Reactive Power Compensation using a Voltage

Source Generator
Florin VELEA, Marcel NICOLA, Dumitru SACERDOIANU
Abstract
Power quality has a significant effect on economic indicators and transport network and is a defining parameter
for evaluating its performance. To a large extent, the noise who leading to lower level of power quality are
determined by consumer activity (harmonics, unbalance, flicker). But production systems, transport and
distribution, due to specific requests that arise (lightning, wind, ice deposits, damage) can be the source of
disturbance in the form of interruptions, dips, surges, voltage and frequency variations. Also, to overcome the
limits of power, the transmission may be the source voltage harmonics, both corona discharge and by operating
the nonlinear characteristic of magnetic circuits. Development of electricity transmission network should be taken
to ensure the standard of power quality in network interface distribution points. Traditional means for improving
the quality of electricity transmission network and to large industrial consumers, have focused on only increase
the power factor up to the neutral (0.92) and taking technical - organizational measures for limiting consumption
of reactive power. This paper will present a description of the principle of dynamic compensation of reactive
power static generator, highlighting the advantages of its use.
Keywords: 3 level inverter, SVG, SVC, power factor, reactive power

1. Introduction
Current studies aimed at power quality
problem, takes place mainly in three
directions:
Analysis of current indicators of quality
and
development
of
effective
monitoring programs, which form the
basis of correct relations provider consumer.
Evaluate the effects of deviations from
the
recommended
limits
of
international regulations.
Establishment of effective measures of
technical, organizational, contractual,
legal, wich to ensure the employment
of indicators quality standards in
imposed limits.
If the first two directions are informational
role, providing a image of the energy quality
available in the system, namely, an
assessment of effects, the third direction
should provide concrete technical solutions
regardind the compliance of the quality
indicators.
Power quality is generally given by
stability, symmetry and current waveform

Florin VELEA, Senior Researcher,

florinvelea57@yahoo.com
Marcel NICOLA, PhD., marcel_nicola@yahoo.com;
and Dumitru SACERDOTIANU, PhD., dumitrusacerdotianu
@yahoo.com: INCDIE-ICMET, Bd. Decebal, nr. 118A,
200746 Craiova, Romnia.

characteristics. The more nonlinear loads

are connected to the network, the power
quality will be seriously affected. Widespread
use by many users of electronic equipment
switching and frequency fluctuations of load
are the main sources of distortions that
produce a very negative impact grid,
materialized by:
Low power factor, power losses, rising
production costs and lower profitability.
As a result of reactive power in power
system phenomena occur flicker and
voltage drop network.
Produce harmonic currents that can
damage the automatic protection
equipment,
increased losses in
transformers and thus to heat them to
the distortion of communication
signals, etc.
Three phase system unbalance.
Considering
that
production
and
consumption of reactive power is generated
by
elements
of
a
power
system
(synchronous
generators,
air
lines,
underground cables and transformers),
these components are well defined and
designed the system and neglecting
environmental phenomena disturbing, that
only element of disturbances remain
nonlinear nature of load. Nonlinearity of the
consumption and sudden load variations are
basically caused by the development and

