AN OUTLOOK

AN OUTLOOK OF OF
INFRASTRUCTURALHERITAGES
INFRASTRUCTURAL HERITAGES
OF IRRIGATION
OF IRRIGATION IN
IN INDONESIA:
INDONESIA:
DRAWBACKSAND
DRAWBACKS ANDFUTURE
FUTURE
PERSPECTIVES
PERSPECTIVES
By
A.Hafied A. Gany
gany@hafied.org;; http://twitter.com/hafiedgany
gany@hafied.org http://twitter.com/hafiedgany
hafiedgany@gmail.com
hafied gany@gmail.com

OUTLINE
I. INTRODUCTION
II. HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF IRRIGATION
DEVELOPMENT IMPLEMENTATION;
III. HIGHLIGHTS OF SOME TECHNICAL IRRIGATION
STRUCTURERAL HERITAGES;
IV. INSTITUTION & ORGANIZATION; SOCIO-ECONOMIC;
ENVIRONMENT PESPECTIVES;
V. PROBLEMS, CONSTRAINTS, DRAWBACK;
VI. CONCLUSION AND THE WAY FORWARD;
VII. RECOMMENDATION & CLOSING REMARKS.

1
 BACKGROUND
Irrigation in Indonesia has a fairly
long history, however, technical
irrigation development by means of
civil engineering undertaking has
only been introduced between the
end of the 19th, and the turn of the
20th century.

BACKGROUND

Tugu stone inscriptions (historical evidences about the long

existence of irrigation in Indonesia)

2
 BACKGROUND

Harinjing stone inscriptions (historical evidences about the

long existence of irrigation rehabilitation in Indonesia)

BACKGROUND
This was more significant
when the Dutch Colonial
Government applying the so
called "Ethical Policy", by
fostering Irrigation, Education
and Transmigration Program.

3
 BACKGROUND
Initially, the water infrastructure
was developed to support
sugar cane plantation and
hazard protection, then geared
toward water use for rice
production.

BACKGROUND
At the initial stage, the main irrigation
structures were constructed by means of
trial-and-error.
Then, many of them were collapsed by the
large floods before even completed.
Other structures were over designed due
to huge safety factors, and hence
economically inefficient.

4
 BACKGROUND
During which, sutainability was
merely considered from the strength of
infrastructures, and less attention on
effective O&M.
This condition become exceptionally
worsened due to the poor O&M, even
become non existence.

BACKGROUND
Learning from experiences it has been the
case that management of water
infrastructures is more important than
construction of the facilities per se .
This matter have been apparent at the
ancient traditional irrigation system that has
been highly sustainable through active
participation of local community.

5
 BACKGROUND
In contrast, some modern
irrigation systems had not been
fully achieved the targets due to a
number of socio-technical
constraints, lack of community
participation, and inappropriate
public support for O&M.

BACKGROUND
In addition, most of community
members were suffered from
dependency attitude, almost
having no sense of participation
and sense of belonging on public
infrastructures.

6
 BACKGROUND
This paper is presenting an
outlook of infrastructural
heritages, with some
discussion on the drawbacks,
causes, and future
perspectives.

Ancient Evidence
From
From the the stone
stone reliefrelief of of ancient
ancient temple,
temple,
there
there are
are many
many illustration
illustration about
about
agricultural
agricultural practices;
practices;
From
From Borobudur,
Borobudur, and and Prambanan
Prambanan
Temples
Temples (7 (7thth to
to 99thth Cent
Cent AD),
AD), for
for
instance,
instance, itit isis clear
clear of of the
the ancestor
ancestor ss
messages
messagesof of thethe utilization
utilization of of water
water for
for
irrigation,
irrigation, livelihood,
livelihood,and and environment.
environment.

7
 Ancient Stone Relief

The stone relief illustrate the water utilization by implementing the integrated
approach between the provision of water resources infrastructures for livelihood
and environment (Ancient Relief of Prambanan Temple, Yogyakarta).

Ancient Stone Relief

Water utilization not only for human life but also for flora and fauna as well as for
supporting the sustainability of environmental ecosystem (Ancient relief from
Prambanan Temple,Yogyakarta).

