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ENGINES

A heat engine typically uses energy provided in the form of heat to do work and then exhausts the
heat which cannot be used to do work. Heat engines such as automobile engines operate in a

cyclic manner, adding energy in the form of heat in one part of the cycle and using that energy to
do useful work in another part of the cycle.

There are two main types of engines:

Petrol Engine: This engine is


characterized by the use of a spark
plug to initiate the combustion
process. The engine uses a piston
which is driven up and down inside a
cylinder and connected to the drive
section by a rotating crankshaft. At
the top of the engine there is a
cylinder head containing a number of
valves controlling the flow of gas in
and out. It is composed by four
strokes which are: induction, compression, power and exhaust.

Diesel Engine: Works using the


same four-stroke cycle as the petrol
engine,
but
with
two
major
differences:
only
the
air
is
compressed and no spark plug is
used. In the cylinder instead of an air
fuel mixture, and at the end of the
compression stroke, the fuel is directly
injected into the combustion chamber
by a fuel injection pump. A typical
compression ratio of 20:1 is used,
which is sufficient to raise the air temperature to over 400 C. Once the diesel fuel is
injected into the cylinder, it immediately vaporizes and spontaneously ignites.

MAIN PARTS OF THE ENGINE

PISTON
A piston is a cylindrical engine component that slides back and
forth in the cylinder bore by forces produced during the
combustion process. The piston acts as a movable end of the
combustion chamber. The stationary end of the combustion
chamber is the cylinder head. Pistons are commonly made of
a cast aluminum alloy for excellent and lightweight thermal
conductivity.

PISTON RING
A piston ring is an expandable split ring used to provide a
seal between the piston and the cylinder wall. Piston rings
are commonly made from cast iron. Cast iron retains the
integrity of its original shape under heat, load, and other
dynamic forces. Piston rings seal the combustion
chamber, conduct heat from the piston to the cylinder
wall, and return oil to the crankcase. Piston ring size and
configuration vary depending on engine design and
cylinder material.

Crankshaft:
Is an engine component that converts the linear (reciprocating) motion of the piston into rotary
motion. The crankshaft is the main rotating component of an engine and is commonly made of
ductile iron. Features of a crankshaft include the crankpin journal, throw, bearing journals,
counterweights, crankgear, and a power take-off.

Engine Block:
The purpose of the engine block is to support the components of the engine. Additionally, the
engine block transfers heat from friction to the atmosphere and engine coolant. The material
selected for the engine block is either gray cast iron or aluminum alloy. Both of these metals have
good thermal conductivity and fluidity in the molten state.

Measurements
Measurement
1st Rod Bearing
2nd Rod Bearing
3rd Rod Bearing
Average
Overall Average
Measurement
1st Crankpin
2nd Crankpin
3rd Crankpin
Average
Overall Average
Cylinders Diameter
Horizontal
Vertical
Average
Overall Average

52.01
52.00
52.02
52.01

51.99
52.01
52.02
52.01

52.03
52.04
52.05
52.04

52.02
52.03
52.04
52.03

52.02
1

51.98
52.01
52.04
52.01

51.93
52.01
51.93
51.97

52.0
52.03
52.01
52.01

51.97
51.96
51.97
51.97

51.99
1st Cylinder

2nd Cylinder

3rd Cylinder

4th Cylinder

97.98
98.14
98.06

97.98
98.05
98.02

97.91
98.01
97.96

98.00
98.15
98.08

98.03

Pistons Diameter
1st Measurement
2nd Measurement
Average
Overall Average

1st Piston

2nd Piston

3rd Piston

4th Piston

96.1
95.1
95.6

96.4
96.5
96.45

97.95
96.75
97.35

97.9
96.2
97.05

Pistons Skirt
st
1 Measurement
2nd Measurement
Average
Overall Average

1st Skirt

2nd Skirt

3rd Skirt

4th Skirt

98.09
98.06
98.08

97.98
98.09
98.04

97.95
98.06
98.00

97.99
98.03
98.01

Clearance
Overall Average

Rings Joint
Overall Average

96.61

98.03
Piston 1

Piston 2

Piston 3

Piston 4

0.05

0.05

0.05

3rd Ring

4th Ring

0.6

0.05
1st Ring

2nd Ring

0.5

0.5
0.53

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