Calculation of Stator Harmonic Leakage

Inductances for Multiphase Induction Motor

Under Open-Circuit Fault
Xinzhen Wu, Jia Li, Xiaoqin Zheng,
Department of Electrical Engineering, Qingdao University, 266071, China
E-mail: wuxinzhen81@163.com
Abstract-In order to calculate phase stator harmonic leakage
inductances of a multiphase induction motor under open-circuit
fault, an analysis method is introduced to determine relationships
between phase windings and coils. Firstly, the harmonic leakage
inductance between two coils is calculated by subtracting the
fundamental inductance from the total inductance, thus obtaining
harmonic leakage inductances for any two stator coils. By using
graph theory, the incidence matrix between coil branches and
one-phase winding loops is established, from which the
normalized and unified programming approach is performed to
harmonic leakage inductance calculation. Calculated inductances
and reactances under different conditions are given. The proposed
analysis methods are of versatility and convenience, which is
especially suited to calculate stator harmonic leakage inductances
of the multiphase induction motor under open-circuit fault.
I.

II.

HARMONIC LEAKAGE INDUCTANCES BETWEEN COILS

A. Spatial Relationship between Two Coils

It is necessary to calculate harmonic leakage inductances
between coils before obtaining those between phases.
The spatial relationship between two coils can be easily
expressed by coordinate system if the air gap of an induction
motor around circumference is developed a straight line. For
two coils numbered i and j, with coil pitch yi and yj respectively,
their spatial relationship with displaced space angle ji is
shown Fig.1. The original point is located at the center of coil i.

INTRODUCTION

The stator harmonic leakage inductance of an induction

motor is a part of the stator leakage inductance, on which the
accuracy of machine design and performance prediction is
based. The multiphase induction motor under open-circuit
winding fault is different from its three-phase counterpart
under symmetric condition in stator harmonic leakage
inductance calculation, because the stator harmonic leakage
inductance of three-phase induction motor is an effective one
with considering phase common operation [1-4]. For
multiphase induction motors, the number of stator harmonic
leakage inductances between phases increases greatly, which
also result in more complicated calculation [5].
The air-gap length of an induction motor is constant around
the gap circumference, therefore the waveform of the magnetic
flux density is similar to that of the magnetic motive force
(MMF), for this condition, the harmonic leakage inductance is
obtained by subtracting the fundamental inductance from the
total inductance. To determine harmonic leakage inductances
of a multiphase induction motor under open-circuit fault, the
coil harmonic leakage inductance is calculated firstly. By using
graph theory, the incidence matrix between coil branches and
phase winding loops are established, from which the
normalized and unified programming approach is performed to
harmonic leakage inductance calculation.
If an induction motor operates under symmetric steady state
condition, the harmonic leakage reactance is less than that of
the motor under steady state operation with open-circuit fault.
The calculated results under normal and fault operating
conditions are shown in the paper.
This work was supported in part by National Natural Science
Foundation of China under Grant Number 51077074.

0
Fig.1 Spatial relationship between coil i and coil j

B. Coil MMF and Its Fundamental Component

For an induction motor with p pair poles, the MMFs should
be shown around total air-gap circumference. By Amperes
law, the MMFs around the air-gap periphery for coil i are
expressed as

yi
yi yi

(1 2 p )Wi I i ( 2 , 2 )

f ( ) =
y
y
yi W I
( p, i ) & ( i , p)
i i
2
2
2 p

(1)

where Wi is winding turns of coil I and Ii is the current flowing

through coil i.
Fourier decomposition of f() in space interval [p, p]
yields

f ( ) = Fk cos k
k

k=

1 2
, ,"1, " , 2, "
p p

(2)

It can be seen form (2) that there exist even number

harmonic MMF components and fractional number MMF
components besides odd number harmonic MMF components
for a single coil, however, the even number harmonic MMF
components and fractional number MMF components are
canceled with symmetric phase windings. If the open-circuit
fault of phase winding occurs, which damages the symmetry of

windings, the conventional method for calculating harmonic

leakage inductance with only odd number harmonic MMF
components considered is not applicable.
The fundamental component of decomposed MMFs are
defined as that with 2 electrical degree, according to (2),
which is given by
f1 ( ) = F1 cos
(3)
where

y
1
F1 = Wi I i sin i
2

(4)

