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HANDBOOK
COMBUSTION CALCULATIONS
This calculating method for heat losses in steam generating
units provides quick answers of good accuracy based on either
an ultimate or a proximate fuel analysis.
Because the weight of air required for combustion of a unit
weight of any fuel is more nearly proportional to the unit heat
value than to the unit weight of that fuel, the weights of air, dry
gas, moisture, wet gas, etc., are expressed in pounds per mil-
lion Btu fired. 1
The weight of fuel, F, in the gaseous products, P, per million
Btu as fired, is shown in Fig. 1. These curves are based on the
formula : 1
11
F=
lo4(100 - % ash - % solid combustible loss) I
The air weight curves in Fig. 2 give the relationship of air weight
to excess air, C02 and oxygen. The term "atmospheric air"
means that an arbitrary amount of moisture has been added to
the air. Usually 0.013 Ib of water vapor per Ib 'of dry air. Air
weights for solid fuel must be corrected for solid combustible
loss. Air weights for oil may be used without correction.
4
FOR LIQUID AND SOLID FUELS
Pest Code balance and also in a predicted heat balance. Wt
includes the combined surface and inherent moisture, W,
from the fuel and the moisture formed by the combustion of
hydrogen, W h . The values of moisture content, W, for various
fuels are indicated by curves, Fig. 3. Fig. 4 is an approximate
way of establishing the percent hydrogen in coal. Fig. 5 and 6
can be used for obtaining Wh,the moisture from hydrogen; Fig.
5 is approximate, Fig. 6 is exact. Heat losses due to H2 and
H20 in fuel and moisture in air are indicated in Figs. 7 and 8,
suitable for preliminary calculations.
Dry gas products, P d , are required for calculating the dry gas
loss item of the heat balance. The dry gas in Ib per million Btu
in fuel may be determined by subtracting the total water vapor
from the total products, thus:
Pd = P - (wa -k Wf)
where Wa is the moisture in air. Fig. 9 indicates the approxi-
mate percent dry gas loss. Room temperature, T,, and fuel tem-
perature, Tf, assumed 80 F.
Radiation heat loss depends on construction and condition of
walls and temperatures on both sides of the walls. Read ap-
proximation of this loss from Fig. 10.
Unburned carbon heat loss depends on the kind of coal,
method and rate of firing, furnace design, etc. To calculate this
loss, the percent carbon in the refuse must be known. For a
heat balance the combustible weight loss must be converted to
percent heat loss. This can be done by dividing the percent
solid combustible weight loss by the heat value of the fuel as
fired, and multiplying it by 14,500, the heat value for com-
bustible in refuse recommended by the A.S.M.E. Power Test
Code for Steam Generating Units PTC 4.1-1964.
5
FUEL IN PRODUCTS
HHV-High Heat Value- Btu per Lb as Fired
10,000 20,000 30,000
Fig. 1
6
-
Excess Air Percent
Fig. 2
7
TOTAL MOISTURE IN FUEL
LB. PER MILLION BTU
(SURFACE AND INHERENT MOISTURE)
Fig. 3
DETERMINATION 'OF HYDROGEN IN COAL
\. 50
n
x40
I
E
g 30
LL
2 20
c,
.-
v)
2 lo
Co
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Fixed Carbon /Volatile Matter
Fig. 5
9
MOISTURE FROM HYDROGEN
10
HEAT LOSSES DUE TO MOISTURE
4 4
z!
0
11
-
v)
tn
s
c
aa
Fig. 7
LOSS DUE TO MOISTURE IN AIR
Pounds of Moisture-(W,)
11 12 13 14 15 16 17
t
0
t
5
0
6
a
0.75
0.07
TYPICAL PROPERTIES OF FUEL OILS
GRADE *NO. 1 NO. 2 NO. 4 NO. 5. NO. 6
FUEL OIL FUEL OIL FUEL OIL FUEL OIL FUEL OIL
VERY LIGHT LIGHT
TYPE DISTILLATE RESIDUAL RESIDUAL RESIDUAL
COLOR LIGHT AMBER BLACK BLACK BLACK
API Gravity, 60F 40 32 21 17 12
Specific Gravity, SO/SOF 0.8251 0.8654 0.9279 0.9529 0.986 1
Lb per U.S. Gallon, 6OF 6.870 7.206 7.727 7.935 8.212
Viscos., Centistokes, 1OOF' 1.6 2.68 15.0 50.0 360.0
Viscos., Saybolt Univ.; lOOF 31 35 77 . 232 -
CI
T
Viscos., Saybolt Furol, 122F - - - - 170
Pour Point, F Below Zero Below Zero 10 .30 65
Temp. for Pumping, F Atmospheric Atmospheric 15 min. 35 min. 100
Temp. for Atomizing, F Atmospheric Atmospheric 25 min. 130 200
Carbon Residue, Percent Trace Trace 2.5 5.0 12.0
Sulphur. Percent 0.1 0.4-0.7 0.4-1.5 2.0 max. 2.8 rnax.
Sqdimeit & Water, Percent Trace Trace 0.5 Max. 1.0 max. 2.0 max.
Aqh, Percent Trace Trace Low 0.05 0.08
Btb per Gallon
I -
137,000 141.000 146.OOO 148.000 150,000
141.5
Specific gravity at 60 F = 131.5 + API Gravitv
-
Courtesyof Humblestandard Oil Company *Kerosene
I
TYPICAL ANALYSES OF FUEL OILS
FLASH
NO. DESCRIPTION POINT
F min.
SULPHUR 0, + NP H2 C ASH
~ ~~ ~
No. Samples 27 34 16 6 6 4 1 2 1 2
Heating B.t.u./Lb. 9102 8589 8930 9870 8190 7600 7635 9010 8885
Value (oven dry) 8808
Proximate Ash 2.6 3.1 2.1 3.9 2.0 4.3 8.1 7.9 4.2 2.5
Analysis:
77.4 72,7 74.3 78.9 78.5 76.1 73.1 75.2 69.5 72.0
% by wt.
Dry Fixed Carbon 20.0 24.2 23.6 17.2 19.5 19.6 18.8 16.9 26.3 25.5
Ultimate Carbon 52.8 52.1 53.4 51.8 57.4 50.4 46.9 47.5 55.2 53.6
Analysis : Hydrogen
6.1 5.7 5.9 6.5 6.7 5.9 5.3 5.5 5.9 5.8
Dryby Sulphur 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Nitrogen 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.2
Ash 2.3 3.1 2.0 3.4 1.a 4.1 8.1 7.9 4.2 2.5
Oxygen 38.6 38.9 38.6 38.0 33.8 39.1 39.1 38.5 34.0 37.9
(By Diff.)
~~ ~ _ _ _ _ ~ -___
Source: The Above Data Were Obtained And Compiled By The Steam And Steam Power Committee, Technical Section, C.P.P.A.
COALS OF THE U.S.A. PROGRESSIVE STAGES OF TRANSFORMATION OF VEGETAL MAlTER INTO COAL
n
$% ANALYSIS ON DRY BASIS e
-x
Wood 46.9 78.1 20.4 1.5 .. 6.0 51.4 0.1 41.0 8840
Peat Minnesota 64.3 67.3 22.7 10.0 0.4 5.3 52.2 1.8 30.3 9060
Lignite North Dakota 36.0 49.8 38.1 12.1 1.8 4.0 64.7 1.9 15.5 11040
Lignite. Texas 33.7 44.1 44.9 11.0 0.8 4.6 64.1 1.2 18.3 11080
)Ir
00 Subbituminous C Wyoming 22.3 40.4 44.7 14.9 3.4 4.1 61.7 1.3 14.6 10600
Subbituminous B Wyoming 15.3 39.7 53.6 . 6.7 2.7 5.2 67.3 1.9 16.2 12100
Subbituminous A Wyoming 12.8 39.0 55.2 5.8 0.4 5.2 73.1 0.9 14.6 12900
Bituminous High Volatile C Colorado 12.0 38.9 53.9 7.2 0.6 5.0 73.1 1.5 12.6 13060
Bituminous High Volatile B Illinois 8.6 35.4 56.2 8.4 1.8 4.8 74.6 1.5 8.9 13390
Bituminous HighVolatileA Pennsylvania 1.4 34.3 59.2 6.5 1.3 5.2 79.5 1.4 6.1 14400
Bituminous Medium Volatile West Virginia 3.4 22.2 74.9 2.9 0.6 4.9 86.4 1.6 3.6 15180
Bituminous Low Volatile West Virginia 3.6 16.0 79.1 4.9 0.8 4.8 85.4 1.5 2.6 15000
Semi-anthracite Arkansas 5.2 11.0 74.2 14.8 2.2 3.4 76.4 0.5 2.7 13140
Anthracite Pennsylvania 5.4 7.4 75.9 16.7 0.8 2.6 76.8 0.8 2.3 12740
Meta-anthracite Rhode Island 4.5 3.2 82.4 14.4 0.9 0.5 82.4 0.1 1.7 11620
COALS OF THE U.S.A.
% (Moisture'andAsh Free)
PENN., Luzerne & Lackawanna Northern Coal Field 3.0 6.1 82.0 8.9 0.7 13,000 3010 25-30
Dauphin, Schuylkill, Carbon Southern Coal Field 4.0 6.4 80.5 9.1 0.9 12,800 3000 35-45
Cambria Upper Kittaning 2.6 16.2 71.9 9.3 2.1 13,865 2275 85-87
{ Lower Kittaning 2.3 18.7 72.4 6.6 1.4 14,400 2640 107
Cambria J Upper Freeport 2.8 21.6 67.4 8.2 1.4 13,930 2375 87
1Lower Freeport . 2.9 22.4 67.0 7.7 1.6 13,960 2465 99
Clearfield Lower Kittaning 2.7 21.1 67.9 8.3 1.8 13,940 2485 106
{ Lower Freeport 3.1 24.8 65.2 6.9 1.6 14,025 2480 87
Upper Kittaning 2.8 17.3 71.0 8.9 1.4 13,810 2300 95-100
Somerset
{ Lower Kittaning 2.8 16.2 73.0 8.0 1.7 13,990 2500 115
Westrnoreland Redstone 2.1 33.2 53.6 11.1 2.4 13,140 2600 60-70
Allegheny Upper Freeport 2.5 34.0 54.5 9.0 2.2 13,400 2350 55-60
TENN., Campbell Jellico 3.5 36.3 52.9 7.3 1.6 13,630 2065 45-55
Bledsoe Swanee 3.2 29.3 59.7 7.8 0.8 13,500 2400 50-60
TEXAS, Bowie S.W. to La Salle Lignite Fields 33.4 40.4 17.2 9.0 1.1 7,600 2250 53-79
UTAH, Carbon Castlegate 5.5 39.2 47.8 7.5 0.6 12,500 2200 43-49
Summit Wasatch 14.0 38.0 43.0 5.0 1.4 10,700 2240 47-50
VA., Tazewell Pocahontas 2.9 21.2 71.5 4.4 0.5 14,550 2400 99-105
Wise Norton 1.4 34.1 58.5 6.0 0.8 14,250 2600 62
WASH., Kittitas Clealurn (Cle Elurn) 8.0 34.6 44.7 12.7 0.4 11,410 2500 49-52
Kittitas Roslyn 3.7 34.3 48.6 13.4 0.3 12,250 2470 52
Pierce High Vol. Carbonado 3.8 36.0 51.2 9.0 0.5 13,400 2700 69
Pierce Med. Vol. Carbonado 3.8 29.3 49.9 17.0 0.5 11,500 2700 55
W. VA., Monongahela, Fairrnont 1.8 37.6 54.1 6.5 2.2 13,850 2300 50-70
Manon, Harrison
Fayette New River 2.1 22.5 72.2 3.2 0.6 14,860 2500 90-100
Mercer Pocahontas 2.6 17.8 75.0 4.6 0.6 14,635 2375 105
Kanawha, Fayette Kanawha 1.8 35.8 55.7 6.7 0.9 13,500 2800 40-60
Mingo Thacker 2.4 35.8 56.4 5.4 0.9 14,100 2500 56
TYPICAL ANALYSES OF COALS OF THE WORLD
TYPICAL ANALYSIS-AS RECElVED HHV,
COUNTRY DISTRICT OR MINE H2O Vol FC Ash Sul CaVkg Btu/Lb
ARGENTINA Turbio River 8.6 34.8 40.9 15.7 0.9 5755 10,360
AUSTRALIA New South Wales
Western Field 2.6 30.0 52.8 14.6 0.7 6455 11,620
Southern Field 0.6 23.29 65.08 11.0 3.7 7275 13,090
Queensland 1.5 37.0 49.9 11.6 ... 6835 12,300
Victoria (Brown Coal) 66.3 17.7 15.3 0.7 0.1 2055 3,700
BELGIUM Batterie and Vidette 1.0 8.5 ' 63.5 27.0 ... 595 10,710
BRAZIL Sao Jeronimo 13.8 24.7 27.1 34.4 3.0 3665 6,600
Iu
Sao Jeronimo-
cn Washed 16.0 23.1 32.9 28.0 0.9 4205 7,570
. Butia 11.5 32.0 42.9 13.6 1.3 ... ...