8
 Ancient Stone Relief

Left: A stone relief at Trowulan Museum, shown the paddy seedling transplanting by means
of low land bounded paddy field. Right: A stone relief at Trowulan museum depicting the bird
eye view of low-land bounded paddy field (sawah) at the rural area.

Ancient Stone Relief

The relief of Borobudur Temple showing the technology of land

preparation by utilizing cattle power.

9
 Ancient Stone Relief

The relief of Borobudur temple showing the farming activities for pest control,
including birds and rats at the ripening stage of the paddy cultivation.

Historical Evidence
The
The First
First Irrigation
Irrigation Development:
Development:
Tugu
Tugu stonestone inscription
inscription unearthed
unearthed
at
at the
the Tugu
Tugu Village
Village near
near Cilincing
Cilincing
River,
River, Northern
Northern Jakarta
Jakarta indicates
indicates
that
that the
the first
first irrigation
irrigation infrastructure
infrastructure
was
was constructed
constructed on on the
the Fifth
Fifth
Century
Century AD.
AD.
(Angoedi,
(Angoedi,
Angoedi, 1984.,
1984.,p.28).
p.28).

10
 Historical Evidence
Irrigation
Irrigation history
history of
of Indonesia
Indonesia has
has
been
been related
related with
with rice
rice production
production
since
since the
the old
old days;
days;
This
This explains
explains that
that Irrigation
Irrigation must
must
had
had been
been practiced,
practiced, disregarding
disregarding
however
however simple
simple the
the technical
technical
intervention
intervention onon it.
it.

Historical Evidence
The
TheFirst
FirstIrrigation
IrrigationRehabilitation:
Rehabilitation:
An
Anunearthed
unearthedstone
stoneinscription
inscriptionindicates
indicates
that
thatthe
theHarinjing
HarinjingWeir
Weir(804
(804AD),
AD),had
had
undertaken
undertakenan anunprecedented
unprecedentedrehabilitation
rehabilitation
work
workin in1350
1350AD.
AD.
This
Thisindicates
indicatesthat
thatthe
theancient
ancientHarinjing
Harinjing
Weir
Weirhad
hadbeen
beenlasted
lastedatatleast
leastfor
forfive
fivecenturies
centuries
before
beforethethefirst
firstrehabilitation
rehabilitationwork
workwaswas
conducted.
conducted.

11
 Ancient Techniques
Design
Design andand Construction:
Construction:
During
During thethe Hindu
Hindu Era,
Era,
construction
construction of of irrigation
irrigation schemes
schemes
were
were based
based on on the
the executive
executive order
order
of
of the
the King
King (( dawuhan
dawuhan );); making
making
use
use of
of local
local materials.
materials.
Till
Till present,
present, thethe construction
construction
technique
technique is is still
still practiced
practiced in
in many
many
remote
remote rural
rural areas,
areas, today.
today.

Ancient Techniques
Sketch
Sketchof
ofBamboo
BambooWeir:
Weir:

Stone
Stoneandandboulders
bouldersare areplaced
placedbetween
betweenthe
thelayers,
layers,most
mostofofwhich
whichwerewere
mixed with soil and bamboo leaves, branches, or organic
mixed with soil and bamboo leaves, branches, or organic filament, filament,
filament , anchored
anchored
totothe
thebamboo
bamboopegs pegstotofill
fillthe
thevoids
voidsbetween
betweenthe
thestone
stoneandandbamboo
bambo
bamboo o layers.
layers.
During
Duringthetheoperation,
operation,thethesediment
sedimentgradually
graduallydeposited
depositedatatthe theupstream
up stream site
upstream site
ofofthe
theweir,
weir,functioned
functionedtotoheighten
heightenthe
thewater
waterlevel,
level,totoallow
allowdiversion
version toto
didiversion
irrigation
irrigationconveyance
conveyancechannel.
channel.

12
 Ancient Techniques
For construction of dyke and embankment, most of which were
using boulders and stone arrangement -- materials were
transported by means of conveying them from hand-
hand-to-
to-hand.