The coil MMF and its fundamental component in space

interval [p, p] are shown is Fig.2 with short-pitch coil and p
equal to 1.

f ( ) f1 ( )

Fig.2 Coil MMF and fundamental component

C. Harmonic Leakage Inductance Formula between Coils

By introducing Carter coefficient to consider tooth-slot
effect of stator and rotor, the effective uniform air-gap length
gef is greater than the original air-gap length g. According to
relations among MMF, magnetic field strength and magnetic
flux density, the air-gap magnetic flux density is written by

B( ) =

f ( )

g ef

(5)

where 0 is a vacuum permeability.

From (5), the waveform of magnetic flux density B() is
similar to that of MMF f().
Its fundamental component of B() is

B1 ( ) =

f1 ( )

gef

III.

HARMONIC LEAKAGE INDUCTANCES BETWEEN PHASES

A. Incidence Matrix between Phase Windings and Coils

With phase number of an induction motor is more than 3,
calculation of stator harmonic leakage inductances between
phases is complicated by the traditional method. Especially,
when phase winding open-circuit fault occurs, the calculation
becomes much more difficult [6-8]. To solve above
computational problem, the graph theory is introduced and
incidence matrix is applied to save calculation time because of
more phase number or phase open-circuit fault [9].
According to graph theory, the incidence matrix used to
calculate harmonic leakage inductances is related to phase
windings and coils. For incidence matrix, the coil embedded in
the stator slot is taken as a branch and the phase winding as a
loop.
Before writing an incidence matrix, the currents flowing
through all coils are assumed the same positive directions, and
than the currents of phase windings are also shown by motor
convention. Compared to graph theory, the coil current
direction is equivalent to branch direction, while the phase
winding current direction to loop direction. Considering coil
connection manner for phase winding and determining
relationship between loop current and branch current, the
elements in an incidence matrix are 1, -1or 0, respectively,
which illustrate that two currents are in identical direction, in
reverse direction or of independency.
For a sampled induction motor with half-symmetric 6-phase,
2-pole, 12-stator slots, A1, B1, C1, A2, B2, C2, the spatial
distribution of half-symmetric 6-phase windings is shown in
Fig. 3. A1, B1, C1 are three-phase symmetric windings with any
two phase windings displaced by 120, so are A2, B2, C2 threephase windings. The spatial angle between phase A1 and phase
A2 is 30 not 60, which is called half-symmetric phase
windings.

A2

(6)

30D

With the magnetic flux density obtained, the magnetic flux is

easily calculated if the vertically crossed area through by
magnetic lines is known. The flux linking into coil j resulted
from the current flowing through coil i is given by

ji = W j l

ji +

ji

y j
2
yj

B( )d

(7)

ji1 = W j l

ji +

ji

yj
2
y j

B1 ( )d

(8)

The harmonic leakage inductance between coil i and coil j is

written as

M ji =

ji ji1
Ii

C2

B1

C1

where is pole pitch and l is core effective axial length of the

induction motor.
The fundamental component of flux linking is

(9)

A1

B2
Fig. 3 Spatial distribution of half-symmetric 6-phase windings

If an alternating current machine is of multiphase windings

rather than three-phase windings, the wingding coil is often
used with full pitch which can be supplied by non-sinusoidal
supply [10-13]. With the sampled induction motor, the coil
pitch is 6, and there are two coils for any one-phase. The coil
connection of phase A1 is illustrated in Fig. 4 with two terminal
points labeled A1 and X1, the assumed coil current direction is
also denoted in the figure.

calculate stator harmonic leakage inductances in this paper.

No loss of genrality, the open-circuit falut occurs in phase
A2, with spatial distribution shown in Fig. 5.