CANADA Alberta-Drumheller 20.0 28.0 41.0 11.0 ... 5010 9,020
Saskatchewan-Souris 35.0 23.4 34.6 8.0 ... 4050 7,290
British Col.-Crows Nest 1.4 24.5 61.8 12.3 0.5 7420 13,360
Nova Scotia-Emery 4.0 33.7 51.6 10.7 2.5 7000 12,600
CHILE Schwager 2.9 413 52.2 3.6 0.9 7950 14,310
Lota 3.4 39.6 55.4 l.6 0.7 7900 14,220
Mafii 12.6 35.6 40.0 11.8 0.6 5620 10.120
CHINA Kailin 2.5 29.9 44.4 25.7 0.66 5720 10,300
Kew Loon:g Kieng 5.4 29.7 45.0 19.9 ... 6040 10,870
Kiaping 3.5 24.4 41.1 31.0 ... 5160 9,290
TYPICAL ANALYSES OF COALS OF THE WORLD -'continlied
TYPICAL ANMYSS
I -AS RECEIVED HHU,
COUNTRY DISTRICT OR MINE H20 Vol FC Ash Sul CaVkn Btuilb
COLOMBIA Bogota 5.3 23.4 63.7 7.6 0.8 7900 14,220
FRANCE Bethune 8.0 18.0 39.0 35.0 ... 4670 8,410
Anzin 1.6 9.2 44.3 44.9 ... 4275 7,690
GERMANY Frimmersdorf-
Westfield 60.7 20.0 16.7 2.6 0.2 2355 4,240
Saar 9.7 31.8 48.7 9.8 ... 6130 11,040
Saxony 53.1 25.3 18.1 3.5 0.9 2500 4,500
Westphalia 1.7 23.7 69.2 5.4 ... 7760 13,970
Lower Silesia 4.5 25.6 56.1 13.8 ... -
6540 11,770
UNITED KINGDOM
Wales Cardiff 1.5 11.0 85.5 2.0 0.8 8000 14,400
Arley 1.1 36.3 59.0 3.6 2.3 8155 14,680
England Durham 1.5 34.7 60.0 3.8 0.87 7410 13,340
Scotland Lanark 7.5 ~
31.8
~~ ~~ ~
56.7 4.0 0.2 7600 13.680
~ ~~~
where Ws is the moisture in the fuel in Ib. of water vapor per Ib.
of dry gas (usually taken to be zero).
28
HHVm
(Wh)t = Wh (HHV)t(l + Ws)
Any moisture contained in the fuel will also appear in the products
of combustion. Fig. 15 shows the amount of this moisture in Ib.
per million Btu fired.
HEATING VALUE CORRECTION '
-
I- 0.95
2
0
&
W
a
0.90 g
t)
w
I40 0.85.2
=t 120 0.80 w
2
0 0
c
b
W
100 0.75 2
I
80
60
40
20
I100
0 .I 60
0 0.10 0.20 0.30
Ws - WATER VAPOR, LB/LB DRY GAS
Fig. 12
29
0 100 200 300
Sum of Products
(Percent by Vol. of each Component) x (Corresponding Coefficient)
CO2 + CH, + 2C2Hs +3 C 3 h + G H l o + 5CsH12
30
VSm EXCESS AIR FOR NATURAL GAS
MOISTURE FROM HYDROGEN
IN NATURAL GAS
32
WATER VAPOR IN FUEL GAS
Combustion Constants of
c02
Formedl
0 2Reqd.! Cu Ft
Cu Ft of Dry
Chemical of Dry Gas, Gas,
Formula Cu Ft Cu Ft
Gas
Oxygen 02 ... . . .
Nitrogen (atmospheric) N2 . I . . . .
Air .. ... ...
Carbon dioxide c02 ... . . .
Water vapor H20 0 . . . * .
Hydrogen H2 0.5 ...
Hydrogen sulfide H2S 1.5 l.O**
Carbon monoxide co 0.5
~~
1 .o
-~ ~
Saturated Hydrocarbons
Methane CH4 2.0 1.o
Ethane C2H6 3.5 2.0
Propane C3H8 5.0 3.0
Butane C4H10 6.5 4.0
Penta ne C5H12 8.0 5.0
Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
or llluminants
Ethylene C2H4 3.0 2.0
PropyIene C3H6 4.5 3.0
Butylene C4H8 6.0 4.0
Penty lene C5HlO 7.5 5.0
Acetylene CzHz 2.5 2.0
Benzene C6H6 7.5 6.0
Toluene C7H8 9.0 7.0
**SO2 rather than CO2
34
. CONSTANTS
Fossil Power Systems 1981
... 0.0846 1 . . . . . .
... 0.07439 . . . ...
. . I 0.07655 ... . . .
... 0.1170 ... . . .
... 0.04758 ... . .. ..
35
NATURAL GAS ANALYSIS AND BTU CALCULATION
PERCENT BY VOLUME DENSITY HIGH HEAT VALUE
co* N2 .H2S CH, C2Hb CsHs C4H,o C5H1, LB/CU FT BTU/CU FT BTU/LB
5.50 .... 7.00 77.73 5.56 2.40 1.18 0.63 0.05621 1061 18880
3.51 32.00 0.50 52.54 3.77 2.22 2.02 3.44 0.06610 874 13220
26.2 0.7 .... 59.2 13.9 .... .... .... 0.06747 849 12580
0.17 87.69 .... 10.50 1.64 .... .... .... 0.07120 136 1907
0.20 0.60 .... 99.20 .... .... .... .... 0,04491 1006 22410
.... 0.60 .... .... 79.40 20.00 .... .... 0.08812 1935 21960
.... 0.50 .... .... 21.80 77.70 .... .... 0.11079 2389 21560
EASTERN 1=1/4OR 14/2 INCH NUT AND SUCK, not more than
BlTUMINOUS 50% Slack through a 1/4 inch round hole screen.
COAL FUEL TO BE DELIVERED ACROSS STOKER HOPPERS
(Friable) WITHOUT SEGREGATION.
EASTERN
(Non-Friable) 3/4 INCH NUT AND SLACK, not more than 50% Slack
AND through a 1/4 inch round hole screen.
MID-WESTERN FUEL TO BE DELIVERED ACROSS STOKER HOPPERS
BITUMINOUS WITHOUT SEGREGATION.
COAL
EASTERN
BITUMINOUS 2 INCH NUT AND SLACK, not more than 50% Slack
COAL through a 1/4 inch round hole screen.
#ria ble)
EASTERN
(Non-Friable)
AND
' 1 INCH TO 1-1/2 INCH NUT AND SLACK, not more
MID-WESTERN than 50% Slack through a 1/4 inch round hole screen.
BITUMINOUS
COAL
BITUMINOUS
AND SUB- All size variations between 1/4 inch x 0 inch and 2
inch x 0 inch.
61TUMlNoUS
COALS
AND LIGNITE
38
CAPACITY CHARTS FOR
COAL-C-E PULVERIZERS
Fig. 17
39
COMMON CONVERSION FACTORS
IN AIR QUALITY CONTROL
Particulate
1Milligram/cu m = 28.32 Micrograms/cu ft
62.43 x 10:' Pounds/cu ft
1Microgram/cu m = 0.001blilligrams/cu m
4.37 x 10-'Grams/cu ft
1Pound/cu ft = 16.02 x 166Milligrams/cu m
16.02 Grams/Liter
7.06 x lO'Grains/cu ft
1Grain/cu ft = 2.29 x lo6Micrograms/cu m
1.43 x lo-' Pounds/cu ft
\
I
Gases
*mw
1PPM by volume = 24.04 Micrograms/liter
mw Micrograms/cu m
0.02404
mw
PPM byweight
28.8
mw Pounds/cu ft
385.1 x lo6
0.375 Milligrams SO,/cu m
1000 PPM by volume = 2.50 Pounds SO,/lO' Btu**
Velocity
1Meter/Sec = 3.281 Ft/Sec
-1Liter/Min = 0.03531 Cubic Ft/Min
1Cubic Meter/Hr = 0.588 Cubic Ft/Min
Liquid-Gas Ratio
10Gal/Min Lbs Liq
1000Cu Ft/Min
= 1.50
Lbs Gas
L/Min
*37M3/Min
* mw = Molecular Weight of Gas
** Based on 3% Sulfur Coal @ 40T/Hr/100 Megawatts and 12,000 Btu/Lb
40
Recommended Boiler Water Limits and Associated Steam Purity
Drum-Type Boilers
Range of Range of Range of
Drum Total Dissolved Solids' Total Alkalinity2 Suspended Solids Total Dissolved Solidsz
PreSSUIl! in Boiler Water in Boiler Water in Boiler Water in Steam
Psig PPm PPm ppm (Maximum) ppm
0-300 700-3500 140-700 15 0.2-1.0
301-450 600-3000 120-600 10 0.2-1.0
451-600 500-2500 100-500 8 0.2-1.0
601-750 400-2000 80-400 6 0.2-1.0
751-900 300-1 500 60-300 4 0.2-1.0
p, 901-1000 250-1250 50-250 2 0.2-1.0
0.2-1.0
1001-1800 100 Note (3) 1 0.10
1801-2350 50 NIA 0.10
2351-2600 25 N/A 0.05
2601-2900 15 N/A 0.05
Once-Through Boilers
1400 and Above 0.05 NIA NiA 0.05
Notes: 1. Actual values within the range reflect the TDS in the feedwater. Highervalues are for high solids; lower values are for low solids
in the feedwater. !
2. Actual values within the range are directly proportional to the actual value of TOS of boiler water. Higher values are for the high
solids; lower values are for low solids in the boiler water.
3. Dictated by boiler water treatment.
4. These values are exclusive of silica.
ENTHALPY, B.T.U. PER LB.
1400 I I
1400
I I I I m
d c)
D
G3
am
sE m
W
;13
rn
c
m
G)
%
m
7
a
m
v)
=o 400 I I- . u I I ' T E T F € R n l I T U R E - O F ! I
I I I I 4Q4
(-I I I I I I ccn
PO
.
... ...
IIBSOLUTE PESSURE. psin
44
AND SATURATED STEAM
ABSOLUTE SPECIFIC VOLUME ENTHALPY
PRESSURE
LB./SQ. TEMP. SAT. SAT. SAT. SAT.
IN. FAHR. LIQUID VAPOR LIQUID VAPOR
P t Vf v€! hf ~ ~~
hg
175 370.78 0.01825 2.601 343.7 1196.5
180 373.08 0.01827 2.531 346.2 1196.9
185 375.33 0.01831 2.466 348.6 1197.3
190 377.53 0.01833 2.403 350.9 1197.6
195 379.69 0.01836 2.344 353.3 1198.0
200 381.80 0.01839 2.287 355.5 1198.3
210 385.91 0.01844 2.182 359.9 1199.0
220 389.88 0.01850 2.086 364.2 1199.6
230 393.70 0.01855 1.9984 368.3 1200.1
240 397.39 0.01860 1.9177 372.3 1200.6
250 400.97 0.01865 1.8432 376.1 1201.1
260 404.44 0.01870 1.7742 379.9 1201.5
270 407.80 0.01875 1,.7101 383.6 1201.9
280 411.07 0.01880 1.6505 387.1 1202.3
290 414.25 0.01885 1.5948 390.6 1202.6
300 417.35 0.01889 1.5427 394.0 1202.9
310 420.36 0.01894 1.4939 397.3 1203.2
320 423.31 0.01899 1.4480 400.5 1203.4
330 426.18 0.01903 1.4048 403.7 1203.6
340 428.99 0.01908 1.3641 406.8 1203.8
350 431.73 0.01912 1.3255 409.8 1204.0
360 434.41 0.01917 1.2891 412.8 1204.1 '
45
PROPERTIES OF WATER
ABSOLUTE SPECIFIC VOLUME ENTHALPY
PRESSURE
LB./SQ. TEMP. SAT. SAT. SAT. SAT.
IN. FAHR. LIQUID VAPOR LIQUID VAPOR
P t Vf vg hf hg
510 469.05 0.01978 0.9092 451.9 1204.6
520 471.07 0.01982 0.8914 454.2 1204.5
530 473.05 0.01986 0.8742 456.5 1204.5
540 475.01 0.01990 0.8577 458.7 1204.4
550 476.94 0.01994 0.8418 460.9 1204.3
560 478.84 0.01998 0.8264 463.1 1204.2
570 480.72 0.02002 0.8115 465.3 1204.1
580 482.57 0.02006 0.7971 467.5 1203.9
590 484.40 0.02009 0.7832 469.6 1203.8.
