Chapter 1

1) Examples of Scalar & Vector Quantities:

Scalar Quantities
Length
Mass
Time
Temperature
Current
Speed
Area
Volume
Density
Energy
Work
Power
Pressure
(acts in all directions in fluids)

Vector Quantities
Displacement
Weight (mg)
Acceleration; Gravitational Acceleration, g;
Momentum; Impulse
Force; Impulsive Force; Gravitational Force
Velocity

Inference VS Hypothesis
An inference is a conclusion made after an observation. A hypothesis is a guess that you make before
you design your experiment.
3) Variable
Physical quantity that can be varied in an experiment
2)

4) Vernier Calliper

5)

Micrometre Gauge

Chapter 2
1) Liner Relationship
A linear relationship is one where increasing or decreasing one variable n times will cause a corresponding
increase or decrease of n times in the other variable too. In simpler words, if you double one variable, the other
will double as well.

For example:

For a given material, if the volume of the material is doubled, its weight will also double. This is a
linear relationship. If the volume is increased 10 times, the weight will also increase by the same
factor.

If you take the perimeter of a square and its side, they are linearly related. If you take a square that
has sides twice as large, the perimeter will also become twice larger.

The cost of objects is usually linear. If a notebook costs $1, then ten notebooks will cost $10.

The force of gravity between the earth and an object is linear in nature. If the mass of the object
doubles, the force of gravity acting on it will also be double.

2) Non-Linear Relationship
As their name suggest, non-linear relationships are not linear, which means by doubling one variable,
the other variable will not double.

Examples:

The side of a square and its area are not linear. In fact, this is a quadratic relationship. If you double
the side of a square, its area will increase 4 times.

While charging a capacitor, the amount of charge and time are non-linearly dependent. Thus the
capacitor is not twice as charged after 2 seconds as it was after 1 second. This is an exponential
relationship.

3) Oscillation
Oscillation is the repetitive variation, typically in time, of some measure about a central value (often a point of
equilibrium) or between two or more different states. The term 'vibration' is precisely used to describe mechanical
oscillation but used as a synonym of 'oscillation' too. Familiar examples include a swinging pendulum and
alternating current power

4) Ticker Tape Explanation

5) Inertia
Inertia of an object is tendency of an object to remain at rest or continue moving at a uniform motion in a straight
line.
6) Relationship between Mass & Inertia
(Example: Safety Belt Mechanism)

7) Momentum

Momentum is a measure of strength and a measure of how difficult it is to stop an object.

i.
An object that is not moving has zero momentum.
ii.
A slow-moving, large object has a large momentum. A fast-moving, small object also has a large
momentum.
For example, if a ping pong ball and a bowling ball have the same velocity, then the bowling ball has a
greater momentum because it is more massive than the ping pong ball. The formula for momentum is
--

8) Balance Force

9)

Impulse

(Cause of
velocity
change), kg m

s1 or N s.
i.

Imp
ulse
is

defined as the product of the force (F) acting on an object and the time of action (t).

ii.

Impulse exerted on an object is equal to the momentum change of the object.

10) Impulsive Force (cause of acceleration change), kg m s or N.

i.
Impulsive force is defined as the rate of change of momentum in a reaction
ii.
It is a force which acts on an object for a very short interval during a collision or explosion

*Shorter the time of impact the

bigger the Impulsive Force

11) Gravitational Field

Gravitational Field is a region in which an object experiences a force due to the gravitational attraction towards the
Centre of Earth
12) Gravitational Acceleration
Gravitational Acceleration is the acceleration of an object due to the pull of the gravitational force
13) Gravitational Field Strength
Gravitational Field Strength at a point in the gravitational field is the gravitational force acting on a mass of 1kg
placed at that point.
14) Weight
Weight of an object is the force of gravity acting on the object.

Chapter 4
HEAT
HEAT is not something that is contained in a body. Heat is the name of process in which thermal
energy transfer takes place due to temperature difference at the boundary of the system. Heat is kind
of energy in transit.

Boyles Law Using Capillary Tube

A glass capillary tube sealed at one end is plugged about half-way down its length by
a 3 cm plug of liquid mercury metal.
A= When held vertically, open end up, the plug adds to atmospheric pressure. In the
Open End Up case the mercury is pushed down with one atmosphere of pressure PLUS the weight of the blob
of mercury. So the air in the tube is under 1 atmosphere + X of pressure (weight of Mercury).

B= When held vertically, open end down, the plug subtracts from atmospheric
pressure. In the Open End Down case the mercury is pulled down by Gravity and one atmosphere of

pressure acting towards the mercury. So the air in the tube is under 1 atmosphere - X of pressure (weight of
Mercury).

C=When held in a horizontal position, the plug has no effect on the pressure of
trapped gas. In the horizontal case the mercury is being pushed toward the sealed end of the tube by the
outside atmosphere and the air is pushing back with an equal force. So the air trapped in the tube is under
one atmosphere of pressure.

Example Calculation:-

Figure (a) above shows a capillary tube with a thread of mercury 2cm long. The length of the air trapped in
the tube is 10cm. Find the length of the trapped air if the tube is inverted as shown in figure (b).
[Atmospheric pressure = 76cmHg]

Answer:
In case (a), the pressure of the gas trapped in the capillary is equal to the
atmospheric pressure + the pressure caused by the mercury thread.
P1 = 76 + 2 = 78cmHg
V1 = 10cm
In case (b), the pressure of the gas trapped in the capillary is equal to the
atmospheric pressure - the pressure caused by the mercury thread.
P2 = 76 - 2 = 74cmHg
V2 = ?
By using Boyle's Lwa's formula
P1V1 = P2V2
(78)(10) = (74)V2
V2 = 10.54cm
The length of the trapped air in figure (b) is 10.54cm

CHAPTER 5