A1

Coil current
direction

A1

X1

C2

Fig. 4 Coil connection of phase A1

B1
The row number and column number of the incidence
C1
matrix correspond to phase number and coil number of an
multiphase induction motor, respectively. With a double-layer
B2
stator winding machine, the coil number is equal to the stator
slot number. For the sampled machine, the incidence matrix is
Fig. 5 Spatial distribution of six-phase winding with phase A2 open-circuited
of 612 orders with row numbered 1 to 6 representing phase A1,
If phase A2 is open-circuit, the elements in row 4 are all
B1, C1, A2, B2, C2.
equal to 0s. The incidence matrix C with open-circuit fault in
For phase A1 with coils connected in Fig. 4 which
phase A2 is written as
corresponds to row 1 of the incidence matrix, the elements of
1 0 0 0 0 0 - 1 0 0 0 0 0
row 1 are
[1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0]
In Fig. 4, there are two coils in phase A1. The upper side of
one coil is embedded in slot 1 and the coil current direction is
identical with phase winding current direction from X1 to A1,
so the element in column 1 is 1. While the upper side of the
other coil is embedded in slot 7 and the coil current direction
is reverse to phase winding current direction, so the element
in column 7 is -1. Other elements in row 1 are equal to 0s.
By the same law, the elements in row 2 to 6 corresponding
to phase B1, C1, A2, B2, C2 are determined. The incidence
matrix C without open-circuit fault is given as

1
0

0
C=
0

0
0

0
0
0
1
0
0

0 0 0
0 0 1
-1 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 1 0

0
0
0
0
1
0

-1 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 1
0 1 0
0 0 0
0 0 0

0
0
0
0
0
1

0 0
-1 0

0 0
0 0

0 1
0 0

(10)

If an open-circuit fault of phase winding occurs, the

multiphase induction motor can also operate at a reduced rated
power, which is different from a three-phase induction motor.
Altough the multiphase induction motor opeartes under
open-circuit fault, the parameters including stator harmonic
leakage inductances should be evaluated in order to perdiect
the performance of the induction motor.
To claculate stator harmonic leakage inductances under
open-circuit fault, two methods may be utilized. The first
method sets the self-inductance and mutul inductances
associated with the fault phase winding to zeros, and the
second method is realized by changing the elements in
incidence matrix to zeros related to fault phase winding, with
other stator harmonic leakage inductances being the same
values under normal operating condition. Considering the
versatility and convenience, the senond method is applied to

0
C=
0

0
0

0
0
0
0
0

0 0 1
-1 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 1 0

0
0
0
1
0

0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0

0
1
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
1

-1 0

0 0
0 0

0 1
0 0

(11)

B. Calculated Results of Harmonic Leakage Inductances

between Phases
With harmonic leakage inductances between coils obtained
and elements of the incidence matrix between phase windings
and coils known, the stator harmonic leakage inductances
between phases can be calculated by the following equation
12 12
1, 2,3, 4,5, 6
M = cui cvj M ji
i =1 j =1
1, 2,3, 4,5, 6

(12)

where , =1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 representing phase A1, B1, C1, A2, B2,

C2.
Because M equals M, there are total 21 stator harmonic
leakage inductances between phases for 6-phase induction
motor.
Other data of the sampled machine used for calculating
stator harmonic leakage inductances between phases are:
frequency 50Hz, stator inner diameter 35cm, core effective
axial length 50cm, air-gap length 0.1cm, Carter coefficient 1.15,
winding turns 12.
The calculated stator harmonic leakage inductances
between phases without open-circuit phase winding are
MA1A1= MB1B1= MC1C1= MA2A2= MB2B2= MC2C2=16.39mH,
MA1B1= MB1C1= MC1A1= MA2B2= MB2C2= MC2A2=6.224mH,
MA1B2= MB1C2= MC1A2=3.054mH,
MA1A2= MB1B2= MC1C2=-3.054mH,
MA1C2= MB1A2= MC1B2=0.
When the multiphase induction motor operates under
normal symmetric steady state condition, the harmonic leakage