600 486.20 0.02013 0.7698 471.7 1203.7
620 489.74 0.02021 0.7441 475.8 1203.4
640 493.19 0.02028 0.7200 479.9 1203.0
660 496.57 0.02036 0.6972 483.9 1202.7
680 499.86 0.02043 0.6758 487.8 1202.3
700 503.08 0.02050 0.6556 491.6 1201.8
725 507.01 0.02060 0.6318 496.3 1201.3
750 510.84 0.02069 0.6095 500.9 1200.7
775 514.56 0.02078 0.5886 505.4 1200.1
800 518.21 0.02087 0.5690 509.8 1199.4
825 521.76 0.02096 0.5505 514.2 1198.7
850 525.24 0.02105 0.5330 518.4 1198.0
875 528.63 0.02114 0.5165 522.6 1197.2
900 531.95 0.02123 0,5009 526.7 1196.4
925 535.20 0.02132 0.4861 530.8 1195.6
950 538.39 0.02141 0.4721 534.7 1194.7
975 541.52 0.02150 0.4587 538.7 1193.9
1000 544.58 . 0.02159 0.4460 542.6 1192.9
1050 550.53 0.02177 0.4223 550.1 119.1 .o
1100 556.28 0.02195 0.4006 557.5 1189.1
1150 561.82 0.02214 0.3807 564.8 1187.0
1200 567.19 0.02232 0.3625 571.9 1184.8
1250 572.38 0.02250 0.3456 578.8 1182.6
1300 577.42 0.02269 0.3299 585.6 1180.2
1350 582.32 0.02288 0.3154 592.3 1177.8
1400 587.07 0.02307 0.3018 598.8 1175.3
1450 591.70 0.02327 0.2891 605.3 1172.8
46
AND SATURATED STEAM
I
ABSOLUTE SPECIFIC VOLUME ENTHALPY
PRESSURE
LB./SQ. TEMP. SAT. SAT. SAT. SAT.
IN. FAHR. LIQUID VAPOR LIQUID VAPOR
~
I
P t Vf V% hf hg
1500 596.20 0.02346 0.2772 611.7 1170.1
1550 600.59 0.02366 0.2660 618.0 1167.4
1600 604.87 0.02387 0.2555 624.2 1164.5
1650 609.05 0.02407 0.2455 630.4 1161.6
1700 613.13 0.02428 0.2361 636.5 1158.6
1750 617.12 0.02450 0.2271 642.5 1155.6
1800 621.02 0.02472 0.2186 648.5 1152.3
1850 624.83 0.02495 0.2 105 654.5 1149.0
I 1900 628.56 0.02517 0.2028 660.4 1145.6
1950 632.22 0.02541 0.1954 666.3 1142.0
I 2000 635.80 0.02565 0.1883 672.1 1 138.3
2050 639.32 0.0259 0.1815 678.0 1134.5
2100 642.76 0.02615 0.1750 683.8 1130.5
2150 646.13 0.02642 (1.1688 689.7 1126.5
2200 649.45 0.02669 0.1627 695.5 1122.2
2250 652.69 0.02698 0.1569 701.3 11 17.8
2300 655.89 0.02727 0.1513 707.2 11 13.2
.2350 659.03 0.02758 0.1460 713.1 1108.6
2400 662.11 0.02790 0.1408 719.0 1103.7
2450 665.14 0.02824 0.1357 725.3 1098.7
2500 668.11 0.02859 0.1307 731.7 1093.3
2550 671.04 0.02898 0.1258 738.1 1087.8
2600 673.91 0.02938 0.1211 744.5 1082.0
2650 676.74 0.02982 0.1165 750.9 1076.0
2704 679.53 0.03029 0.1119 757.3 1069.7
2750 682.26 0.03080 0.1075 764.0 1063.0
2800 684.96 0.03134 0.1031 770.7 1055.8
2850 687.62 0.03195 0.0986 777.8 1048.2
2900 690.22 0.03262 0.0942 785.1 1039.8
2950 692.79 0.03339 0.0897 793.1 1030.7
3000 695.33 0.03428 0.0850 801.8 1020.3
3050 697.82 0.03538 0.0800 811.9 1008.2
3100 700.28 0.03681 0.0745 824.0 993.3
3150 702.70 0.03901 0.0679 840.5 972.9
3200 705.08 0.04472 0.0566 875.5 931.6
3208.2 705.47 0.05078 0.05078 906.0 906.0
PROPERTIES OF HOT FINISHED SEAMLESS STEEL AND ELECTRIC RESISTANCE
WELDED STEEL TUBES, ASME SPECIFICATIONS SA192, SA178A
STRENGTH WELDED INTO HEADERS AND DRUMS FOR TUBES ABSORBING HEAT
IN WATER TUBE UNITS WITH STRESS ALLOWANCE OF 11,500 PSI AT 700 F
O.D., IN. MINIMUM TUBE WALL THICKNESS-IN.
SQ FT MINIMUM, IN. .095 .lo5 .110 .120 .125 .135 .150 ,165 .180 200
PER FT AVERAGE, IN. .114 .123 .129 .141 .147 .159 .176 .192 .210 .228
1 Allow. press., psi 2260 2490 2610 2830 2950 - - - - -
Inside diam., in. 0.772 0.753 0.742 0.718 0.706 - - - - -
Int. area, sq ft 0.00325 0.00309 0.003000.00281 0.00272 - - - - -
0.262 Lb per ft-tube 1.037 1.128 1.176 1.263 1.309 - - - - -
Lb-per ft-water 0.21 0.20 0.19 0.18 0.17 - - - - -
1% Allow. press., psi 1760 1980 2090 2290 2380 2560 2830 - - -
8 Inside diam.. in. 1.022 1.004 0.992 0.968 0.956 0.932 0.898 - - -
Int. area, sq’ft 0.00569 0.00550 0.005360.00511 0.00498 0.00473 0.00439 - -
0.327 Lb per ft-tube 1.328 1.448 1.513 1.628 1.691 1.803 1.971 - -
Lb per ft-water 0.36 0.35 0.34 0.32 0.31 0.30 0.28 - -
1% Allow. press., psi 1430 1600 1690 1870 1960 2140 2380 2610 2830 -
Inside diam., in. 1.272 1.254 1.242 1.218 1.206 1.182 1.148 1.116 1.080 -
Int. area, sq ft 0.00882 0.00857 0.00841,0.00809 0.00793 0.00762 0.00718 0.00679 0.00636 -
0.393 Lb per ft-tube, 1.619 1.769 1.849 1.994 2.072 2.214 2.427 2.646 2.847 -L
Lb per ft-water 0.56 0.54 0.53 0.51 0.50 0.48 0.45 0.43 0.40 -
1% Allow. press., psi 1200 1340 1420 1570 1640 1790 2020 2250 2440 2700
Inside diam., in. 1.522 1.504 1.492 1.468 1.4 56 1.432 1.398 1.366 1.330 1.294
Int. area, sq ft 0.0126 0.0123 0.0121 0.0117 0.0115 0.B111 0.0106 0.0102 0.00964 0.00913
0.458 Lb per ft-tube 1.910 2.089 2.185 2.360 2.454 2.625 2.884 3.151 3.397 3.720
Lb per ft-water 0.80 0.77 0.76 0.74 0.73 0.71 0.67 0.64 0.61 0.57
O.D., IN. MINIMUM TUBE WALL THICKNESS-IN.
SQ FT MINIMUM, IN. .095 .lo5 ,110 .120 .125 .135 .150 .165 .180 .m
PER FT AVERAGE, IN. .114 .123 .129 .141 .147 .159 .176 .192 ,210 .228
2 Allow. press., psi 1020 1150 1210 1340 1410 1540 1740 1940 2140 2380
Inside diarn., in. 1.772 1.753 1.742 1.718 1.706 1.682 1.648 1.616 1.580 1.544
Int. area, sq ft 0.0171 0.0168 0.0165 0.0161 0.0159 0.0154 0.0148 0.0142 0.0136 0.0130
0.524. Lb per ft-tube 2.201 2.409 2.522 2.726 2.836 3.036 3.340 3.656 3.947 4.331
Lb per ft-water 1.08 1.05 1.04 1.01 1.oo 0.97 0.93 0.89 0.86 0.81
2% Allow. press., psi 950 1070 1130 1250 1310 1430 1620 1810 2000 2240
Inside diam., in. 1.897 1.879 1.867 1.843 1.831 1.807 1.773 1.741 1.705 1.669
lnt. area, sq ft 0.0196 0.0192 0.0190 0.0185 0.0183 0.0178 0.0171 0.0165 0.0158 0.0152
0.556 Lb per ft-tube 2.347 2.570 2.690 2.909 3.027 3.242 3.569 3.908 4.222 4.637
Lb per ft-water 1.24 1.21 1.19 1.16 1.15 1.12 1.08 1.04 1.oo 0.94
8 2% Allow. press., psi 890 1000 1060 1170 1230 1340 1520 1690 1870 ’ 2110
Inside diarn., in. 2.022 2.004 1.992 1.968 1.956 1.932 1.898 1.866 1.830 1.794
Int. area, sq ft 0.0223 0.0219 0.0216 0.0211 0.0209 0.0203 0.0196 0.0190 0.0183 0.0175
0.589 Lb per fl-tube 2.492 2.730 2.858 3.092 3.218 3.447 3.797 4.160 4.497 4.943
Lb per ft-water 1.40 1.37 1.35 1.33 1.31 1.28 1.23 1.19 1.15 1.09
2% Allow. press., psi 790 ,890 940 1040 1090 1190 1340 1500 1660 1870
Inside diam., in. 2.272 2.254 2.242 2.218 2.206 2.182 2.148 2.116 2.080 2.044
Int. area, sq ft 0.0281 0.0277 0.0274 0.0268 0.0265 0,0260 0.0251 0.0244 0.0236 0.0228
0.655 Lb per ft-tube 2.783 3.050 3.195 3.457 3.600 3.859 4.253 4.665 5.047 5.554
Lb per ft-water 1.77 1.74 1.72 1.68 1.67 1.63 1.58 1.53 1.48 1.42
3 Allow. press., psi - 720 760 840 880 960 1090 1210 1340 1520
Inside diam., in. - 2.754 2.742 2.718 2.706 2,682 2.648 2.616 2.580 2.544
Int. area, sq. ft - 0.0414 0.0410 0.0403 0.0399 0.0392 0.0382 0.0373 0.0363 0.0353
0.785 Lb per ft-tube - 3.691 3.867 4.189 4.363 4.681 5.167 5.674 6.147 6.777
Lb per ft-water - 2.59 2.56 2.53 2.50 2.46 2.40 2.34 2.28 2.20
PROPERTIES OF HOT FINISHED SEAMLESS STEEL AND ELECTRIC RESISTANCE
WELDED STEEL TUBES, ASME SPECIFICATIONS SA192, SA178A
STRENGTH WELDED INTO HEADERS AND DRUMS FOR TUBES ABSORBING HEAT
IN WATER TUBE UNITS WITH STRESS ALLOWANCE OF 11,500 PSI AT 700 F
O.D., IN. MINIMUM TUBE WALL THICKNESS-IN.
SQ FT MINIMUM, IN. .095 -105 . .110 .120 .125 .135 .1M .165 .180 .m
PER FT AVERAGE, IN. .114 .123. .129 ,141 .147 .159 .176 .192 .210 .228
334 AHow. press., psi - - - 760 800 880 990 1110 1220 1380
IInside diam:, in. - - - 2.968 2.956 2.932 2.898 2.866 2.830 2.794
Ilnt. area, sq ft - - - 0.0480 0.0476 0.0468 0.0458 0.0448 0.0437 0.0426
0.851 I-b per ft-tube - - - 4.555 4.745 5.092 5.623 6.179 6.697 7.389
-I,b per ft-water - - - 3.01 2.99 2.94 2.87 2.81 2.74 2.65
g 3% . IMow. press., psi
IInside diam., in.
-
-
-
-
- 700 730 800 910
- 3.218 3.206 3.182 3.148 3.116
1020 1120
3.080
1270
3.044
Ilnt. area, sq ft - - - 0.0565 0.0560 0.0552 0.0540 0.0529 0.0517 0.0505
0.916 ILb per ft-tube - - - 4.921 5.127 5.503 6.08 6.683 7.247 8.000
-I,b per &water - - - 3.54 3.51 3.46 3.39 3.31 3.24 3.15
4 1Rllow. press., psi - - - - - 680 780 870 960 1090
IInside diam., in, - - - - - 3.682 3.648 3.616 3.580 3.544
IInt. area, sq ft - - - - - 0.0739 0.0726 0.0713 0.0699 0.0685
1.047 ILb per ft-tube - - - - - 6326 6.993 7.693 8.347 9.223
-ILb per ft-water - - - - - 4.63 4.55 4.46 4.38 4.27
4% 1Mow. press., psi - - - - - - 670 760 840 950
IInside diam., in, -
-
- - - - - 4.148 4.116 4.080 4.044
IInt. area, sq ft - - - - - 0.0938 0.0924 0.0908 0.0892
1.178 ILb per ft-tube -
- -
- -
-
-
- - - 7.906 8.702 9.447 10.45
I
ILb per ft-water - - 5.87 5.78 5.68 5.56
PROPERTIES OF HOT FINISHED SEI MLESS STEEL AND ELECTRIC RESISTAD
WELDED STEEL TUBES, ASME SPECIFICATIONS SA192, SAl78A
STRENGTH WEWED INTO HEADERS AND DRUMS FOR TUBES ABSORBING HEAT
IN WATER TUBE UNITS WITH STRESS ALLOWANCE OF 11,500 PSI AT 700 F
O.D., IN. MINIMUM TUBE WALL THICKNESS-IN.