A stone
statuette
Illustrating
The cons-
truction
Work in the
early
Time.
(Manual
Labor
Workers)

Traditional Heritages
Traditional
TraditionalIrrigation
IrrigationHeritages:
Heritages:
There
Thereare areaanumber
numberof oftraditional
traditionalirrigation
irrigationheritages
heritages
that
that are still existed today: (1) Subak Systemin
are still existed today: (1) Subak System in
Bali
BaliProvince;
Province;(2) (2) Dawur
DawurPranatamangsa
Pranatamangsa in in
Central
Centraland andEast
EastJava;
Java;(3)(3) Tuo
TuoBanda
Banda or or Siak
Siak
Bandar
Bandar in West Sumatra; (4) Tudang Sipulung in
in West Sumatra; (4) Tudang Sipulung in
South
SouthSulawesi
Sulawesi,, (5)
(5) Panriahan
PanriahanPamokahan
Pamokahan and and
Siauga
SiaugaParjolo
Parjolo ininNorth
NorthSumatra;
Sumatra;(6) (6) Panitia
Panitia
Siring
Siring in South Sumatra and BengkuluProvinces;
in South Sumatra and Bengkulu Provinces;
(7)
(7) Ulu -ulu Desa
Ulu-ulu Desa ,,and
and Ulu -ulu Vak
Ulu-ulu Vak ininCentral
Central
Java;
Java; (8) Raksa Bumi in West Java; (9) IliIli-ili
(8) Raksa Bumi in West Java; (9) -ili in in
East Java; (10) Malar or Ponggawa
East Java; (10) Malar or Ponggawa in Sumbawa in Sumbawa
Island;
Island;andand(11)
(11) Kejrueng
KejruengBlang Blang in inAceh
Aceh..

13
 Traditional Heritages
One tek-tek unit of water flow
ONE TEK-TEK UNIT OF WATER FLOW
ON CONTINUOUS BASIS

+ 8.00 cm + 2.00 cm
L
WL

The tek-tek, Subak Irrigation water

measurement device

Traditional Heritages

Example of plot-to-plot irrigation system for the area where plenty of water sources available
(environmentally friendly irrigation practice)

14
 Traditional Heritages

Water wheels erected in both sides of the Batang Lampasin River

Traditional Heritages

Example of loose boulder weir in South Sulawesi which have been applied by the local
community since the ancient time, and yet still applied by many rural community, today.

15
 Traditional Principles
Simplicity
Simplicity Principles:
Principles:
The
The main
main rationale
rationale of
of the
the sustainable
sustainable
practice
practice has been incorporated with
has been incorporated with the
the
simplicity
simplicity principles.
principles.
Most
Most techniques
techniques cancan be
be adopted
adopted without
without
sophisticated process.
sophisticated process.
The
The ancient
ancient agricultural
agricultural calendars
calendars will
will
remain
remain appreciated
appreciated today,
today, because
because itit
accommodates
accommodates the the harmonious
harmonious
relationship
relationship between
between human,
human, cosmic,
cosmic, and
and
nature
nature (DJ;
(DJ; 1979:
1979: 69).
69).

Traditional Principles

Basic Feature of the Pranatamangsa Ancient Agricultural Calendar of Java

16
 Traditional Instrument

A traditional level for land surveying by the Balinese,

(At Subak Museum, Tabanan, Bali)

IRRIGATION TECHNIQUE
Irrigation
Irrigation during
during thethe Dutch
Dutch Colonial
Colonial Era:
Era:
At
At the
the beginning
beginning of of the
the Colonial
Colonial Era,
Era, not
not
much
much effort
effort were
were addressed
addressed to to irrigation
irrigation
development;
development;
Some
Some Irrigation
Irrigation forfor private
private lands
lands were
were
constructed
constructed in in the
the vicinity
vicinity of
of Batavia
Batavia and and
Bogor
Bogor for for land -lords.
land-lords.
AA mong
mong them,
them, thethe Ciliwung
Ciliwung Katulampa
Katulampa,,
Cisedane
Cisedane Empang
Empang and and Cibalok
Cibalok are
are still
still in
in
operation
operation today
today after
after more
more than
than 250250 yrs.
yrs.