reactances for both three-phase are equal to 1.531 with

considering common effect of six phase currents.
When phase A2 is open-circuited, the calculated stator
harmonic leakage inductances between phases are
MA1A1= MB1B1= MC1C1= MB2B2= MC2C2=16.39mH,
MA1B1= MB1C1= MC1A1= MB2C2= MC2A2=6.224mH,
MA1B2= MB1C2=3.054mH,
MB1B2= MC1C2=-3.054mH,
MA2A2= MA2B2= MC1A2= MA1A2=MA1C2= MB1A2= MC1B2=0.
When the multiphase induction motor operates under
open-circuit steady state condition, the harmonic leakage
reactances for three-phase A1, B1, C1 and three-phase A2, B2, C2
are equal to 2.362 and 0, respectively, with considering
common effect of five phase currents, which is different from
the results under symmetric steady state operating condition.
IV.

CONCLUSION

To calculate stator harmonic leakage inductances of

multiphase induction under open-circuit fault, the proposed
methods, subtracting the fundamental inductance from the total
inductance to yield harmonic leakage inductance and using
graph theory to normalize programming, are utilized
effectively. The incidence matrix between coil branches and
phase winding loops is especially suitable for calculation of
harmonic leakage inductances between phases under
open-circuit fault.
The calculated results of multiphase stator harmonic
leakage inductances, under normal operating condition and
phase winding open-circuit fault condition, respectively, are
obtained and compared. If open-circuit occurs, the inductances
associated with the fault phase winding becomes zeros without
affect the values of other inductances. The stator harmonic
leakage reactances under normal symmetric steady state
operating condition are different from those under fault steady
state operating condition.

V.
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]

[8]

[9]
[10]

[11]

[12]
[13]

REFERENCES

S. Chen, Electric machinery design(in Chinese), Beijing: Machinery

Industry Press, 1990
R. H. Engelmann, W. H. Middendorf, Handbook of electric motors,
New York: Marcel Dekker Press, 1995
I. Boldea, S. A. Nasar, The induction machine handbook, Boca Raton:
CRC Press, 2002
Y. Fan, Differential leakage of fractional-slot winding, Electric
Machines and Power Systems, 1984, vol. 9, no. 6, pp. 387-399.
X. Wu, X. Wang, Calculation of stator harmonic leakage inductance for
12/3-phase dual-winding induction generator(in Chinese), Proceedings
of the CSEE, 2007, vol. 27, no. 21, pp. 71-75.
J. Apsley, S. Williamson, Analysis of multiphase induction machines
with winding faults, IEEE Trans Industry Applications, 2006, vol. 42,
no. 2, pp. 465-472.
H. Ryu, J. Kim, S. Sul, Synchronous-frame current control of
multiphase synchronous motor under asymmetric fault condition due to
open phases, IEEE Trans Industry Applications, 2006, vol. 42, no. 4, pp.
1062-1070.
R. J. Kerkman, J. D. Thunes, T. M. Rowan, D. Schlegel, Strategies for
the fault-tolerant current control of a five-phase permanent-magnet
motor, IEEE Trans Industry Applications, 2007, vol. 43, no. 4, pp.
960-970.
L. R. Foulds, Graph theory applications, New York: Springer-Verlag
Press, 1991.
H. A. Toliyat, T. A. Lipo, J. C. White, Analysis of a concentrated
winding induction machine for adjustable speed drive applications-Part
1-Motor analysis, IEEE Trans Energy Conversion, 1991, vol. 6, no. 4,
pp. 679-683.
H. A. Toliyat, T. A. Lipo, J. C. White, Analysis of a concentrated
winding induction machine for adjustable speed drive applications-Part
2-Motor design and performance, IEEE Trans Energy Conversion, 1991,
vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 684-692.
H. A. Toliyat, T. A. Lipo, Analysis of concentrated winding induction
machines for adjustable speed drive applications-experimental results,
IEEE Trans Energy Conversion, 1994, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 695-700.
H. A. Toliyat, S. P. Waikar, T. A. Lipo, Analysis and simulation of
five-phase synchronous reluctance machines including third harmonic of
airgap MMF, IEEE Trans Industry Applications, 1998, vol. 34, no. 2,
pp. 332-339.