SQ Fr MINIMUM, IN.
PER FT AVERAGE, IN.
.220 .240 .m .260 .a0 .300 .320 ,340 .360 ,380
.251 .274 .285 296 .319 342 365 ,388 .410 ,433
1% Allow. press., psi 2960 - - - - - - - - -
Inside diarn., in. 1.248 - - - - - - - - -
Int. area, sq ft 0.00849
-
- -
-
- - - - - - -
0.458 Lb per ft-tube 4.018 d - - - - - -
Lb per ft-water 0.53 - - - - - - - - i
.n
~
tn (nominal) in. .438 562 ,750 .937 1.156 1.375 1.562 1.781
tm (minimum) in. .383 .492 .656 .820 1.012 1.203 1.367 1.558
18 Int. area, sq ft 1.601 1.553 1.485 1.418 1.342 1.268 1.207 1.137
in. Lb/ft metal 82.1 104.9 137.3 170.8 208.0 242.7 274.3 306.7
Lb/ft water 99.7 96.8 92.6 88.4 83.7 79.1 75.3 70.9
Allow. press., psi 650 840 1 13.0 1420 1770 2120 2400 2720
Maximum allowable pressures, psi, are based on the minimum thickness and on the maximum allowable stress values in Table PG
23.1 of A.S.M.E. code for a metal temperature equal to the saturated temperature at the tabulated allowable pressure but not less
than 650 F. Stress value is 15,(100 psi at 650 F and 14,400 psi at 700 F. Stress values at intermediate temperatures are found by inter-
polation. Tabulated pressures have been increased to the next unit of 10 where the actual values exceed an even unit of 10 by more
than 1as determined by the formula in Par. PG 27. Area and weight are based on nominal thickness and water at 62 F.
SELECTED MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE STRESS VALUES, PSI FOR TYPICAL MATERIALS USED
IN BOILER CONSTRUCTION (FROM A.S.M.E. BOILER AND PRESSURE VESSEL CODE-1986. TABLE PG-231)
For Complete Detail and Restrictive Notes See Section I of the Code
I
....
. I . .
Plate SA-515 70 70,000 16,600 14,800 12,000 7,800 5,000 3,000 1,500
....
. . I .
SA-299 - 75,000 17,700 15,700 12,000 7 m 5,000 3,000 13W .... ....
RRwTlCAUOY
Mn-lh Mo
Plate SA-302 B 80,OOO 20,OOO 19,soO 18,800 17,900 13,700 8,200 4,800 .... .... ....
C--1/2 MO
Tube SA-209 T1 55,000 13,800 13,800 13,500 13,100 12,700 8,200 4,800 .... . . . a I . . .
1 Cr--M Mo
Pipe SA-335 P12 60,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 14,600 14,000 11,300 7,200 4,500 2,800 I,soO
Plate SA-387 12CL.2* 65,000 16,300 16,300 16,300 15,800 15,200 11,300 7,200 4,500 2,800 1,800
'11' Cr-Yz Mo
Tube SA-213 T11 60,000 15,000 14,800 14,400 14,000 13,600 9,300 6,300 4,200 2,800 1,900
Pipe SA-335 P11 60,000 15,000 14,800 14,400 14,oOa 13,600 9,300 6,300 4,200 2,800 190
Plate SA-387 11CL.2 75,000 18,800 18,800 18,800 18,300 13,7(10 9,300 6,300 4,200 2,800 1,900
2Y4 Cr-1 Mo
Tube SA-213 T22 M,OOO 15,000 15,000 15,000 14,400 13,100 11,000 7,800 5,800 4,200 3,000
Pipe SA-335 P22 60,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 14,400 13,100 11,000 7,800 5,800 4,200 3,000
Plate SA-387 22CL.2' 75,000 17,500 17,200 16,900 16,400 15,800 11,OOO 7,600 5,800 4,400 2,500
a 5 Cr--M Mo
to Tube SA-213 T5 60,OOO 13,700 13,200 12,800 12,100 10,90D 8,000 5,800 4,200 2,900 2,000
Ape SA-335 P5 S0,OOO 13,700 13,200 12,800 12,100 10,900 8,000 5,800 4,200 2,900 2,000
Plate SA-387 5 ~0,000 13,700 13,200 12,800 12,100 io,900 a,ooo 5,800 4,200 2,900 2,000
9 Cr-1 Mo
Tube SA-213 T9 50,OOO 13,700 13,200 12,300 12,100 11,400 l0,sOO 7,400 5,000 3,300 2,200
Pipe SA-335 P9 60,OOO 13,7CO 13,200 12,300 12,100 11,400 10,600 7,400 5,000 3,300 2,200
TYPE OF STEEL SPEC. FOR METAL TEMPERATURE F, NOT EXCEEDING
MIN.
SPEC..
NUMBER GRADE zE 800 850 900 950 1000 1050 1100 1150 1200 1250
AUSTENW STAINLESS WY
18 Cr-8 Ni
Tube SA-213 TP304H 75,000 15,200 14,900 14,700 14,400 13,800 12,200 9,800 7,700 6,lOO 4,700
Tube SA-213 TP304H 75,000 10,600 10,400 10,200 10,OOO 9,800 9,500 819OO 7,700 6,100 417OO
Pipe SA-312 TP3Q4H 75,000 15,200 14,900 14,700 14,400 13,800 12,200 9,800 7,700 6,100 4,700
Pipe SA-312 TP304H 75,000 10,600 10,400 10,200 10,000 9,800 9,500 8,900 7,700 6,100 4,700
Pipe SA-376 TP304H 75,000 15,200 14,900 14,700 14,400 13,800 12,200 9,800 7,700 6,100 4,700
*Normalized and tempered
SELECTED M A X M U M ALLOWABLE STRESS VALUES, PSI FOR TYPICAL MATERIALS USED
IN BOILER CONSTRUCTION (FROM A.S.M.E. BOILER AND PRESSURE VESSEL CODE-1986. tABLE PG-23.1)
TYPE OF STEEL SPEC FOR METAL TEMPERATURE 6 NOT EXCEEDING
MIN.
SPEC EN-
NUMBER GRADE SILL 800 850 900 950 1000 1050 1100 1150 1200 1250
AUSTENlTlC STAINLESS W - K o n t i n u e d )
Pipe SA-376 TP304H 75,000 10,600 10,400 10,200 10,000 9,800 9,500 8,900 7,700 6,100 4,700
Plate SA-240 304 75,000 15,200 14,900 14,700 14,400 13,800 12,200 9,800 7,700 6,100 4,700
Plate SA-240 304 75,000 10,600 10,400 10,200 10,000 9,800 9,500 8,900 7,700 6,100 4,700
18 Cr-10 " T i
hbe SA-213 TP321H 15 400 15,200 11,700 6,900 5,400 4 100
'lube SA-213 TP321H 10:700 10,600 10,100 6,900 5,400 41100
Pipe SA-312 TP321H 15,400 15,200 11,700 6,900 5,400 4,100
Pipe SA-312 TP321H 10,700 10,600 . 10,100 6,900 5,400 4,100
Pipe SA-376 TP321H 15,400 15,200 11,700 6,900 5,400 4,100
Pipe 9-376
Plate SA-240
Plate SA-240
TP321H
321
321
10,700
15,400
10.700
10,600
15,200
10.600
10,100
9,600
9.200
6,900
5,000
5.000
5,400
3,600
3.600
8
X
2.600
18 Cr-10 N d h
Tube SA-213 TP347H 75,000 14,700 14,700 14,700 14,600 14,400 14,100 13,000 10,500 7,900 5,900
Tube SA-213 TP347H 75,000 12,700 12,700 12,600 12,600 12,600 12,500 12,100 10,500 7,900 5,900
Pipe SA-312 TP347H 75,000 14,700 14,700 14,700 14,600 14,400 14,100 13,000 10,500 7,900 5,900
Pipe SA-312 TP347H 75,000 12,700 12,700 12,600 12,600 12 600 12,500 12,100 10,500 7,900 5,900
Pipe SA-376 TP347H 75,000 14,700 14,700 14,700 14,600 14:400 14,100 13,000 10,500 7,900 5,900
Pipe SA-376 TP347H 75,000 12,700 12,700 12,600 12,600 12,600 12,500 12,100 10,500 7,900 5,900
Plate 9-240 347 75,000 14,700 14,700 14,700 14,600 14,000 12,100 9,100 6,100 4,400 3,300
Plate SA-240 347 75,000 12,700 12,700 12,600 12600 12,500 11,900 9,100 6,100 4,400 3,300
16 Cr-12 Ni-Moly
'lube SA-213
Tube SA-213
Pipe 9-312
TP316H
TP316H
TP316H
75,000
75,000
75,000
15,900
11,000
15,900
15,700
10,900
15,700
15,600
10,800
15,600
15400
10700
15,400
15,300
10,600
15,300
::$!!
14,500
12,400
10,300
12,400
9,800
9,300
9800
7,400
7,400
7,400
5,500
5,500
5,500
Pipe SA-312 TP316H 75,000 11,000 10,900 10,800 10,700 10,600 10,500 10,300 9:300 7,400 5,500
Pipe SA-376 lP316H 75,000 15,900 15,700 15,600 15,400 15,300 14,500 12,400 9,800 7,400 5,500
Pipe SA-376 TP316H 75,000 11,000 10,900 10,800 10,700 10,600 10,500 10,300 9,300 7,400 5,500
Plate 9-240 316 75,000 15,900 15,700 15,600 15,400 15,300 14,500 12,400 9,800 7,400 5,500
Plate SA-240 316 75,000 11,000 10,900 10,800 10,700 10,600 10,500 10,300 9,300 7,400 5,500
A.S.M.E. CODE DESIGN FORMULAS FOR CYLINDERS UNDER INTERNAL PRESSURE
Reproduced with permission of the publisher, The American Society of Mechanical Engineers
TUBES FERROUS PIPING, DRUMS A N D HEADERS
Par. Pg-27.2.1
UDto and incl. 5411.O.D. Par. Pg-27.2.2
PD
+ + 0.0050+ e
PD
t =
2s P t = 2SE +
2yP + c
- 0.01D - 2e . 2SE (t - C)
2t
= [ D - (t - 0.005D - e) 1 P = D - 2~ (t - C)
= omo4 Over length at least equal to length Of E = efficiency of longitudinal welded joint or ligaments between openings, whichever
seat plus inch for tubes expanded is less. For seamless or welded cylinders, E = 1.00, For ligaments, see PG-52
except that e = 0 if thickness of tube ends over and PG-53,
length at least equal to length of seat plus 1 inch - y = coefficient at temperature F, below:
is not less than:
900 1150
0.105 0.120 0.135 0.150 and below 950 1000 1050 1100 andup
0.095 for above above above above Ferritic steels 0.4 0,5 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7
1" O.D. 1%" O.D. 2" O.D. 3" O.D. 4" O.D. Austeniticsteels 0.4 0,4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.1
and under incl. incl. incl. incl. C =allowance for threading and/or minimum structural stability.
2" O.D. 3" O.D. 4" O.D. 5" O.D.
For plain end pipe through 34/2", C =0.065
e = 0 for tubes strength-welded to headers and For plain end pipe 4" and over, C =O
drums. For threaded pipe 1 inch and over, C =depth of thread.
_ _ ~ ~~
t =min. wall thickness, in.; D = outside diam., in.; R = inside radius, in.; S = max. allow. st@ss, psi.
P = max. allowable working pressure, psi (not less than 100 psi for pipe and headers).
1111 I, 1 I 1-
sg
$Z
ZE
YP
sz
-
- - - -
---
513 479 75.5 - - - -
481 450 74.5 - - - - - - - -
452 425 73.5 - - - - - - - -
427 403 72.5 - - - - - - - - -
404 382 71.5 - -
-
-
-
- -
-
-- -
-
- -
382 363 70.5 -
-
- - 436
362 346 69.5 - - - - - - - 413
344 329 68.5 - - - - - - - - 392
326 313 67.5 - -
-
- - -
-
- - - 372
309 298 66.5 106 116.5 94.0 94.5 85.5 77.0 352
285 275 64 5 104 - 115.5 01.0 04.0 84.5 75.0 . 325
- -
~
266 258 63.0 102 114.5 87.5 93.0 83.0 73.0 304
248 241 61.5 100 - 113.0 84.5 - 92.5 81.5 71.0 283
234 228 60.5 98 - 112.0 81.5 - 92.0 80.5 69.0 267 .