17
 IRRIGATION TECHNIQUE
Pioneering
Pioneering Irrigation
Irrigation Technique:
Technique:
The
The provision
provision of of irrigation
irrigation for
for supporting
supporting the the
(Compulsory
(Compulsory Agricultural
Agricultural Policy)
Policy) was
was
considered
considered to to be
be the
the pioneering
pioneering period.
period.
Almost
Almost no no data
data onon hydrology,
hydrology, hydrometry
hydrometry,,
geology,
geology, topographical
topographical maps maps toto back
back upup the
the
technical
technical design.
design.
Many
Many irrigation
irrigation schemes
schemes were
were failure
failure oror
totally
totally collapsed
collapsed before
before they
they were
were fully
fully utilized.
utilized.

IRRIGATION TECHNIQUE
Wooden
Wooden Framed
Framed Weir:
Weir:
AA wooden
wooden weirweir in
in Sampean
Sampean River
River in
in
1832,
1832, using
using teakwood
teakwood withwith stone
stone and
and
boulder.
boulder.
For
For improvement,
improvement, itit was
was replaced
replaced byby
masonry
masonry structure
structure in in 1847.
1847. Up
Up until
until 1876
1876
many
many temporary
temporary weir weir had
had been
been
constructed
constructed byby means
means of of Trial -and-Error ..
Trial-and-Error

18
 IRRIGATION TECHNIQUE

The Old Lengkong Weir preserved as a monument near the new Lengkong Weir1

IRRIGATION TECHNIQUE

The new weir, at present, after a total reconstruction

19
 COLONIAL POLICY
The
The Colonial
Colonial Ethical
Ethical Policy:
Policy:
The
The Compulsory
Compulsory Agricultural
Agricultural Policy
Policy waswas
transformed
transformed into
into the
the Ethical
Ethical Policy
Policy (at
(at the
the
end th
end of
of 19
19th Century).
Century).
The
The slogan
slogan was:
was: (1)(1) Irrigation
Irrigation;; (2)
(2)
Emigration
Emigration;; and
and (3)
(3) Education
Education..
Then
Then followed
followed thethe Irrigation
Irrigation Based
Based
Transmigration
Transmigration Program
Program (1905).
(1905).

COLONIAL POLICY
Irrigation Based Population Resettlement
Program:
In order to catch up the rapid
escalation of population , the
irrigation development priorities were
directed toward the Outer Islands
areas, with special focus on the
transmigration program.

20
 COLONIAL POLICY

Way Semah-1 Weir, in Gedong Tataan is amongst the oldest irrigation infrastructures (1905) for
the pioneer transmigrant settlers in Lampung Region

COLONIAL POLICY
Reconstruction
Reconstruction of
of Irrigation
Irrigation
Structures:
Structures:
Approaching
Approaching the 19thth Century,
the 19 Century,
rehabilitation
rehabilitation && replacement
replacement of of the
the
simple
simple weirs
weirs were
were conducted.
conducted.
The
The simple
simple intake
intake structures
structures were
were
facilitated
facilitated with
with intake
intake gates
gates toto allow
allow
for
for appropriate
appropriate water
water control.
control.

21
 COLONIAL POLICY

Batang Mimpi at the Batang Mimpi River, West Sumatra, constructed earlier in 1826 or 26 years before the Glapan Weir

AFTER INDEPENDENCE
Irrigation
Irrigation Development
Development after
after
Independence:
Independence:
After
After independence,
independence, irrigation
irrigation encountered
encountered
by
by severe
severe economic
economic && political
political uncertainties
uncertainties;;
The
The capacity
capacity of
of the
the government
government to to provide
provide
financial
financial support
support for
for irrigation
irrigation was
was almost
almost
paralyzed.
paralyzed.
The
The human
human resources
resources capacity
capacity to
to undertake
undertake
irrigation
irrigation development
development was was unreliable.
unreliable.

22
 AFTER INDEPENDENCE
Multi -Purposes Water
Multi-Purposes Water Resources
Resources
Development:
Development:
Under
Under the
the 55-Year
-Year Development,
Development, the the role
role of
of
water
water resources
resources was
was expanded
expanded to to cover
cover
not
not only
only irrigation
irrigation but
but also
also flood
flood control,
control,
drinking
drinking water,
water, sanitation,
sanitation, urban
urban flushing,
flushing,
transportation,
transportation, environmental
environmental
conservation
conservation and and water
water based
based sport
sport &&
recreation,
recreation, hydropower
hydropower etc. etc.