100

ELECTROTEHNIC, ELECTRONIC, AUTOMATIC, 60 (2012), nr. 4

use of the beneficiaries, but also in

distribution transformer stations, a static
switching equipment using high-power
electronic devices in the family with
thyristors, the IGBT transistors, etc. All these
electronic devices, through the switching
characteristics, are "responsible" for the
development of more efficient technologies
to compensate for existing disturbances in
power system.
2. Comparison between SVC and SVG
Connecting to the network using
mechanical switches of coils and / or did not
allow fine-tuning capacitor, response time
was not small enough, and mechanical
switches required a higher maintenance. For
using a Capacitor banks to real-time control
of reactive power is need a very low
response time and a large number of
switching to shorter intervals of time. Using
static circuit breakers is now widely found in
modern solutions of reactive power control
systems.
The emergence and development of
power
semiconductor
components
(thyristors, GTO thyristors, IGBT transistors)
allowed the development of parallel
compensation scheme that eliminates the
above disadvantages [5], [7], [8]. [9]. [10].
Thus,
thyristor
controlled
reactance
(Thyristor Controlled Reactor-TCR) consists
of an inductance L in series with a variator
(V). Current absorbed by the TCR is
inductive and it can be adjusted using the
priming delay angle () of the thyristors.
The capacitor thyristor switches (Thyristor
Switched Capacitor-TSC), consists of a fixed
capacitor C, a static contactor CS and a low
inductance LC to limit the rate of change of
current through the thyristor. The absorbed
current by the TSC is capacitive and it can
not be adjusted. Using TCR or TSC can
absorb respectively, generate reactive
energy.
Pair the two devices allows inductive and
capacitive compensation. Parallel static
compensator
(SVC-Static
VAR
Compensator) consists of a TCR, TSC and
one or more harmonic filters. Harmonic filters
(TCR produce harmonics) are capacitive, on
the fundamental frequency.
It provides continuous control of reactive
power by connecting steps capacitor (TSC)

for gross adjustment and inductive reactive

power adjustment, for fine tuning, by
controlling the entry conduction angle of the
semiconductor elements from the circuit
TCR.
SVC static compensators are widely used
to control of alternatives voltage in network
distribution. Power electronic equipment, eg.
switching modules thyristor of reactance
(TCR) and switching modules thyristor of
capacity (TSC) have won the competition,
primarily due to compact and robust form of
reactive power supply with a low response
time and reduced maintenance costs.
Figure 1 shows the schematic diagram of
a single-phase SVC.

Figure 1 Static VAR Compensator

Number of branches TSC is determined

basically by the operating voltage level, the
maximum reactive power output, the
maximum current allowed through the
thyristor and last but not least, the costs.
The use of capacitor banks and some
disadvantages occur: reactive power can be
changed only in steps, appear to connect
and disconnect voltages, the reactive power
available depends on the square capacitor
voltage, and can not be used in electric
networks harmonic polluted.
It is necessary to know the largest
inductive load in the system, otherwise there
may be a overcompensation. In this case,
the system will gain load resistive-capacitive
characteristics and in extreme cases may
aggravate the situation beside the state of
uncompensated.
If the load namely, the inductive
component, varies, a variable compensation
is required. Normally, this is achieved by
grouping the capacitors in sections, and
connecting
and
disconnecting
some
sections, as appropriate, using static circuit
breakers. These operations cause, of
course, current peaks that lead to induction
of voltages in parallel data transmission
circuits. It is necessary to pay attention to the
connection, of the capacitor completely

ELECTROTEHNIC, ELECTRONIC, AUTOMATIC, 60 (2012), nr. 4

unloaded when voltage is applied at the time

when it is set to peak the current is equal to
that case of a short circuit.
The situation is even more difficult, when
there is a connection shortly after
disconnection, the capacitor is almost
completely filled with reverse polarity, thus
giving almost double the initial current peak
short circuit current in the area. If the area
are several sources for power switching
tasks as working in the same system, the
compensation
capacitor
charged
to
reconnect the power supply can directly load
multiple filter capacitors discharged, more or
less directly from a capacitor to another with
a low impedance between them.
Peak current term result is extremely low
time but is extremely high, far above the
short-circuit current. In this case are reported
frequently, damage to equipment, especially
in static contactors controlling capacitor
sections, short interruptions due to power
supply, which are handled automatically, eg
by automatic reclosing to extinguish the arc
fro high or medium voltage lines.
It is said many times that this double peak
is not possible if the capacitor is equipped
with discharge resistor in accordance with
IEC 831. However, the standard requires
voltage reduction to less than 75 V to be
made within 3 minutes, so it has little effect
during short interruptions of a few tens of
milliseconds to several seconds.
From the reasons stated above, results
for SVC a circuit for command and control
very rigorously designed, taking into account
the developments, the often unexpected, of
the load in the grid it serves. Also, harmonics
that appear in the system for various
reasons,
can
produce
uncontrollable
operating regimes and even damage to the
SVC.
A static compensator is ideally suited for
applications who requiring a control directly
and quickly. He has a distinct advantage to
the series capacitors where compensation is
required to prevent low voltage at a station
involving multiple lines. Since compensation
shunt is connected to the station and not to
some lines, the total cost of compensation
shunt may be significantly lower than the
compensation set for each line.
Based on the classic reactive power
compensation with synchronous generators,