220 215 59.0 96 - 111.0 78.5 100.0 91.0 79.0 67.0 251
20Y 204 57.5 94 - 110.0 75.5 98.0 90.5 77.5 65.0 239
198 194 56.5 92 - 108.5 72.0 96.5 89.5 76.0 63.0 226
188 184 55.0 90 108.5 107.5 69.0 94.5 89.0 75.0 61.0 215
179 176 53.5 a8 107.0 106.5 65.5 93.0 88.0 73.5 59.5 204
171 168 52.5 86 106.0 105.0 62.5 91.0 87.5 72.0 57.5 195
164 161 51.5 a4 104.5 104.0 59.5 89.0 87.0 70.5 55.5 187
157 155 50.0 82 103.0 103.0 56.5 87.5 86.0 69.5 53.5 179
151 149 49.0 80 102.0 101.5 53.0 85.5 85.5 68.0 51.5 173
145 144 47.5 78 100.5 100.5 50.0 . 83.5 84.5 66.5 49.5 166
140 139 46.5 76 99.5 99.5 47.0 82.0 84.0 65.5 47.5 160
135 134 45.5 74 98.0 98.5 43.5 80.0 83.0 64.0 45.5 154
130 129 44.0 72 97.0 97.0 40.5 78.0 82.5 62.5 43.5 149
126 125 43.0 70 95.5 96.0 37.5 76.5 82.0 61.0 41.5 144
122 121 42.0 68 94.5 ' 95.0 34.5 ' 74.5 81.0 60.0 39.5 140
119 118 41.0 66 93.0 93.5 31.0 72.5 80.5 58.5 37.5 136
115 114 40.0 64 91.5 92.5 - 71.0 79.5 57.0 35.5 -
112 111 39.0 62 90.5 91.5 - 69.0 79.0 56.0 33.5 -
108 108 - - .-
---
60 89.0 90.0 67.5 78.5 54.5 31.5
106 106 58 88.0 89.0 - 65.5 77.5 53.0 29.5 -
103 103 56 86.5 88.0 - 63.5 77.0 51.5 . 27.5 -
100 100 - -
--
54 85.5 87.0 62.0 76.0 50.5 25.5
98 98 52 a4 o 85.5 - 60.0 75.6 49.0 23.5 -
95 95 59 83.0 84.5 - 58.0 74.5 47.5 21.5 -
93 93 -
-- 48 81.5 83.5 -
- 56.5 74.0 46.5 19.5 --
91 91 46 80.5 82.0 54.5 73.5 45.0 17.0
89 89
- 44 79.0 81.0 -
- 52.5 72.5 43.5 14.5 -
67 87
- 42 78.0 80.0 51.O 72.0 42.0 12.5 -
85 85 40 76.5 79.0 - 49.0 71.0 -
83 -
83
- 38 75.0 77.5 -- 47.0 70.5
41.0
39.5
10.0
7.5 -
81 a1 36 74.O 76.5 45.5 70.0 38.0 5.5 -
78 79 - 34 72.5 75.5 - 43.5 69.0 36.5 3.0 -
78 78 - 32 71.5 74.0 - 42.0 68.5 35.5 1.0 -
-- - - -
77
*Hardness
77
iversion
- - -- - -
30 70.0 73.0
rt for Nickel and High-Nickel Alloys. A.S.T.M.. E140-65.
40.0 67.5 34.0
--
-1.5
The use of h less SCB or hardness values shown above in bald are not recommended by the manufacturers of hardness testing machines since they
are beyond t ranges rl rmended for accumcy. Such values are shown for comparative purposes. only, where comparisons may be desired and the
recommends iachine a &Me are not available.
Tor Knoop hardness determinations the specimen must be polished, etched, and repolishod until a final light etch shows a clearly defined microstructure
free from disturbed metal. Care must be exarcised to insure that the top and bottom of the mounted specimen are paranel. In no case shall the departure
from gmmcltry in the lonpkudinal direction of the indentationbe greater than 5 filar microscopeunits. See "Metallogaphy" for polishingand etching procedures.
63
UJU, I, I I I
Kilos Pounds Kilos Pounds Kilos Pounds Kilos Pounds. Kilos Pounds
per, per per Per per Per Per Per Per Per
cm2 inch2 cm2 inch2 cm2 inch2 cm2 inch2 cm2 inch2
0.25 3.55 3.75 53.34 7.25 103.12 10.75 152.90 16.5 234.68
0.50 7.11 4.0 56.89 7.5 106.67 11.0 156.45 17.0 241.79
Om75 I 10.67 I 4.25 I 60.45 1 7.75 I 110.23 I 11.25 I 160.01 I 17.5 I 248.90
1.o 14.22 4.5 64.00 8.0 113.78 11.5 163.56 I 18.0 256.01
1.25 17.78 4.75 67.56 8.25 117.34 11.75 167.12 18.5 263.12
1.5 21.33 5.0 71.11 8.5 120.89 12.0 170.68 19.0 270.24
~~
1.75 I
I
24.89 I
I
5.25 I
I
74.67 I
I
8.75 ~~
I
I
124.45 I
I
12.5 I
I
177.79 I
I
19.5 I 277.35
2.o 28.45 5.5 78.23 9.0 128.01 13.0 184.90 20.0 284.46
2.25 32.00 5.75 81.78 9.26 131.56 13.5 192.01- 20.5 291.57
2.5 35.56 6.0 85.34 9.5 135.12 14.0 199.12 21.0 298.68
2.75 39.11 6.25 88.89 . 9.75 138.67 14.5 206.23 21.5 305.79
3.0 I 42.67 I 6.5 I 92.45 I 10.0 I 142.23 I 15.0 I 213.34 I 22.0 I 312.90
3.25 46.22 6.75 96.00 10.25 145.78 15.5 220.46 23 . 327.14
3.5 49.78 7.0 99.56 ’ 10.5L 149.34 16.0 227.57 24 341.36
Kilos I Pounds I Kilos I Pounds 1 Kilos 1. Pounds I Kilos 1 Pounds I Kilos I Pounds
FRICTION LOSS IN RECTANGULAR DUCTS
All of the losses are figured for unlined steel ducts at 70 F and A/B
ratio = 1. Correct for other temperatures and ratios as shown.
3 .2 I
I AhRATIO
3.0 2 .o I .o 0
-
FRICTION LOSS PER 100 FEET OF
DUCT INCHES OF WATER
Fig. 19
66
FRICTION LOSS IN PLAIN RECTANGULAR ELBOWS
All of the losses are figured for unlined stbel elbows at 70 F and
W/D ratio = 1. Correct for other temperatures and ratios as shown.
67
THEORETICAL DRAFT
AND FRICTION LOSS IN ROUND STACKS
Fig. 22
-
Do losses = 1.065 - (0.0675 + 0.073)= 0.9245 in. of water.
At any barometric pressure, P,, other than standard (due to eleva-
tion), corrections must be made: theoretical draft, D, = Do $;
velocity loss, V, = Vo g.Correction to friction loss is negligible.
69
STANDARD WIRE AND SHEET METAL GAGES AND EQUIVALENTS
-
British Imperial Birmingham Birmingham United States American Manufacturers' Standard
Legal Standard Wire Gage Standard Steel Wire Gage or Gage for Steel Sheets
No*
of wire Gage (BWG) or Sheet and (Washburn & Moen) Browne & Sharpe Thickness based Standard
(SWG) Stubs' Hoop Gage (Roebl ing) Gage (B&S) on Steel a t Weight
mse (IW Iron Wire (BG) (American Steel for non-ferrous 41.82 Ib/sq ft/l
(LW Gage and Wire Co.) sheet and wire in. thick Gage
-
DECIMALS OF AN INCH THICKNESS OR DIAMETER Lb/Sq ft
7/0s .500 - .6666 .4900 - 20.00
6/0s A64 - -6250 .4615 .580000 18.75
5/0s .432 .500 .5883 .4305 .516500 17.50
4/0s .400 .454 .5416 .3938 .460000 16.25
3/0s ,372 ,425 .5000 .3625 .a9642 15.00
210s .348 .380 .4452 .3310 .364796 13.75
3 1/0 .324 .340 -3964 .3065 .324861 12.50
1 .300 .300 .3532 .2830 .289297 11.25
2 .276 .284 .3147 .2625 .257627 10.625
3 252 .259 .2804 .2437 .229423 0.2391 10.00
4 .232 .238 .2500 .2253 .204307 .2242 9.375
5 ,212 -220 .2225 .2070 .181940 .2092 8.750
6 .192 .To3 .1981 .1920 .162023 .1943 8.125
7 .I76 .180 .1764 .1770 .144285 .1793 7.500
8 .160 .165 .1570 .1620 .128490 .1644 6.875
9 .I44 .148 .1398 .la3 .I14423 .1495 6.250
10 ,128 -134 .1250 .1350 .lo1897 .1345 5.625
11 .116 .120 .1113 .1205 ,090742 .1196 5.000
12 ,104 .lo9 .0991 .lo55 ,080808 .lo46 4.375
13 .092 .095 .0882 , .0915 .071962 .0897 3.750
14 .080 .083 .0785 .0800 .064084 .0747 3.125
15 .072 -072 ,0699 .0720 .057068 .0673 2.8125
16 .064 .065 .0625 .0625 .050821 .0598 2.500
British Jmgerial Birmingham Birmingham United States American Manufacturers' Standard
Legalstandard WireGage Standard Steel Wire Gage or Gage for Steel Sheets
WireGage (BWG) or Sheet and (Washburn & Men) Browne & Sharpe Thickn- based
of
Stubs' Hoop Gage (Roebling) Gage (B&S) on steel at weisht
w e (IW Iron Wire (W (American Steel for non-ferrous 41.82 Ib/sq ft/l
Gage
(W) Gage and Wire Co.) sheet and wire in. thick
DECIMALS OF AN INCH -THICKNESS OR DIAMETER Lb/Sa ft
17 .056 .058 .0556 ,0540 .045257 .0538 2.250
18 .048 .049 .0495 .a75 .040303 .0478 2.000
19 ,040 .042 ,0440 .0410 .035890 .0418 1.750
20 m036 .035 m0392 .0348 .031961 m0359 1.500
21 .032 ,032 .0349 .03175 .028462 .0329 1.375
22 .028 .028 .03125 .0286 .025346 .0299 1.250
-
v
23
24
25
26
27
.024
.022
.020
.018
,0164
.025
.022
m020
.018
,016
:02782
.02476
m02204
.01961
.01745
.0258
.0230
m0204
.0181
.0173
.022572
.020101
m017900
.015941
,014195
.0269
.0239
.0209
.0179
.0164
1.125
1 .ooo
m875
.750
.a75
28 .ole .014 .015625 .0162 ,012641 .0149 .625
29 ,0136 .013 .0139 .0150 ,011257 .0135 ,5625
30 m0124 .012 .0123 .0140 m010025 m0120 5000
31 .0116 .010 .0110 .0132 .008928 .0105 .4375
32 .0108 ,009 .0098 ,0128 .007950 .0097 .4062
33 .0100 .008 .0087 ,0118 .007080 .0090 .3750
34 .ow2 .007 ,0077 .0104 .006305 ,0082 .3438
35 ,0084 .w5 .0069 .0095 ,005615 m0075 ,3125
36 .0076 .004 .0061 .0090 .005000 .0067 .2812
37 ,0068 - .0054 .0085 .004453 .0064 .2656
38 .0060 - .0048 .0080 .003965 .0060 .25W
39 ,0052 - .0043 .0075 .003531 .2344
40 moo48 - m00386 .0070 m003144 m2188
EQUIVALENTS OF DEGREES CELSIUS AND FAHRENHEIT
The numbers in bold face type refer either to the Celsius or Fahrenheit degrees that you wish to convert. EXAMPLE: To convert
50 degrees Fahrenheit to Celsius, look to the left of the bold face number 50 in the center column and read the equivalent
Celsius value of 10 degrees. Conversely, 50 degrees C equals 122 degrees F.
OC.
-45.6 -50
OF:
-58
"C.
-6.11 21
OF.
69.8
"C.
8.33 47
OF.
116.6
OC.
22.8 73
OF.
163.4
OC:
37.2
- -
99 210.2
OF.
