ENGINE, MEASURING INSTRUMENTS & SAFETY EQUIPMENTS

Since the aim of the present investigation was to study the effects on the performance of diesel engine by
using hydrogen as a fuel along with diesel, it was first necessary that a proper engine having required
accession was chosen.

TECHNICAL DATA:-

Description :- Vertical, Cold Start, Four Stroke Cycle, Compression Ignition, Water Cooled.
Diesel Engine.

Type:- UD1
No. of Cylinder:- One
Bore(mm):- 80
Stroke(mm):- 110
Cubic Capacity(c.c.):- 553
Output KW HP :- 3.67/5
Rated R.P.M :- 1500
Compression Ratio :- 16.5:1
Bumping Clearance 0.91mm to 1.05 (0.036” to 0.042”)
Fuel Injection release pressure:- 217 + 2% kg/cm2
Fuel Injection timing (by spill) :- 280 B.T.D.C
Fuel Oil- High Speed Diesel Oil
Fuel tank capacity :- 4.6 lit
Lubricating oil:- SAE 30/40, HD 30/40

The pump has a rocker to prime the pump and cut-off the fuel to stop the engine. The fuel tank is
not mounted on the engine but it was hanged at a certain height near by. From that the fuel is
conveyed to the engine through a polyethylene pipe.

The separation of the fuel tank from the engine is due to the reason that it was more convenient
to measure the fuel consumption.

The valve timings of the engine are ensued below :-

Particulars Declared Values

a) Inlet Valve Opens (IVO) 03 to 10 Degree B.T.D.C.

b) Inlet Valve Closes (IVC) 30 to 40 Degree A.T.D.C.
c) Exhaust Valve Opens (EVO) 30 to 40 Degree B.B.D.C.
d) Exhaust Valve Closes (EVC) 03 to 10 Degree A.T.D.C
e) Fuel Injection
MEASURING DEVICES

DYNAMOMETER

Function : To load the diesel engine.

Type: Froude Hydraulic Dynamometer

Working: When in action the rotor discharges water at high speed from its periphery into the pockets
formed in the casing liners, by which it is then returned at diminished speed into the rotor pockets at a point
near the shaft.

The resistance offered by the water to the motion of the rotor reacts upon the casing, which
tends to turn on its anti-friction roller supports. The tendency is counteracted by means of a lever arm
terminating in a weighing device which measured the torque.

MEASUREMENT OF OUTPUT AND SPEED

The instrument indicates the output (bhp).

The engine under test condition is coupled to a dynamometer through a mechanical coupling at the
input of the dynamometer. The output shaft of the dynamometer is locked to a suitable capacity of load cell
(here 20 kg). The engine torque is applied to dynamometer through the coupling. The output torque is
applied through dynamometer to load cell and its instrument.

The output of the engine is obtained by the formula WN

2000

Speed is one of the basic measurements. A wide variety of speed measuring equipments are available in the
market. They range from mechanical tachometers to digital and triggered electrical tachometers.
Here, we have measured the speed with the help of contact type digital tachometer. The tachometer is
brought in contact with the rotating shaft and is kept in contact until a constant value is displayed on the
screen. This constant value indicates the rotations per minute of the engine.

FUEL CONSUMPTION MEASUREMENT

The fuel consumption of an engine is measured by determining the volume flow in a given time interval
and multiplying it with the specific gravity of fuel, which should be measured occasionally to get an
accurate reading. Another method is to measure the time read for consumption of a given mass of fuel.

In our testing, we have used burette method. The burette method is placed between the engine and the main
fuel tank through cocks where one is supplying the fuel to the burette and other to the engine. The time
taken for 50c.c fuel is measured by closing down the burette supplying cock and opening the cock which
supplies the fuel to the engine. Thus we allow the fuel to fall down upto the mark provided for 50c.c.
The time for 50c.c. fuel consumption is noted and fuel consumption rate can be calculated by the
following formula

Fuel Consumption (Kg/hr) = 50 x 3600 x specific gravity

Time in Seconds x 1000
AIR FLOW MEASUREMENT
For air measurement we have used an air tight drum fitted with orifice of known co-efficient of discharge.
Due to suction of engine, there is a pressure difference in the drum which causes the flow through orifice
for obtaining a steady flow. The volume of drum is sufficiently large as compared to the swept volume of
the cylinder. The pressure difference causing the air flow through orifice is measured with the help of
inclined tube manometer and then using the formula, air consumption rate is calculated.

INDICATED POWER AND FRICTION POWER

We have measured friction power by using the William’s line method. In this method, gross fuel
consumption v/s B.P. at a constant speed is plotted and then the graph is extrapolated back to zero fuel
consumption. The point where graph cuts the B.P. axis is an indication of the friction power at that speed.
This negative work represents the combined loss due to mechanical friction, pumping and blow by.

Indicated power cab be obtained by the formula –

I.P. = B.P. + F.P.