101

by using the same principle in the

literature [3] has got more and more shape,
the functions replace of static synchronous
generator with a generator having the basic
element of the inverter.
Synchronous generators can produce or
consume reactive power depending on the
excitation. When they are overdraw supplies
reactive power, and when they are
underexcited consume reactive power.
Synchronous generators are equipped
with automatic controls voltage which
continuously adjusts the excitation voltage in
order to control the voltage of the generator.
A static generator static synchronous
compensator acts as a parallel (shunt)
whose capacitive or inductive output current
can be controlled independently of the
voltage system.
The possibility of generating controllable
reactive power directly, without using
capacitors or reactors AC converters
connected to different switching power was
revealed by Gyugi in 1976 [6], [11], [12], [13],
[14].
In terms of reactive power generation,
their operation is similar to that of an ideal
synchronous machine which have varaiable
reactive power through control of excitation.
As electro-mechanical machine with
adjustable, these converters can also
change real power with AC system, where
power usually is a dc power source.
Figure 2 shows the functional analogy of
the two systems.

Figure 2 Synchronous generator and synchronous

generator static

Because of these similarities with a

synchronous generator rotation, they are
called static synchronous generator (SSG).
When SSG is operated without a power

102

ELECTROTEHNIC, ELECTRONIC, AUTOMATIC, 60 (2012), nr. 4

source and a appropriate control function as

a compensatory reaction in parallel, it is
called Static VAR generator SVG.
3. SVG: Features, working principle
One modern possibility is the shunt
compensation using a voltage source
converter (DC/AC), a solution that is different
from that used by the SVC (the adjustment
of admittance). Static VAR Generator (SVG)
has a similar operating principle with of a
shunt synchronous machine. Reactive power
exchange is done by controlling the
converter output voltage Us of the DC/AC
(inverter), voltage is in phase with the
voltage U of the network.
From the static characteristic of the

compensator, it can be seen that it can

generate reactive energy, when Us>U
respectively, can absorb when Us<U [4],
[15], [16], [17], [18]. It is noted that the
maximum reactive power absorbed or
generated is kept constant regardless of
voltage, and control the energy exchange is
linear with voltage.
The major advantage of this converter to
the SVC is that it can generate a constant
capacitive current even to low levels of
tension network (theoretically zero).
In Figure 3, is present a model of a
principle SVG, which has the converter
DC/AC a voltage inverter produced with
IGBT transistors.

Figure 3 Three levels voltage inverter

Because the waveform is as much of a

sinusoid and reduces total harmonic
distortion factor, it is used to increase the
inverter output voltage levels. Diagram of
Figure 3 presents the structure of the
compensator voltage inverter with three
levels. Electric voltage V1, V2 and V3 are
three-phase sinusoidal with a constant
pulsation .
Control circuit shown is designed to
highlight the logical sequence of command
voltage PWM inverter with three levels. For
each of the three phases, command and
control scheme is provided with three
sinusoidal signals generating the same

frequency (50 Hz), but out of phase with

each other by 120 degrees.
The magnitude of sinusoidal signals thus
generated is adjustable. Production of pulse
control PWM modulated by sinusoidal law for
each of the three branches of the inverter is
made by applying to the analog inputs of
comparators,
sinusoidal
signal
and
modulating signal, triangular, with high
frequency (10 ... 20 kHz). PWM output
pulses resulting from analog comparators
are applied to a distribution logic circuit
implemented with gates and circuits in the
buffer.
Since the distribution of three-phase

