitha12mm
dia roddrivenwith2.3kghammer

1017

3565

Dense

Hardlypenetrated300mmwitha12mm 1732
dia roddrivenwitha2.3kghammer

6585

Verydense

Penetratedonly150mmwitha12mm
dia roddrivenwitha2.3kghammer

85100

Soft

Soil ismoldedwithlightfingerpressure
is molded with light finger pressure

2550
25
50

Medium/firm

Soilismoldedwithstringfinger pressure

50100

Stiff

Soilisindentedwiththumb

100150

Hard

Soilisindentedwiththumbnail

150200

Veryhard

Soilisnoteasilyindentedwithpencilpoint

>200

Dr. Rajesh Sathiyamoorthy, IIT Kanpur

>32

Dr. Rajesh Sathiyamoorthy, IIT Kanpur

CE352A: Foundation Design

Soil Sampling

Obtainedfromboring
/drilling/fieldtest

Soil Sampling

Disturbed
samples

(Mineralogyandgrainsizes
arepreserved)

Dependsondegree
ofdisturbance
of
disturbance

SoilSamples

Undisturbed
samples(UDS)
Obtainedfromopenpits
andstandardsamplers
Dr. Rajesh Sathiyamoorthy, IIT Kanpur

Canbeusedforvisualand
formalsoilclassification

Canbeusedforsoil
classificationandfor
determiningvariousdesign
parameters
(Mineralogy,grainsizes,
watercontent,voidratioand
soilstructuresarepreserved)
Dr. Rajesh Sathiyamoorthy, IIT Kanpur

08-01-2016

CE352A: Foundation Design

CE352A: Foundation Design

Soil Samples

Use of disturbed and undisturbed soil samples

Undisturbedsoilsamples

Soil/Rocktest

Disturbedsamples

Undisturbedsamples

Natural moisturecontent
Specific gravity
Grainsizedistribution(sieve+hydrometer)
Mineralogy
Atterberg Limits(W
Limits (Wl,W
Wp,W
Ws)

Compaction

Disturbedsoilsamples

Permeability
Consolidation
Shearstrength
(Direct shear,Triaxial,UCS)
CaliforniaBearingRatio(CBR)
RQD(rockqualitydesignation)

EngineeringDesignParameters
Dr. Rajesh Sathiyamoorthy, IIT Kanpur

CE352A: Foundation Design

Disturbed Samples from Boring / Drilling

Dr. Rajesh Sathiyamoorthy, IIT Kanpur

CE352A: Foundation Design

Comparison of various boring techniques

Bailer

Shell

Auger

ShellandAuger

Percussiondrilling
Dr. Rajesh Sathiyamoorthy, IIT Kanpur

Dr. Rajesh Sathiyamoorthy, IIT Kanpur

08-01-2016

CE352A: Foundation Design

CE352A: Foundation Design

Augers

Various types of auger boring/drilling

Postholeauger
Solidhelicalaugers

Hollowhelicalaugers
Varioustypeofhandauger

Postholeauger
Helicalauger
Dr. Rajesh Sathiyamoorthy, IIT Kanpur

CE352A: Foundation Design

Wash boring

Trenchlesstechnology
Dr. Rajesh Sathiyamoorthy, IIT Kanpur

CE352A: Foundation Design

Rotary wash boring

Typicaldrillingconfiguration

Casinganddriveshoe

Diamonddragandrollerbits

Drillfluiddischarge

Settlingbasin
(mudtank)

Handandmachineoperatedflushpump

Dr. Rajesh Sathiyamoorthy, IIT Kanpur

08-01-2016

CE352A: Foundation Design

CE352A: Foundation Design

Salient features of various Boring / Drilling methods

Soil/Rocktest

Sample disturbance

Salient features

AugerBoring

Dependingonthemethodofoperationandtypeofauger,
depthofexplorationcanbevaried
Can beusedfordepthof6minsoftsoil.

ShellandAugerBoring

Augers forsofttostiffclays
Shell forverystiffandhardclay
Chisel bitforthinrockstrata
bit for thin rock strata
Bailer isusedtoremovethesample

Undisturbedsoil
samples

PercussionBoring

Thin rockformationcanbebrokenbyrepeatedblowsfroma
drillingbitorchisel.
Rockcorescanbeobtainedfromsuitablesampler

WashBoring

Samplescollectedfromthismethodarenot representative,
hencecannotbeusedforanylabtests

RotaryBoring

Canbeusedforanysoilandrockstrata
Hollow stemaugercanbeusedforcollectingdisturbed
samples.