-40.0 -40 -40 -5.56 22 71.6 8.89 48 118.4 23.3 74 165.2 37.8 100 212
-34.4 -30 -22 -5.00 23 73.4 9.44 49 120.2 23.9 75 167.0 43.3 110 230
-28.9 -20 -4 -4.44 24 75.2 10.0 50 122.0 24.4 76 168.8 48.9 120 248
-23.3 -10 14 -3.89 25 77.0 10.6 51 123.8 25.0 77 170.6 54.4 130 266
-17.8 0 32 -3.33 26 78.8 11.1 52 125.6 25.6 78 172.4 60.0 140 284
-17.2 1 33.8 -2.78 27 80.6 11.7 53 127.4 26.1 79 174.2 65.6 150 302
-16.7 2 35.6 -2.22 28 82.4 12.2 54 129.2 26.7 80 176.0 71.1 160 320
-16.1 3 37.4 -1.67 29 84.2 12.8 55 131.0 27.2 81 177.8 76.7 170 338
-15.6 4 39.2 -1.11 30 86.0 13.3 56 132.8 27.8 *82 179.6 82.2 180 356
-15.0 5 41.0 -0.56 31 87.8 13.9 57 134.6 28.3 83 181.4 87.8 190 374
-14.4 6 42.8 0.00 32 89.6 14.4 58 136.4 28.9 84 183.2 93.3 200 392
-13.9 7 44.6 0.56 33 91.4 15.0 59 138.2 29.4 85 185.0 98.9 210 410
-13.3 8 46.4 1.11 34 93.2 15.6 60 14.0.0 30.0 86 186.8 104.4 220 428
-12.8 9 48.2 1.67 35 95.0 16.1 61 141.8 30.6 87 188.6 110.0 230 446
-12.2 10 50.0 2.22 36 96.8 16.7 62 143.6 31.1 88 190.4 115.6 240 464
-11.7 11 51.8 2.78 37 98.6 17.2 63 145.4 31.7 89 192.2 121.1 250 482
-11.1 12 53.6 3.33 38 100.4 17.8 64 147.2 32.2 90 194.0 126.7 260 500
-10.6 13 55.4 3.89 39 102.2 18.3 65 149.0 32.8 91 195.8 132.2 . 270 518
- 10.0 14 57.2 4.44 40 104.0 18.9 66 150.8 33.3 92 197.6 137.8 280 536
-9.44 15 59.0 5.00 41 105.8 19.4 67 152.6 33.9 93 199.4 143.3 290 554
-8.89 16 60.8 , 5.56 42 107.6 20.0 68 154.4 34.4 94 201.2 148.9 300 572
-8.33 17 62.6 6.11 43 109.4 20.6 69 156.2 35.0 95 203.0 154.4 310 590
-7.78 18 64.4 6.67 44 111.2 21.1 70 158.0 35.6
.... 96 204.8 160.0 320 608
-7.22 19 66.2 7.22 45 113.0 21.7 71 159.8 36.1 97 206.6 165.6 330 626
-6.67 20 68.0 7.78 46 114.8 22.2 72 iSi.6 36.7 98 208.4 171.1 340 644
--
OC.
176.7 350
OF-
-
662
I
-
OC.
-- 532.3
354.5 670 1238
OF. OC.
990
OF.
1814
OC.
710.0
I
1310 2390
OF. OC.
182.2 360 680 360.0 680 1256 537.8 loo0 1832 715.6 1320 2408 1148.9 2100 ,3812
187.8 370 698 365.6 690 1274 543.4 1010 1850 721.1 1330 2426 1176.7 2150 3902
193.3 380 716 371.1 700 1292 549.0 1020 1868 726.7 1,340 2444 1204.4 2200 3992
198.9 390 734 376.7 710 1310 554.5 1030 1886 732.2 1#350 2462 1232.2 2250 4082
204.4 400 752 382.2 720 1328 560.1 1040 1904 737.8 13160 2480 1260.0 2300 4172
210.0 410 770 387.8 730 1346 565.6 1050 1922 743.3 1,3170 2498 1287.8 2350 4262
215.6 420 788 393.3 740 1364 571.1 1060 1940 748.9 1-380 2516 1315.6 2400 4352
221.1 430 806 398.9 750 1382 576.7 1070 1958 754.4 1,3190 2534 1343.3 2450 4442
'
226.7 440 824 404.4 760 1400 582.2 1080 1976 760.0 1.400 2552 1371.1 2500 4532
232.2 450 842 410.0 770 1418 587.0 1090 1994 787.8 1,4
t 5 0 2642 1398.9 2550 4622
237.8 460 860 415.6 780 1436 593.3 1100 2012 815.5 1.5;oO 2732 1426.7 260 4712
243.3 470 878 421.1 790 1454 598.9 1110 2030 843,3 I.5150 2822 1454.4 2650 4802
248.9 480 896 426.7 800 1472 604.4 1120 2048 871l I.6;oO 2912 1482.2 2700 4892
254.4 490 914 432.2 810 1490 610.0 1130 2066 898,9 1.6150 3002 1510.0 2750 4982
2 260.0 500 932 437.8 820 1508 615.5 1140 2084 926.7 1.7'00 3092 1537.7 2800 5072
265.6 510 950 443.3 830 1526 621.1 1150 2102 954.4 117'50 3182 1565.5 2850 5162
271.1. 520 968 448.9 840 1544 626.7 1160 2120 982.2 1.a100 3272 1593.3 2900 5252
276.7 530 986 454.4 a50 1562 632.2 1170 213.8 1010,o 1.a150 3362 1621.1 2950 5342
282.2 540 1004 460.0 860 1580 637.8 1180 2156 1037.8 1.I100 3452 1648.8 3am 5432
287.8 550 1022 465.6 870 1598 643.3 1190 2174 1065.6 1.II50 3542 1676.6 3050 5522
293.3 560 1040 471.1 880 1616 648.9 m 2192 1093.6 2!dK10 3632 1704.4 3100 5612
298.9 WO 1058 476.7 890 1634 654.4 1210 2210 I
304.4 580 1076 482.2 900 1652 660.0 1220 2228 INTERPOLATION FACTORS
310.0 590 1094 487.8 910 1670 665.5 im 2246.
315.6 600 1112 493.3 920 1688 671.1 1240 2264 "C O F "C OF
321.2 610 1130 498.9 930 1706 676.7 1250 2282 ~~ -~ ~ ~ -
326.7 620 1148 504.5 940 1724 682.2 1260 2300 0.56 1 . 1.8 3.33 6 10.8-
332.3 630 1166 510.0 950 1742 687.8 1270 2318 1.11 2 3.6 3.89 7 12.6
337.8 640 1184 515.6 960 1760 693.3 1280 2336 1.67 3 5.4 4.44 8 14.4
--
343.4 650 1202 521.1 970 1778 698.9 1290 2354 2.22 4 '7.2 5.00 9 i6.2
348.9 660 1220 ---
526.7 980 1796 704.4 1300 2372 2.78 5 9.0 5.56 10 18.0
EQUIVALENTS OF INCHES AND MILLIMETERS
The numbers in heavy black type refer either to the millimeters or inches that you wish to convert. EXAMPLE:
If you wish to know how many millimeters are in 50 inches look in the column of the heavy black numbers
for the number 50. A t the left side of this number you will find the equivalent in millimeters which is 1,269.977
mm. If you wish to know how many inches are in 50 millimeters, look in the column of heavy black numbers
for the number 50. At the right side of this number you will find its equivalent, which is 1.9685 inches.
mm Inches mm Inches mm Inches mm Inches
25.400 1 0.03937 533.391 21 0.8268 1041.381 41 1.6142 1549.372 61 2.4016
50.799 2 0.07874 558.790 22 0.8662 1066.781 42 1.6536 1574.772 62 2.4410
76.199 3 0.11811 584.189 23 0.9055 1092.180 43 1.6929 1600.171 63 2.4804
101.598 4 0.15748 609.589 24 0:9449 1117.580 44 1.7323 1625.571 64 2.5197
w 126.998 5 0.19685 634.989 25 0.9843 1142.979 45 1.7717 1650.970 65 2.5591
p 152.397 6 0.23622 660.388 26 1.0236 1168.379 46 1.8110 1676.370 66 2.5985
177.797 7 0.27560 685.788 27 1.0630 1193.778 47 1.8504 1701.769 67 2.6378
203.196 8 0.31497 711.187 28 1.1024 1219.178 48 1.8898 1727.169 68 3.6772
228.596 9 0.35434 736.587 29 1.1418 1244.578 49 1.9292 1752.568 69 2.7166
254.000 10 0.3937 761.986 30 1.1811 1269,977 50 1.9685 1717.968 70 2.7560
279.395 11 0.4331 787.386 31 1.2205 1295.377 51 2.0079 1803.367 71 2.7953
304.794 12 0.4724 812.785 32 1.2599 1320.776 52 2.0473 1828.767 72 2.8347
330.194 13 0.5118 838.185 33 1.2992 1346.176 53 2.0866 1854.166 73 2.8741
355.594 14 0.5512 863.584 34 1.3386 1371.575 54 2.1260 1879.566 74 2.9134
380.993 15 0.5906 888.984 35 1.3780 1396.975 55 2.1654 1904.966 75 2.9528
406.393 16 0.6299 914.383 36 1.4173 1422.374 56 2.2048 2031.963 80 3.1497
431.792 17 0.6693 939.783 37 1.4567 1447.774 57 2.2441 2158.961 85 3.3465
457.192 18 0.7087 965.183 38 1.4961 1473.173 58 2.2835 2285.959 90 3.5434
482.591 19 0,7480 990.582 39 1.5355 1498.573 59 2.3229 2412.956 95 3.7402
507.991 20 0.7874 1015.982 40 1.5748 1523.972 60 2.3622 2540 .OOO 100 3.9371
DECIMAL AND METRIC
EQUIVALENTS OF FRACTIONS
I 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 FEET
INCHES
.O .305 .610 .914 1.219 1.524 1.829 2.133 2.438 2.743 3.048 METERS
1 .330 .635 .940. 1.244 1.549 1.854 2.158 2.463 2.768 3.073 METERS
2 .356 .660 ,965 1.269 1.575 1.880 2.184 2.489 2.794 3.099 METERS
3 .381 .686 ,991 1.295 1.600 1.905 2.209 2.514 2.819 3.124 METERS
4 ,406 .711 1.016 1.320 1.626 1.931 2.235 2.540 2.844 3.150 METERS
5 .432 .737 1.041 1.346 1.651 1.956 2.260 2.565 2.870 3.175 METERS
6 .457 .762 1.066 1.371 1.676 1.981 2.286 2.590 2.895 3.200 METERS
7 .483 .787 1.092 1.397 1.702 2.007 2.311 2.616 2.921 3.226 METERS
8 .508 .813 1.117 1.422 1.727 2,032 2.336 2.641 2.946 3.251 METERS
9 .533 .838 1.142 1.448 1.753 2.057 2.362 2.667 2.972 3.276 METERS
10 .559 ,864 1.168 1.473 1.778 2.083 2.387 2.692 2.997 3.302 METERS
11 .584 389 1.193 1.498 1.803 2.108-2.412 2.717 3.022 3.327 METERS
.
I 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 FEET
INCHES
0 3.352 3.657 3.962 4.267 4.572 4.877 5.181 5.486 5.791 6.096 METERS
1 3.378 3.682 3.987 4.292 4.597 4.902 5.207 5.511 5.816 6.121 METERS
2 3.403 3.708 4.013 4.317 4.623 4.928 5.233 5.537 5.842 6.147 METERS
3 3.429 3.733 4.038 4.343 4648 4.953 5.258 5.562 5.867 6.172 METERS
4 3.454 3.759 4.064 4.369 4.674 4.979 5.284 5.588 5.893 6.198 METERS
5 3.479 3.784 4.089 4.394 4.699 5.004 5.309 5.613 5.918 6.223 METERS
6 3.505 3.810 4.114 4.419 4.724 5,029 5.334 5.638 5.943 6.248 METERS
7 3.530 3.835 4.140 4.445 4.750 5.055 5.360 5.664 5.969 6.274 METERS
8 3.555 3.860 4.165 4.470 4.775 5.080 5.385 5.689 5.994 6.299 METERS
9 3.581 3.886 4.190 4.496 4.801 5.106 5.411 5.715 6.019 6.325 METERS
10 3.606 3.911 4.216 4.521 4.826 5.131 5.436 5.740 6.045 6.350 METERS
11 3.632 3.936 4.241 4.546 4.851 5.156 5.461 5.765 6.070 6.375 METERS
METRIC EQUIVALENTS OF FEET AND INCHES-Continued
I 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 FEET
INCHES
0 6.401 6.706 7.010 7.315 7.619 7,925 8.229 8.534 8.839 9.144 METERS
1 6.426 6.731 7.035 7.340 7.645 7,950 8.254 8.559 8.864 9.169 .METERS
2 6.451 6.757 7.061 7.366 7.670 7,976 8.280 8.585 8.889 9.195 METERS
3 6.477 6.782 7.086 7.391 7.695 8,001 8.305 8.610 8.915 9.220 METERS
v
00 4 6.503 6.808 7.112 7.417 7.721 8,027 8.331 8.635 8.941 9.246 METERS
5 6.528 6.833 7.137 7.442 7.746 8.052 8.356 8.661 8.966 9.271 METERS
6 6.553 6.858 7.162 7.467 7.772 8,077 8.381 8.686 8.991 9.296 METERS
7 6.579 6.883 7.188 7.493 7.798 8.103 8.407 8.712 9.017 9.322 METERS
8 6.604 6.909 7.213 7.518 7.823 8,128 8.432 8.737 9.042 9.347 METERS
, 9 6.630 6.935 7.239 7.544 7.848 8.154 .8.458 8.763 9.068 9.373 METERS
' 10 6.655 6.960 7.264 7.569 7.874 8.179 8.483 8.788 9.093 9.398 METERS
11 6.680 6.985 7.289 7.594 7.899 8.204 8.508 8.813 9.118 9.423 METERS
- 31 32 33 34 35
~ ~
36
-~~~
37 38
~~
39 40 FEET
INCHES
0 9.449 9.754 10.058 10.363 10.668 10.973 11.277 11.582 11.887 12.192 METERS
1 9.474 9.778 10.083 10.388 10.693 10.998 11.302 11.607 11.912 12.217 METERS
2 9.500 9.805 10.109 10.414 10.719 11.024 11.328 11.633 11.938 12.243 METERS
3 9.525 9.830 10.134 10.439 10.744 11.049 11.353 11.658 11.963 12.268 METERS
4 9.551 9.856 10.160 10.465 10.770 11.075 11.379 11.684 11.989 12.294 METERS
5 9.576 9.881 10.185 10.490 10.795 11.100 11.404 11.709 12.014 12.319 METERS
6 9.601 9.906 10.210 10.515 10.820 11.125 11.429 11.734 12.039 12.344 METERS,
7 9.627 9.932 10.236 10.541 10.846 11.151 11.455 11.760 12.065 12.370 METERS
8 9.652 9.957 10.261 10.566 10.871 11.176 11.480 11.785 12.090 12.395 METERS
9 9.678 9.983 10.287 10.592 10.897 11.202 11.506 11.811 12.116 12.421 METERS
10 9.703 10.008 10.312 10.617 10.922 11.227 11.531 11.836 12.141 12.446 METERS
11 9.728 10.033 10.337 10.642 10.947 11.252 11.556 11.861 12.166 12.471 METERS
METRIC EQUIVALENTS OF FEET AND INCHES-Continued
I 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 FEET
INCHES
0 12.497 12.801 13.106 13.411 13.716 14.021 14.325 14.630 14.935 15.240 METERS
1 12.522 12.827 13.132 13.436 13.741 14.046 14.351 14.655 14.960 15.265 METERS
2 12.547 12.852 13.157 13.462 13.767 14.071 14.376 14.681 14.986 15.291 METERS
3 12.573 12.878 13.182 13.487 13.792 14.097 14.402 14.706 15.011 15.316 METERS
8 4 12.598 12.903 13.208 13.513 13.817 14.122 14.427 14.732 15.037 15.341 METERS ’
5 12.62-412.928 13.233 13.538 13.843 14.148 14.452 14.757 15.062 15.367 METERS
6 12.649. 12.954 13.259 13.563 13.868 14.173 14.478 14.783 15.087 15.392 METERS
7 12.674 12.979 13.284 13.589 13.894 14.198 14.503 14.808 15.113 15.418 METERS
8 12.700 13.005 13.309 13.614 13.919 14.224 14.529 14.833 15.138 15.443. METERS
9 12.725 13.030 13.335 13.640 13.944 14.249 14.554 14.859 15.164 15.468 METERS
10 12.751 13.055 13.360 13.665 13.970 14.275 14.579 14.884 15.189 15.494 METERS
11 12.776 13.081 13.386 13.690 13.995 14.300 14.605 14.910 15.214 15.519 METERS
Wgt. of 1 w. ft. drl 8
n
air at atm. pressure m
of 14.7 pounds.