ELECTROTEHNIC, ELECTRONIC, AUTOMATIC, 60 (2012), nr. 4

bridge command pulses (12 transistors

IGBT) are at different potential, distribution
circuit must provide galvanic isolation and
control signals.
C1 and C2 capacitors provide power
supply necessary DC inverter circuit.
Integrating this inverter structures of SVG
system, must be linked to specific
control,with input signals with the network
voltage and currents on the three phases.
For the control and monitoring system to
be efficient in meeting specific technical
requirements of a reactive power generator
(SVG), system response time must be less
than 5 ms.
For
controllable
reactive
power
generation, the converter can be the type of
power source or power source type. Are now
widely used generators based on the
principle source of voltage converter. The
most important reasons for this preference
are as follows:
Loss in input capacity of the converter
power source is practically much
higher than the losses of the converter
dc line power source.
Current source
converter requires
capacitors across it and voltage source
converter requires reactors, which can
be naturally provided by transformer
coupling inductance.
In terms of use, type SVG generators can
be classified into two categories:
SVG
Transport taken for larger
reactive power and designed to inject a
set of three quasi-sinusoidal balanced
voltages to control reactive power flow
in the transport system.
SVG
Distribution, performing load
compensation, for example, power
factor correction, harmonic filtering,
balancing loads in the distribution
system. Therefore, it must be able to
inject a current imbalance and
distorted harmonics to eliminate the
imbalance or distortion in load current
or voltage.
From dc-dc-voltage provided of the
capacitor C, the converter produces a set of
three-phase with controllable output voltage
and frequency AC power system. Each
output voltage is in phase and coupled to the
phase-phase system by coupling reactance
(including reactance transformer coupling).

103

If the amplitude of the output voltage (V0)

is increased above the AC system voltage
(V), the converter generates reactive power
(capacitive). If the amplitude V0 is reduced to
a level below that of the AC system voltage
(V), the converter absorbs reactive power
(inductive).
Virtually, all converters used so far in
SVG structure is composed of a number of
basic converters of the type shown in
Figure 3.
By the development of high voltage IGBT
technology, SVG systems were applied in
medium voltage distribution systems for
harmonic filtering and load balancing, in
addition to reactive power compensation.
SVG features enable the generation of
harmonic components superimposed on
fundamental voltage component phase
system, the IGBT switching at frequencies
much higher than the supply frequency.
SVG operating range is only limited by the
maximum voltage and current level converter
system components, where is angle
phase between power grid and inverter and
is angular frequency of the power grid. In
synchronous d-q frame.
A brief comparison between SVC and
SVG can be made regarding their
operational and performance characteristics:
1. SVG can inject fully reactive current
even at very low, usually about 0.2 pu
of the power system. This makes SVG
the upper SVC, in higher system
voltage distortion. The ability to provide
compensation to a maximum current of
low tension system allows to perform
SVG the same dynamic clearing a
considerably higher power SVC.
2. Response time: response time and
bandwidth for local closed loop SVG
are also significantly better than the
SVC. This is due to the availability of
fully
controllable
power
semiconductors in SVG.
3. The ability to change real power: For
applications that require active power
compensation, it is clear that SVG, in
contrast to the SVC, can allow an
adequate energy storage (capacitor
high value) of the system a.c. with real
power to change. This potential

ELECTROTEHNIC, ELECTRONIC, AUTOMATIC, 60 (2012), nr. 4

104

capability of SVG for independently

control at active and reactive power,
improves stability and efficiency limits
for power system, creating a dynamic
compensation and prevent potential
power failure.
4. Operation of load compensation:
Although SVC systems have been
used successfully to compensate for
harmonic filtering load, unbalanced
currents, voltage regulation, SVG with
an proper structure, can cancel the
load harmonics without the need for
bulky filters. Due to its better response
time, SVG can also perform a load
balancing
and
voltage
flicker
mitigation.
4. SVG Control
Many approaches have been developed
for modeling SVG system [1], [2], [3], [19],
[20]. The most common method is based on
averaging theory and the equations can be
written as follows:

Vsa
V = 2Vs
sb
3
Vsc
Via
V =
ib
Vic

sin(t )

sin(t 2 3 )