Disturbedsoilsamples
Dr. Rajesh Sathiyamoorthy, IIT Kanpur

Dr. Rajesh Sathiyamoorthy, IIT Kanpur

CE352A: Foundation Design

CE352A: Foundation Design

How to quantify sample disturbance

Stem

StemDia.

Sample disturbance

Permissiblearearatiosdependuponthesoiltype,itsstrengthandsensitivity,
andthepurposeofthesamplingoperations.

Arearatio:preferablylessthan10to15%.(SmallCa fragilesamplingtube
maybendorbuckleduringsamplingoperation)

Ifarearatioswereincreasedfrom5to20percent,theedgetaperangles
shouldbedecreasedfrom15to9degrees

Insideclearanceratio:toreducethefrictionbetweensoilsampleinsidewall
ofthesampletube(shortlengthsamplesci =01%;Mediumsample=0.53%;
ingeneral0.75to1.5%forlengthtodiameterratio6to8)

Outsideclearanceratio:toreduceoutsidewallfriction influencesthequality
ofsoilsample.Forcohesivesoilco =2 3%;cohesionless soil=0

Advancingthesampletube:Pushingthesamplingtubewithafast,uniform,
continuousmotionisrecommended;hammeringmakeUDStoDS

(outer=Df ;Inner=Ds)
CuttingedgeDia.
(outer=Dw;Inner=De)
Dr. Rajesh Sathiyamoorthy, IIT Kanpur

Dr. Rajesh Sathiyamoorthy, IIT Kanpur

08-01-2016

CE352A: Foundation Design

CE352A: Foundation Design

Undisturbed Soil Samplings

Sample disturbance
Lengthtodiameterratio:Max.lengthforUDSobtainedinasinglesampling
operationisdependentuponthetypeofsoil,thesampler,therateand
uniformityofpenetration,theinsideclearanceratio,andthedepthbelowthe
groundsurface.Dia.ofthesampledependsontypeofsoilandlab
requirement(Forcohesivesoill/d =1020;cohesionless soil=510 depends
onsampler!)
Stress
Stressrelief:canleadtobaseheave,cavingandpipingintheborehole.
relief: can lead to base heave caving and piping in the borehole
Boreholecanbestabilised byusingwater(softcohesive/alluvialdeposits),
drillingmud(bentonitewithwaterratio=1:15to1:20 cleaninganddisposal
ofdrillingmudbeforeUDS)orcasing(forallsoils veryexpensive cancause
sampledisturbance)
Samplerecovery:increasedpressureatthetopofthesampleduetoimproper
venting;suctiondevelopedbelowthesampletube;tensilestrengthofsoil
(rotatebeforeremoving);sampledisturbanceofsurroundingthesample
(smallarearatiowithincreasedtaperangle)

SoilSamplers
(UDS)

Pushtype
samplers

Opensampler

Pistonsampler

Thickwalled
Thinwalled

Dr. Rajesh Sathiyamoorthy, IIT Kanpur

Rotarycore
barrelsamplers
DenisonSampler
PitcherSampler
Hollow stemauger
sampler

MechanicallyoperatedFixedPistonsampler
(Hvorslev FPS)
HydraulicallyactivatedFixedPistonsampler
(Osterberg FPS)
Dr. Rajesh Sathiyamoorthy, IIT Kanpur

CE352A: Foundation Design

CE352A: Foundation Design

Block sampler

Block
samplers

Push type open drive sampler

Block Sampling:
When the soil is sufficiently stiff or cemented to stand up under its own
weight, a block sample may be taken
Can be used only for shallow depth; for deeper depth it will become
expensive

Theadvantages ofopendrivesamplingareprincipallythoseofcheapness,
ruggednessandsimplicityofoperation.
Opendrivesamplerscanbegroupedintothinandthickwalled.
Thinwallopendrivesamplershavebeendefinedasthosewithawallthicknessof
samplingtubeoflessthan2.5%ofthediameter,correspondingapproximatelyto
anarearatioof10%(Hvorslev 1949).
However,inpractice,thinwallsamplingdevicesaretakentobethosewithanarea
ratiooflessthan20%,andasuitablecuttingshoetaper,whilethickwall
samplersaretakentohaveanarearatiogreaterthan20%.