AFTER INDEPENDENCE
14
15
16
+29.80

12
13 11
+28.00 +28.15

+27.50
17 KETERANGAN
9
+16.50
+26.00 1 = Kepala Propeller Pompa
7 2 = Blade (Sudu/Propeller Pompa)
+25.00 3 = Ring Propeller Pompa
3 4 = Kepala Propeller Turbine
+24.315 5 = Blade (Sudu/Propeller) Turbine
2
1 6 = Ring Propeller Turbine
8 7 = Selubung As Pompa
10
+22.70 8 = Selubung As Turbine
9 = Sambungan As Kopling Plat
6 10 = Sambungan As Kopling Baud
4 +21.65
+21.40 11 = Pipa Feet (Bantalan As I)
5
12 = Pipa Feet (Bantalan As II)
18
13 = Pipa Feet (Bantalan As III)
14 = Tanki Feet
+19.20
15 = Gear Box
16 = Tutup Pompa
+18.275 17 = Pipa Olie Pendingin
+17.80
1.650 18 = Lubang Lumpur
19 = Saluran Air Ke Pintu Pembuangan

+16.00

19

The cross section of Sediyatmo Pump, at the Jatiluhur Dam

23
 AFTER INDEPENDENCE
Reservoir
Reservoir and
and Headwork:
Headwork:
With
With the
the spread
spread of of irrigation
irrigation
infrastructural
infrastructural development,
development, the the water
water
demands
demands increasingly
increasingly important
important during
during
the
the first
first decade
decade ofof the 20thth Century.
the 20 Century.
To
To meet
meet this
this escalating
escalating demand,
demand, aa
series
series ofof reservoirs
reservoirs were
were constructed.
constructed.

AFTER INDEPENDENCE

The bird s air view of Curug Weir (Headwork)

24
 AFTER INDEPENDENCE
Large
Large Dams:
Dams:
Till
Till the
the year
year 2000,
2000, there
there are
are 117
117 large
large dams
dams
have
have been
been constructed
constructed to to cover
cover irrigation
irrigation area
area
of
of 810,000ha
810,000ha (apart
(apart from
from Electricity,
Electricity, Water
Water
Supplies,
Supplies, Waste
Waste control,
control, Flood
Flood regulation,
regulation, etc.)
etc.)
However,
However, mostmost of
of them
them (except
(except aa few)
few) are
are
severely
severely lacking
lacking of
of O&M
O&M undertakings.
undertakings.

AFTER INDEPENDENCE
Before
independence,
there were 16
dams
constructed,
mostly on Java
Island.
Since 1980,
efforts have
been pursued
to the outer
islands. Some
rehabilitated.

25
AFTER INDEPENDENCE

AFTER INDEPENDENCE
Cirata Dam,1988

Tangga Arch Dam, 1983

Jatiluhur Dam, 1967

Saguling Dam, 1986

26
AFTER INDEPENDENCE
Klampis Dam,1976

Batu Bulan Dam, 2002

Sutami Dam, 1973 Klampis Dam, 1976

AFTER INDEPENDENCE
The Batu Tegi
Dam, in South
Lampung, had
just completed
on March 2004,
despite that the
irrigation
based human
settlement in
the Central
Lampung had
been
undertaken
since 1930s.

27
 PROBLEMS & DRAWBACKS

The Five -Year Development Plan:

Five-Year
Only after the socio -political
socio-political
condition became stabilized, the
Government launched the Long -term
Long-term
Development Plan in 1969, (focused
on self -sufficiency of rice).
self-sufficiency

PROBLEMS & DRAWBACKS

Planning, Design and Construction:

Due to the lack of technical
experience in the development,
irrigation planning and
construction were undertaken
almost without any basic technical
and agro -climatological data
agro-climatological data..

28
 PROBLEMS & DRAWBACKS

Planning, Design and Construction:

During after independence, infrastructural
planning and technical design, had been based
upon planning by relying data simulation only.
This matter later on become problematic,
especially for O&M of infrastructures the
data were no longer met the actual condition, so
operation must be adjusted. This situation is not
always possible to undertake.