2
sin(t + 3 )

sin(t + )

2Vi
sin(t + 2 3 )
3
2 )
sin(t + +
3

(1)

(2)

where is the angle phase between power

grid and inverter and is angular frequency
of the power grid. In synchronous d-q frame,
these voltages can be written as follows:
V sd
V
sq
V so

V sa

= [M ]. V
sb

V sc

(3)

Vid
Via
V = [M ]V
iq
ib
Vio
Vic

(4)

where [M] is:

cos(t + ) cos(t + 2 ) cos(t + + 2 )
3
3

2
sin(t + ) sin(t + 2 ) sin(t + + 2 )
3
3
3
1
1
1

2
2
2

(5)

and output voltages expression is:

L

d
dt

I d
I d V sd Vid
Id
I + L I + R I = V V
iq
q
q sq
q

(6)

where

Vsd Vs
V =
sq 0

(7)

and

Vid Vi sin
V =

iq Vi cos

(8)

In SVG applications, the line resistance is

usually very small and can be neglected.
Under synchronous d-q frame, the
instantaneous active and reactive powers
can be written as follows:

3
p = V sd I d
2

(9)

3
q = Vsd I q
2

(10)

As the power grid is almost constant, we

have to control the d- and q-axes currents to
control the active and reactive power.
The q-axis current is used to control the
reactive power and the d-axis current is used
to control the active power. Thus, a fast
current controller is desirable in this
application.
The complete block diagram of the SVG
controller is shown in Figure 4 [1].

ELECTROTEHNIC, ELECTRONIC, AUTOMATIC, 60 (2012), nr. 4

105

Figure 4 Control block diagram

In this controller, we have two reference

values, that are dc voltage and q-axis
currents.
The dc voltage reference value is
compared to the actual value.
The error is processed by a PI controller
to generate the d-axis current reference.
The actual d-axis and q-axis currents are
compared to the reference values.
The errors are processed by PI current
controllers. Thus, PI current controllers result
in zero steady-state errors.
To solve the coupling problem, a
feedforward technique (as shown in
Figure 4) is used. The actual output currents
are multiplied by the line reactance to
produce the additional signals to cancel the
coupling effects. By using this method, the daxis and q-axis currents can be controlled
independently.
The output of the current controllers are
the desired d-axis and q-axis inverter output
voltages. By using a look up table [1], the
required and angles are determined.
For these purposes, the following
expressions are used:

3
Vid*2 + Viq*2

3
= 2 cos1
K.Vdc

(11)

= tan

V iq*
*
V
id

Figure 5 Active power control block diagram

The line voltage is seen as a constant

perturbation, and should be compensated by
the integral part of the PI controller. In this
way, the zero of the PI controller is placed
over the pole of the system:

Tn =

L
= Tol
R

(13)

where Tol is the systems open loop time

constant.
The closed loop transfer function is:

and
1

information of and angles, the gating

signals for the inverter can be determined.
The active and reactive power controllers
are coupled by the cross terms [2]. The
synthesis of the PI parameters should be
performed in order to get a good response
and to minimize coupling effects.
Considering the reactive power null, the
active power control loop becomes
disconnected from the reactive power. The
equivalent block diagram for the active
power control loop is shown in Figure 5 [2].

(12)

where K is a constant that refers to the

characteristic of the topology [1].
The inverter output voltage must be
synchronized to the power grid voltage. For
this purpose, a phase locked loop circuit is
used (as shown in Figure 4). Based on the

U
sTi R
1
=
H cl =
U
sT R
1+
1+ i
sTi R
U

(14)

The closed loop time constant Tcl is given

by:

ELECTROTEHNIC, ELECTRONIC, AUTOMATIC, 60 (2012), nr. 4

106

Tcl =

Ti R
U

(15)

and can be a specification for the controller

design. So:

Ti =

UT cl
R

(16)

The parameters of the PI controller can

be given by:

Kp =

Tn 1 L
=
Ti U Tcl

Ki =

1
1 R
=
Ti U Tcl

(17)