Thin walled opendrive sample tubes

Dr. Rajesh Sathiyamoorthy, IIT Kanpur

Dr. Rajesh Sathiyamoorthy, IIT Kanpur

08-01-2016

CE352A: Foundation Design

Thin-walled open-drive sampler (Shelby Sampler)

CE352A: Foundation Design

Piston Sampler
Allpistonsamplershaveapistoncontainedwithinthesampletube,
whichismovedupwardsrelativetothesampletubeatsomestageof
thesamplingprocess.

Shelby sampler

Pistonshavebeenincludedinsamplerdesignsinorder:
topreventsoilenteringthesamplertubebeforethesamplingpositionis
reached. Many piston samplers have been specifically designed to be pushed,
reached.Manypistonsamplershavebeenspecificallydesignedtobepushed,
withoutapredrilledborehole,throughthesoiltothedesiredsamplingdepth.
toreducelossesofsamples,byprovidinganefficientairtightsealtothetopof
thesoilinthetubeduringwithdrawal.Anytendencyofthesampletoslideout
ofthetubeiscounteractedbypressuredecreaseabovethesample.
toreducetheentryofexcesssoilintothetubeduringtheearlystagesof
sampling,asaresultofusingarelativelyhigharearatio,andtopreventtoo
littlesoilenteringthesamplerattheendofthedrive,asaresultofthebuildup
ofinternalfriction;and
toincreasetheacceptablelengthtodiameterratio.

Dr. Rajesh Sathiyamoorthy, IIT Kanpur

CE352A: Foundation Design

Mechanically operated Fixed Piston Sampler

Dr. Rajesh Sathiyamoorthy, IIT Kanpur

CE352A: Foundation Design

Hydraulically operated Fixed Piston Sampler

Hyd.Pistonsamplerissuitableforsamplingsilt,
clayandgranularsoilsofmediumfinegrain
Outer diameter = 101 mm
Total length = 906 mm
Length of sampling tube = 660 mm
Diameter of sampling tube = 89 mm
Thickness of sampling tube = 2 mm

Dr. Rajesh Sathiyamoorthy, IIT Kanpur

Dr. Rajesh Sathiyamoorthy, IIT Kanpur

08-01-2016

CE352A: Foundation Design

CE352A: Foundation Design

Samplers for sandy soils

Minimum size of soil sample required for soil testing

Undisturbedsandsamplingisverydifficulttoobtainandisveryexpensive.Generally
obtainedonlyinspecialcircumstances,forexampletoobtainvaluesofinsitudensity
forearthquakeliquefactionproblemsorforcompressibilitystudies.
Hvorslev (1949) outlined a number of techniques for sampling sand. Few are listed as
follows:
1. Thinwall fixed piston samplers with core catchers
2. Freezing
3. Bishops sand sampler
Circulationofanethanolandcrusheddry
icecoolantat40to60Cresultsina
frozencolumnofsoilwhichcanbe
extractedbypullingthesteeltubefromthe
ground.

core catchers

Freezing

Dr. Rajesh Sathiyamoorthy, IIT Kanpur

CE352A: Foundation Design

Compressibility characteristics:

Oedometer 76mm dia. x 19mm high

Triaxial cell 102 mm dia. x 102 mm high
Hydraulic consolidation cell up to 254mm dia. x 100125mm high

Triaxial compression tests

Small specimens 38mm dia. x 76mm high

Large specimens 102mm dia. x 204mm high
or 152mm dia. x 305mm high

Direct shear tests

Small specimens 60mm x 60mm in plan

Large specimens 305 mm x 305 mm in plan

Dr. Rajesh Sathiyamoorthy, IIT Kanpur

CE352A: Foundation Design

Which tests to prefer (Lab. or Field tests)

Ifthesoilsamplingiseasier
andeconomicalfeasible(lesser
degreeofdisturbance)
Useappropriatesamplerto
extractthesoilsample.

Ifthesoilisverydifficultto
extract(higherdegreeof
disturbance)

Performinsitusoiltest

Soilsamplesneedstobe
preservedtoavoidanychange
intheproperty

Performvariouslabtests:
Atterbergs Limit
Grainsizedistribution
Compactionandconsolidation
Shearstrengthtest
Permeabilitytest

selectsuitable
insitutest

Commonlyusedinsitutests:
Standardpenetrationtest
Staticconepenetrationtest
Dynamicconepenetrationtest
Plateloadtest
Pressuremeter test

Designparameters

Dr. Rajesh Sathiyamoorthy, IIT Kanpur

Dr. Rajesh Sathiyamoorthy, IIT Kanpur

08-01-2016

CE352A: Foundation Design

Causes of sample disturbance

Dr. Rajesh Sathiyamoorthy, IIT Kanpur

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