PROBLEMS & DRAWBACKS

Operation and Maintenance:

During the peak acceleration of
physical development, most
development agents were concentrated
on construction aspect only, and less
attention on O&M Therefore, the
successful achievement had only been
lasted for a short time.

29
 ECONOMIC AND FINANCE
Financial and Market Potential:
The subsequent problems of irrigation
is that the farmers are yet having
adequate incentive to continuously
cultivating food crops, having poor
market potential.
Meanwhile, cultivation of cash crops
are involving sophisticated post-harvest,
storage and market processes.

SUSTAINABILITY
Principle of Sustainability:
The main principle is based on the
"harmonious -togetherness principle.
"harmonious-togetherness
The ability of maintaining a proper balance ,
of relationship between human and nature
on reciprocal basis.
The basic techniques are simplicity
principles , so that every members could apply
them without sophisticated process.

30
 SUSTAINABILITY
Institutional Arrangement:
In 1854, the Colonial Government establish
the Ministry of Public Works (MPW).
It took many years before the institution had
full capacity for construction of irrigation
infrastructures.
In 1889, or 35 years later, the Irrigation
Division of the MPW was established.

POLICY REFORM
Policy Reform on O&M of
Irrigation:
Subsequently, March 18, 2004, the GOI,
enacted the Water Resources Law
(UUSDA No.7/2004; then PP.20/2006).
This Law covers the establishment of
Coordination Board on Water Resources
Management at all levels.

31
 SOCIO-CULTURAL
SOCIO-CULTURAL
Socio -Cultural and Economic
Socio-Cultural
Adaptations:
The indigenous capacity of the traditional
farmers is still conducive to socio -cultural and
socio-cultural
economic adaptation. However:
(1) The socio -cultural dimensions are
socio-cultural
continuously impeded shift of values, such
as mutual aids ((gotong-royong).
gotong-royong).
(2) Excessive external supports without
adequate consideration on socio -cultural
socio-cultural
dimensions dependency attitude.

WATER USERS
Water User Association (WUA) & Federation.
Historically, the ancient farmers organized
themselves to manage irrigation canals and
infrastructures.
At present, farmers are organized in WUAs
WUAs..
In the larger irrigation scheme a number of
WUAs formed coordination mechanism of
WUA s Federation.

32
 ENVIRONMENT s
Plot -to-plot Irrigation System:
Plot-to-plot
The plot -to-plot irrigation distribution
plot-to-plot
in practice, has been sustainable and
environmentally friendly;
Today, the ancient works on simple
irrigation scheme are still found in
many parts of the archipelago.

REGIONAL PERSPECTIVE
Flood Control
The flood protection works often
associated with rehabilitation and
regular improvement.
The structural flood control works
related with the scattered river
damages that have immediate impacts
to human settlement, agricultural or
industrial areas.

33
 REGIONAL PERSPECTIVE

Structural Approach:
(1) Flood embankment; (2) River
improvement works; (3) Collector drains;
(4) Flood ways; and (5) Flood diversion
weirs.
To prevent the primary and secondary
strikes of volcanic eruptions, a number of
sabo dams were constructed.

REGIONAL PERSPECTIVE
Conservation and Protection of Coastal and
River Estuaries:
With the absence of appropriate river
basin management, the river mouths
suffer from sediment blockages.
During the dry season, river outlet
frequently blocked with sand dunes.
During the development period (1969
(1969--
1994), only limited improvement had
been undertaken.

34
 CONCLUDING REMARKS
Learning
Learning from
from the
the long
long journey
journey of
of
irrigation
irrigation civilization
civilization ofof Indonesia
Indonesia ss
history,
history, thethe role
role of
of irrigation
irrigation remains
remains
and
and will
will continue
continue to to be
be important.
important.
Irrigation
Irrigation is
is not
not only
only aa matter
matter of
of
technical,
technical, butbut also
also the
the matter
matter ofof social,
social,
cultural,
cultural, economic,
economic, religion,
religion, beliefs,
beliefs,
tradition,
tradition, ethics,
ethics, and
and political
political concerns.
concerns.