The specification of Tcl should be done in

order to get a good response and decoupling
between both controllers.
The ratio of kp/ki for different closed loop
time constants Tcl is constant and equal to
an open loop time constant Tol. Because the
active and reactive power control loops are
similar, equations (17) are valid for both
controllers.
5. Conclusions
Static VAR Generator is the most
advanced var compensator technologically,
which produces an evolution of reactive
power compensation mode based on voltage
source converter. Static VAR Generator
uses HV IGBT or IGCT with high switching
frequency to produce reactive power
regulation. Therefore, Static VAR Generator
has the following advantages compared with
traditional compensation methods:
Faster response speed. Static VAR
Generator response time 5 ms.
Traditional
static
compensator
response time 10 ms. SVG can finish
the conversion from rated capacitance
var to rated inductance var in a very
short time. This unexampled response
speed makes Static VAR Generator
very
suitable
for
impact
load
compensation.
Wide operation range. Static VAR
Generator can work from rated
inductive power to rated capacitive
power. Compared with Static VAR
Compensator, Static VAR Generator
operation range is much wider.
Furthermore, Static VAR Generator
can output rated reactive current even
under low system voltage.

Multiple compensation function. Static

VAR Generator is not only functioned
as fast reactive power compensator,
but also harmonics and unbalance
compensator according to different
demands of different clients.
Low harmonic content. Static VAR
Generator utilizes PWM, 3-level and
multiple technologies. Therefore, it
generates very low harmonics with
compensating load harmonics at the
same time. Thus, Static VAR
Generator
becomes
a
true
multifunctional compensator.
Small volume. HV big capacitors and
reactors are not necessary. Static VAR
Generator installation area is greatly
smaller than that of the same capacity
Static VAR Compensator, only 50 % or
even lower.
ICMET Craiova, with good experience in
energy efficiency, is to achieve a
collaboration with companies in the country
for the development of SVG systems. The
need of production in Romania of such
equipment, should be aware primarily on the
main beneficiaries of the SEN units
(generation, transmission, distribution) and
large industrial consumers. High prices to
import
such
equipment,
but
their
maintenance costs are reasonable grounds
to support the initiative ICMET Craiova.

6. Acknowledgment
This work was financially supported by
the National Authority for Scientific Research
(ANCS) of Romania, under the scientific
programme core, the project Modern
sources average power and variable
frequency at low and medium voltage using
amorphous magnetic material circuits Code
PN 09 01 02 08/2009.
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8. Biography
Florin VELEA was born in
Craiova (Romania), on April 6,
1957.
He graduated the University of
Bucharest - the Faculty of
Electronics (Romania) in 1982.
He is Researcher at Research and
Development
Laboratory
for
Electromechanical Equipment at Research,
Development and Testing National Institute

108

ELECTROTEHNIC, ELECTRONIC, AUTOMATIC, 60 (2012), nr. 4

for Electric Engineering ICMET Craiova

(Romania).
His research interests concern: power
electronics, systems and testing equipments.
Marcel NICOLA was born in
Craiova (Romania), on August
3, 1972.
He graduated the University of
Craiova - the Faculty of
Automation, Computers and
Electronics in 1995, got the MS degree in
1997 and Ph.D. degree at the same
University in 2004.
He is Researcher at Research and
Development
Laboratory
for
Electromechanical Equipment at Research,
Development and Testing National Institute
for Electric Engineering ICMET Craiova
(Romania).
His research interests concern: systems
theory, automatic control, SCADA and
industrial software.

Dumitru SACERDOTIANU was

born in Craiova (Romania), on
December 18, 1959.
He graduated the University of
Craiova - the Faculty of Electric
Engineering, and got the Ph.D.
degree at the same University, in 2010.
He is Researcher at Research and
Development
Laboratory
for
Electromechanical Equipment at Research,
Development and Testing National Institute for
Electric Engineering ICMET Craiova
(Romania).
His research interests concern: monitoring of
electric equipment and processes, electric
equipment.