8
Volume of 1 Ib. dry
alr at atm. pressure
of 14.7 pounds.
Temp. Deg. Fahr.
a
52
8
v)
w
F=
a
F
N
0
-
(0
IP
(D
0
d n
w of dry air.
8 8 x)
2
N
a
p Wgt. of sat. vapr
pounds per cu. ft.
Wgt. of 1 kL ft. dry
air at atm. pressure
of 14.7 punk
Volume of 1 ib. dry
+
rir vapor to sat-
urate it
Volume of 1 h. dry
alr at atm. passure
Df 14.7 pounds.
lew. Deg. Fahr.
81
Lb/cu f t Lb/cu ft
Aluminum .................................... 168 ..................................
. Glass. flint 200-294
Asbestos. insulation .......................... 29-44 Glass. plate .................................
153-170
Asbestos. rock ............................... 125-175 Granite..................................... 162-175
Ash. coal. dry ................................ 25-45 Gravel. dry. loose ...........................
87-106
Ash. coal. wet ................................ 40-65 Gravel. packed ..............................
100-175
Ash. slag...................................... 65-100 ..........................................
Ice 57.2-58.7
Asphalt ...................................... 69-94 Insulating Block (CaSi03) ...................
11-11.5
Bagasse. 50% H20 ........................... 7-9 Insulating Block (Magnesia) ................ 11-13
Brick. common. soft ......................... 100 Insulating Btock (Mineral Wool) .............
18
Brick. common. hard......................... 110-120 .
Insulating Block (Diatom Earth) ............ 23.6-24
Brick. best. pressed.......................... 120-144 Iron. grey cast ..............................
443
Brick. fireclay super duty ....................
136-154 Iron. white cast .............................
480
w Brick. fireclay high duty ......................
Brick. insulating
120-140
..............................
31-60
Iron. wrought
Kerosene
...............................
...................................
487-493
5 1.2-5 1.7
Brick. carborundum ..........................
130 Lead........................................ 708
Brick. magnesite.,
.. ...........................
158 Lignite. solid................................ 78
Brick. silica.................................. 102-115 Lignite. solid %" x 0.38% H20 ..............
44.5
Brick. sand and lime......................... 136 Limestone .................................. 168-175
Brickwork. building ..........................
100-140 Linseed Oil .................................. 58
Brickwork. fireclay ........................... 162 Magnesium .................................109
Cement. asbestos ............................
60 Manganese .................................449
Cement. Portland. loose .....................
90 Masonry. brick ..............................
100-130
Cement. Portland (in 1 cu. ft bag) . ........... ..........................
Cement. Portland. barrelled
Cement. refractory. cast
94
..................
115
.....................
90-200
.
Masonry. concrete
Masonry ashlar
Mercury. 60°F
120-150
............................
140-165
..............................
-844
Cement. refractory. trowel. gun .............. 100-150 Mineral Wool Insulating Blankets ...........
3ya.0
Cement. slag .................................
130 Mineral Wool Board and Binder .............
14.3
Charcoal. oak ................................
35 Molybdenum ................................
636
Temp
OC
Rgss
k?a Water Steam Water
I Evap. Steam Water Evap. OC
T P v h I h h T
I
V 8 b
+ I
0 0.61 08 0.0010002 206.31 -0.04 2501.6 2501.6 9.1579 9.1577 0
0.0002
00
10 1.2270 0.0010003 106.43 41.99 I 2477-9 2519.9 0.1510 8.75t0 1 8.8919 I0
UI IS
~
1.7040 0.0010008 77.98 62.94 2466.1 2528.0 0.2243 8.5582 I 8.7825 1s
20 2.377 0.0010008 67.84 83.86 2464.3 2538.2 0.2963 8.3721 8.6684 20
~ ~ ~~
30
~~
4.241 0.0010043 32.93 i 25.66 2430.7 2556.4 0.4365 8.0181 8.4646 30
+ +
5.622 0.0010060 25.25 2565.4 0.5049 7.8494 8.3543 36
#
80 47.36 0.0010292 3.409 334.92 2308.8 2643.8 1.0753 6.5380 7.61 32 80
a5 84.53 0.0010398 I 1.9822 1 397.99 2270.2 2668.2 1.2501 6.1 665 7.4166 96
100 101.33 0.0010437 I 1.6730 I 419.06 2256.9 2676.0 1.3069 6.0485 7.3554 100
105 120.80 0.0010477 I 1.4193 I 440.17 2243.6 2683.7 1.3630 5.9331 7.2962 105
I I
~~ ~
169.06 0.0010562 1.0363 482.50 2216.2 2698.7 1.4733 5.7099 7.1832 115
120 198.54 0.0010606 f 0.8915 I 503.72 2202.2 2706.0 1.6276 5.601 7 7.1 293 120
126 232.1 0.0010652 0.7702 524.99 2188.0 271 3.0 1.5813 5.4957 7.0769 126
135 313.1 0.0010760 0.6818 567.68 21 58.9 2726.6 1.6869 5.2897 6.9766 136
..
I
~~
I46
150
415.5
476.0
0,0010853
0.0010908
1
I
0.4480
0.3924
I 610.59
I 632.15
21 28.7
21 13.2
-
27393
2745.4
1.7906
1.841 6
5,0910
4.994 1
6.8815
6.8358
145
150
Table I Saturated Steam and S8tUr8ted Water: Temnerature Table
Volume, ma Enthalav, kJ
R888 Temp
k?a Water Evap. Evpp. 'C
P V V h h 8 8 T
166 543.3 0.0010964 0.3464 663.77 2097.4 2761.2 I 1.8923 4.8982) 6.791 1 166
160 618.1 0.0011022 0.3068 675.47 2081.3 2756.3 1 1.9425 4.8060 6.7475 160
166 700.8 0.0011082 0.2724 897.25 2064.8 2762.0 I 1.9923 4.71 26 6.70428 166
00
170 792.0 0.001 1146 0.2426 719.12 2047. g 2767.1 I 2.04'16 4.6214 6.6630 170
176 892.4 0.001 1209 0.21654 741.07 2030.7 2771.8 1 2.0906 4.5314 6.8221 176
180 1OO2.7 0.0011275 0.19380 763.1 2 2013.2 2776.3 I 2.1393 4.4426 6.5819 180
18s 1123.3 0.0011344 0.17306 786.26 1995.2 2780.4 I 2.1876 4.3648 6.5424 186
190 12256.1 0.001 1416 0.15632 807.52 1976.7 2784.3 I 2.2358 4.2680 6.5036 190
186 1398.7 0.001 1489 0.1 4084 1957.9 2707.8 I 2.2833 4.1821 6.4664 196
16643 0.001 1665 0.12716 852.37 1838.6 2790.9 2.3307 4.0971 6.4278
~~ ~ ~ ~~
210 1907.7 0.0011728 0.10424 897.73 1898.6 2796.2 2.4247 3.9293 210
220 2319.8 0.001 1900 0.08804 943.67 1856.2 2799.9 I 2.5178 3.7639 6.281 7 220
+ I
88
c
-
h 6 S Temp
kPa .C Steam Water Evap. Steam Water Evap.
P T h s S s
1.o 6.983 29.34 0.1060 8.8706 8.9767
1.5 13.036 0.0010006 1 87.98 54.71 2470.7 2526.5 0.1 ss7 8.6332 8.8288
4.0 28.983 0.001o04o I 34-80 121.41 2433.1 2554.5 0.4225 8.0530 8.4755
20.0 60.086 0.0010172 7.660 25 1.45 2358.4 2609.9 0.8321 7.0774 7,9094
~~ ~~~
30.0 69.1 24 0.0010223 5.229 289.30 2336.1 2625.4 0.944 1 6.8254 7.7696
.-
40.0 75.886 0.0010265 3.993 317.65 2319.2 I 2636.9 1.0261 6.6448 7.6709
1I
J
Volume, mSkg Enthalpy, k J k g Entropy, kJlkg-K
Pmam Temp
+
Wa OC Water Steam Water Evap. Steam
P T V
v ,
20000.0 385.70 0.0020370 0.005877 I 1826.6 I 591.9 I~-2418.4 4.01 49 0.9263 4.941 2
I
SUPERHEATED STEAM
TABLES
Pmssum v(speclilc volume), m3/kg h(anthalpyL Wlkg stentmpy), kJlkg-K
kpa
++ ++
tT 1 Temperature, OC
OC
I 600 I 800
*
300 400 Mw) 700
140.09 172.10 196.28 218.36 284.61 310.66 366.81 402.97 449.12 496.27
+
~ (8.983) 2594.6 2~8.6 2783.7 2880.1 3oid.a 32V9.7 3489.2 3706.6 3028.0 4168.7
I 11.2243 I 11.8911
+ +
Q.2430 0.6136 0.7627 9.9879 10.3466 10B711 10.9612 11.i4663
6.0 . 1v 29.783 I 34.417 39.042 I 43.861 62.897 1 62.129 71.360 80.692 89.822 89.063
132.90) 2603.7 I 2688.1 2783.4 I ,2879.9 3076.7 1 3279.7 34488.2 3706.8 3928.8 41 68.7
I I
~ ~~
+
8.4981 8,7898 0,0094 9.2248 9.802 1 8.9283 10.2184 10.4816 $0.7236 10.9483
+
*
14.871 18.613 21.826 26.446 31.062 36.670 44.910
1 I
+
(81.361 2682.0 2780.t 2877.7 3076.7 3279.0 3488.7 3706.2 3828.6 4168.6
I00 I" 1.8066 2.8387 3.1 026 3.6663 4 .Q27 7 4.4898 4.0617
6
I
I
7.3818
I
3.8136
0.9686
2708.6
7.2704
* *
7.8348
1.0804
2870.6
7.607 2
. 8.2188
1.3183
3072.1
7 a937
8,5442
1.6402
3276.7
8.2226
I 8.8348
I 1.7812
3487.0
8.613a
a.0982
2.0 129
3704.0
8.7778
I 9.3406
2.2442
3927.6
9.0201
8.6664
2.4764
4167.8
8.2462
+
300 0.7184 ’ 0.8753 1 A314 1.1866 1.3412 1.4867 1.6488
..~
~
*
400 0.7726 0.8882 1.0064 1-1214
\
8.1919 8.4683 1 8.6992 8.9246
I
~~~
1170.41 2838.8
6.8148
3067.3
7 .a348
3267.6
7.67 29
3480.6.