THE WAY FORWARD

Indigenous
Indigenous technologies
technologies should
should
not
not bebe overlooked
overlooked in in the
the future.
future.
Need
Need for
for consistent
consistent improvement
improvement
of
of irrigation
irrigation techniques
techniques without
without
jeopardizing
jeopardizing humanhuman andand nature.
nature.
O&M
O&M of of Infrastructural
Infrastructural Heritages
Heritages
must
must bebe fully
fully disbursed.
disbursed.

35
 THE WAY FORWARD
The
The future
future development
development must must
consider
consider irrigation
irrigation alternatives,
alternatives, (e.g.(e.g.
Micro
Micro irrigation
irrigation etc.)
etc.) followed
followed by by post
post
production,
production, agro -industries.
agro-industries.
Irrigated
Irrigated paddy
paddy field,
field, has
has
potentials
potentials forfor development
development of of other
other
functionalities
functionalities,, such
such as as leisure
leisure
agriculture,
agriculture, and
and agro -tourism.
agro-tourism.

THE WAY FORWARD

Future
Future Irrigation
Irrigation mustmust also
also
consider
consider thethe ecological
ecological as as well
well as
as
living
living functions
functions of of irrigation.
irrigation.
Planning
Planning must
must not not overlook
overlook
social,
social, cultural,
cultural, economic,
economic, religion.
religion.
Application
Application of of PIM
PIM approach
approach isis
essential,
essential, including
including externality
externality
function
function of of irrigation.
irrigation.

36
THE WAY FORWARD
The
The success
success or or failures
failures of
of
irrigation
irrigation also
also lies
lies on
on effective
effective
institutional
institutional arrangement.
arrangement.
Participatory
Participatory of of WUA
WUA ssor or WUAF
WUAF ss
must
must be be consistent
consistent throughout
throughout the the
entire
entire process.
process.
The
The structural
structural as as well
well as
as the
the
non -structural approaches
non-structural approaches are are two
two
sides
sides ofof aa coin
coin (inseparable).
(inseparable).

THE WAY FORWARD

Flood
Flood && drought
drought management,
management,
and
and water
water related
related disasters
disasters must
must be
be
considered
considered in in the
the future
future IWRM
IWRM..
The
The future
future prospects
prospects of of lowland
lowland
for
for agricultural
agricultural development,
development, are are
highly
highly potential,
potential, however,
however, itit needs
needs
special
special scrutiny.
scrutiny.

37
 RECOMMENDATION
RECOMMENDATION
At
Atleast
least55O&M
O&Mcomponents
componentsshouldshouldbebe
secured
securedforforsustaining
sustainingthethefunction
functionofof
infrastructural
infrastructuralheritages:
heritages:(1)(1)Adequacy
Adequacyof of
numbers
numbers&&competency
competencyof ofpersonnels
personnels; ; (2)
(2)
Effective
Effectiveparticipatory
participatoryinstitutions;
institutions;(3)
(3)
Adequate
AdequateO&MO&Mtechnology
technologyincluding
including
Environmental
Environmentalaspects;
aspects;(4)(4)Adequate
Adequate
financial
financialsupport
support;; (5)
(5)Effective
EffectiveLegal
Legal&&
Regulatory
RegulatoryInstruments
Instruments Enforcements.
Enforcements.

RECOMMENDATION
RECOMMENDATION
The
Themagnitude
magnitudeof ofOO&&M Mbudget
budgetthat that
contributes
contributesthe
thefeasibility
feasibilityof of
Economic,
Economic,Social,
Social,and
andEnvironmental
Environmental
Justifications
Justificationsshould
shouldbe bedisbursed
disbursedas as
such,
such,consistently
consistentlyafter
afterthethe
completion
completionof ofthe
theproject
projecttill
tillthe
theend
end
of
ofeconomic
economictime
timehorizon.
horizon.

38
 CLOSING
CLOSINGMESSAGE
MESSAGE
Let
Let us
ustake
takeadvatages
advatagesof of
the
thelong
longjourney
journeyofof WR
WR& &
Irrigation
Irrigation&&Drainage
Drainage
Heritages
Heritagestoward
toward
prosperous
prosperousfuture!!!
future!!!
T H A N K Y OU

39