8.6033
Table Ill, Superheated $learn
Tr) Tbmperatuw, O C
I
OC
I I I 1 I I 7,7627
+
l a 6.6922 77,1261
,1261 7 A666 8.0282 0.2l34 8.4987
7
-
+
88.3)
(188.3\ h I 2794.7 3038.9 3268.6 3472.8 3693.3 3819.8 4161.7
~
I
a
I
I
1
6.4608
6.4608 6.9207 7.2709 75708 8.0838 8.3108
2OOo
I
v
I
I 1I 0,1266 0,161 1 0.1786 0.1 886 0.2232 0.2487
*
+
2996.1 3232.2 3466.2 4144.7
.~
I
~~
MULTIPLY BY To OBTAIN
A
abampere 20* ampere (A)
abcoulomb lo* coulomb (C)
abfarad lo@* farad (F)
abhenry 10-9 * henry [H)
abohm lo-s * ohm (0)
MULTIPLY BY To OBTAIN
D ~~ ~ __ ~ ~~
MULTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN
H
hectare 10000* square meter (m2)
MULTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN
’
A kilojoule (kJ)
kilojoule (kJ)
kilojoule (kJ)
0.947817
0.943690
0.948155
Btu (I.T.)
Btu (3gQF)
Btu (60°F)
kilojoule (kJ) 0.94 7086 Btu (mean)
kilojoule (kJ) 0.948452 Btu (thennochemical)
kilojoule/cubic meter (kJ/m3) 0.0268392 Btu (I.T.)/cubicfoot
kilojoule/cubic meter (kJ/m3) 0.00430886 Btu (I.T.)/gallon(U.K. liquid)
kilojoule/cubic meter (kJ/m3) 0.00358788 Btu (I.T.)/gallon(US.liquid)
kilojoule/cubic meter (kJ/ma) 2.79198 foot-pound (force)/gallon(U. S. liquid)
kilojoulekilogram (kJkg) 0.429923 -
Btu (I.T.)/pound mass
kilojoulekilogram kelvin (kJ/kgX) 0.238846 Btu [I.T.)/pound(mass) O F
kilojoulekilogram kelvin fkJkgX) 0.238846 Btu (I.T.)/poundmole O F
~~
MULTIPLY BY m OBTAIN
(kW/m3*K)
kilowattlsquare meter (kW/mz) 0.0880551 Btu (I.T.)/second square foot
kilowatt/square meter (kW/m2) 86.0421 calorie (thermochemical)/hour cm2
A
L
lambert (luminance) 3183.10 candela/square meter
light -year 9.46055x 10'' meter
line 1 .ooooo* maxwell
line 1.00000 x 10-8* weber (Wb)
line/ampere 1 .ooooo x lo-' * henry [HI
line/ampere inch 3.93701x lo-' * henrylmeter (Him)
linekquare inch 1.55000 tesla (T)
link 0.201168 meter (m)
liter (cubic decimeter) 1000.00* cubic centimeters
liter (cubic decimeter) 0.0353147 cubic foot
liter (cubic decimeter) 0.264172 gallon (U.S. liquid)
liter (cubic decimeter) 0.219969 gallon (U.K. liquid)
lumen (luminous flux) 1.00000* candela-steradian (cd-sr)
lumedsquare meter 1.00000* lux (lx)
A
liimen/square foot 1.00000* footcandle
0, lumedsquare foot '10.7639 lux (lx)
lumenlsquare inch 1550.00 lux (lx)
lux (illuminance) 1.00000* lumen/square meter (lm/m*)
lux (lx) 0.09290304* footcandle
lux (lx) 0.09290304* lumen/square foot
lux (lx) 0.00064516 lumenlsquare inch
lux second (lx-s) 0.09290304* foot candle second
M
maxwell 2 .ooooo line
maxwell 1.00000 x lo-' * weber (Wb)
maxwell/gilbert 1.25664 x lo-' * henry (HI
megagram (Mg) 1.00000 ton-mass (metric) or tonne
~ ~~
MULTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN
R -~
S
second (angle) 4.84814x 10-8 radian (rad)
section (1 square statute mile) 2.5898 square kilometer (km')
section (U.S. survey) 640 acre
siemens (S)(electrical conductance) 1.00000* ampereholt (AN) or rnho
siemedmeter (S/m) 0.025400* amperdvolt inch
slug (mass) 32.1740 pound- mass (avoirdupois)
slug (mass) 14.5939 kilogram (kg)
slughbic foot (density) 515.379 kilogradcubic meter (kg/m3)
slug-foot (1959international foot) 4.44822 kilogram-meter (kgmm)
slug/foot -second 47.8803 pascal second ( b s )
square foot (1959international) 0.09290304* square meter (mz]
square foothour (thermal difhsivity) 25.8064* square millimeter/second
square footlpound-mass 0.204816 square meterkilogram (m2kg)
square foot/second 9290.304" square millimeter/second
square foot pound (mass)/sec' 0.0421.401 joule 0)
square inch (1959international) 645.160* square millimeter (mmz)
square.kilometer (kmz) 0.386101 section (1 square statute mile)
square kilometer (km2) 0.386102 square mile (1959 international)
square meter (mZ) 10.7639 square foot (1959 international)
square meter (mz) 2.47104x lo-' acre (US. survey)
square meter (Xn') 1.19599 square yard (1959international)
square meterkilogram fmVkg) 4.88243 square footlpound-mass
square mile (1959international) 2.58999 square kilometer (km')
square millimeter (mmz) 0.00155000 square inch (1959international]
square millimetedsecond (mmVs) 1.07639x square foothecond
a
Iu
square millimetedsecond (mmz/s) 0.0387501 square foothour
* square millimeter/second (mm2/s) 1.00000* centistoke
square yard (1959international) 0.836127 square meter (mz)
standard cubic footharrel 0.0075182 kilomole/cubic meter (kmol/m3)
(6OoF, z atmosphere)
standard cubic foot 0.0011953 kilomole (kmol)
(60°F,1 atmosphere)
standard cubic meter 0-044616 kilomole (kmol)
(O°C, 1 atmosphere)
standard cubic meter 0.042293 kilomole (kmol)
(15Oc, 1 atmosphere)
statampere 3.33564x ampere (A)
statcoulomb 3.33564x 10-lo coulomb (C)
MUrnLY BY mom.
statfarad 1.11265 x lo-’’ farad (F)
stathenry 8.98755 x 10” henry (HI
statohm 8.98755 x loa1 ohm (0)
statvolt 299.793 volt (V)
stem 1.ooooo* cubic meter (m3)
stokes (kinemaLlzviscos Lji 10-4 * square meterlsecond
stokes 10.7639 x -I square footlsecond
T
A temperature (see “degree”for temperature interval or difference)
Iu
4 temperature, degree Fahrenheit, tF =z 1.8tc + 32
-
temperaturn, degree Celsius, & = (tP 32111.8 = 0.555 556 (tF - 32)
temperature, degree Kelvin,Kt = Tc+ 273.15 (by definition)
temperature, degree Rankine, tn = t, + 459.67 (by definition)
temperature, degreeklvin,K t = 0.555 556 tn
temperature, degree Rankine, = 1.8 tu
temperature, degree Fahrenheit, tp = 1.8tx - 459.67
temperature, degreeCelsius, = 0,555 SSSt, - 2 7 3 2 5
tesla (T)magnetic flux density 1.0000* webedsquare meter (Wb/mz)
tesla (T) 10 ooo.o* gauss
telsa (T) 64 516.0* line/square inch
them (lo5Btu, I.T., Eur. Comm.) 105,506 megajoule (MJ)
them (US.natural gas) 105.4804" megajoule (MJ)
ton-force (U.K.,2240 lbfl 9.9 6402 kilonewton (ZEN)
ton-force (U.S., 2000 hf) 8,89644 kilonewton (kN)
ton (force)(U.S.)-foot 2.71164 kilonewton meter (Warn)
,ton-force(U.S.)lspuarefoot 95.7605 kilopascal (kk)
ton-force (US.)/squareinch 13.7895 megapascal (MPa)
ton-mass (U.K.long or gross) 2240* pound-mass
ton-mass [U.K. long or gross) 1.01605 megagram (MI31
ton-mass (U.K. long or gross) 1.01605 metric ton or tonne
ton-mass (U.K.long or gross) 1.12000 ton-mass (US. short or net)
ton-mass (U.S. short or net) moo* pound-mass
-L
N
ton-mass (US.short or net) 0.907185 megagram IMg)
00 ton-mass (US.short or net) 0.907185 metric ton or tonne
ton-mass(US.short or net) 0.89285 7 ton-mass (U.K.long)
ton-metric [tonne) 2204.62" pound-mass
ton-metric (tonne) 1.00000* n.ww3mm (Mg)
towmetric (tonne) 0.984206 tan-mass (U.K.long)
ton-metric (tonne) 1.10231 ton-mass (U.S. short)
ton-mass (V.K.)lday 0.0117598 kilogradsecond (kg/s)
ton-mass (U.S.)/day 0.0104998 kilogradsecond (kg/s)
ton-mass (U.K.)lhour 0.282235 ki€ogram/second(kg/s)
ton-mass (U.S.)/haur 0 251996 kilogram/second (kg/s)
ton-mass (U.K.)lminute 16.9341 kilogram/second (kg/s)
ton-mass (U.S.)/minute 15.1197 kilogradsecond (kg/s)
lbmxiPLY BY TO OBTAIN
NllHAU
131
CHEMICAL ELEMENTS
with international atomic weights*
ELEMENT & SYMBOL ATOMIC NUMBER ATOMIC WEIGHT
actinium (Ac) 89
aluminum (Al) 13 26.98 15
americium (Am) 95
antimony (Sb) 51 121.75
argon (Ar) 18 39.948
arsenic (As) 33 74.9216
astatine (At) 85
barium (Ba) 56 137.34
berkelium (Bk) 97
beryllium (Be) 4 9.0122
bismuth (Bi) 83 208.980
boron (B) 5 10.811
bromine (Br) 35 79.909
cadmium (Cd) 48 112.40
calcium (Ca) 20 40.08
californium (Cf) 98
carbon (C) 6 12.01115
cerium (Ce) 58 140.12
cesium (Cs) 55 132.905
chlorine (CI) 17 35.453
chromium (Cr) 24 51.996
cobalt (Co) 27 58.9332
columbium (Cb) (see niobium)
copper (Cu) 29 63.54
curium (Cm) 96
dysprosium (Oy) 66 162.50
einsteinium (Es) 99
erbium (Er) 68 167.26
europium (Eu) 63 151.96
fermium (Fm) 100
fluorine (F) 9 18.9984
francium (Fr) 87
gadolinium (Gd) 64 157.25
gallium (Ga) 31 69.72 ‘I
132
CHEMICAL ELEMENTS-(Conthued)
with international atomic weights”
ELEMENT & SYMBOL ATOMIC NUMBER ATOMIC WEIGHT
manganese (Mn) 25 54.9380
mendelevium (Md) 101
mercury (Hg) 80 200.59
molybdenum (Mo) 42 95.94
neodymium (Nd) 60 144.24
neon (Ne) 10 20.183
neptunium (Np) 93
nickel (Ni) 28 58.71
niobium (Nb) 41 92.906
nitrogen (N) 7 14.0067
nobelium (No) 102
osmium (0s) 76 190.2
oxygen (0) 8 15.9994
palladium (Pd) 46 106.4
phosphorus (P) 15 30.9738
platinum (PI) 78 195.09
plutonium (Pu) 94
polonium (Po) 84
potassium (K) 19 39.102
praseodymium (Pr) 59 140.907
promethium (Pm) 61
protactinium (Pa) 91
radium (Ra) 83
radon (Rn) 86
rhenium (Re) 75 186.2
rhodium (Rh) 45 102.905
rubidium (Rb) 37 85.47
ruthenium (Ru) 44 101.07
samarium (Sm) 62 150.35
scandium (Sc) 21 44.956
selenium (Se) 34 78.96
silicon (Si) 14 28.086
silver (Ag) 47 107.870
sodium (Na) 11 22.9898
strontium (Sr) 38 87.62
sulfur (S) 16 32.064
tantalum (Ta) 73 180.948
technetium (Tc) 43
tellurium (Te) 52 127.60
terbium (Tb) 65 158.924
thallium (TI) 81 204.37
thorium (Th) 90 232.038
thulium (Tm) 69 168.934
tin (Sn) 50 118.69
titanium (TJ 22 47.90
tungsten ( ) 74 183.85
uranium (U) 92 238.03
vanadium (V) 23 50.942
wolfram (W) (see tungsten)
xenon (Xe) 54 131.30
ytterbium (Yb) 79 173.04
yttrium (Y) 39 88.905
zinc (Zn) 30 65.37
zirconium (Zr) 40 91.22
+Based on “International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry” data, c = 12.0000,
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